(Song) Zhou Dunyi
The flowers of land and water plants are very fragrant. Tao Jin Yuanming loves chrysanthemums alone; Since Li Tang came, people all over the world love peony. Love lotus alone, dirt-free, clear but not demon. Straight outside, not crawling, fragrant and clear. It is slim and elegant, so you can look at it from a distance without looking ridiculous. Want to call chrysanthemum, the hermit of flowers; Peony, blooming with wealth; Lotus, the gentleman of flowers. Hey! The love of chrysanthemum flowers is rarely heard after Tao; Lotus love, who is the giver; Peony love is suitable for many people.
[Remarks]:
(1) Ailian said: Gong Ji from Zhu Yuanzhang. The author Zhou Dunyi is a famous idealist philosopher. Shuowen is a genre of ancient essays, which can tell things and reason.
(2) Fan: More.
(3) Tao Yuanming's exclusive love for chrysanthemums: Tao Yuanming (365-427), a latent and cheerful figure, was born in Xunyang (now Jiujiang County, Jiangxi Province) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and a famous poet. He loves chrysanthemums very much, and often paints with poems. For example, in the poem Drinking, "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" has always been called a famous sentence.
(4) Since Li Tanglai, people have loved peony very much: since the Tang Dynasty, people have loved peony very much. Li Tang refers to the Tang Dynasty. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty was surnamed Li, so he was called "Li Tang". The world, the average person in society. People in the Tang Dynasty loved to eat peony, and there are many records in ancient books. For example, Li Zhao's "Tang Shi Supplement" said: "The capital is expensive to travel, and the peony is respected ... Every Spring Festival Evening, horses and chariots are crazy ... for profit, a book (a plant) has tens of thousands of people (referring to money)."
(5) I love the lotus without touching the mud: I just like the lotus, and I like it without touching the mud. Mud, mud accumulated in the pond.
(6) Zhuo (zhuó) is clear but not enchanting: clean water is not enchanting. Zhuo, clean the ripple, clear water microwave appearance, here refers to clear water. Demon, beautiful but not dignified.
(7) Not creeping: not connected, not branched.
(8) The fragrance is far and clear: the farther the fragrance is, the clearer it is. Benefits, more, more.
(9) Pavilions and pavilions: majestic appearance.
(10) Play: Play. Wretched, closed, not solemn.
(1 1) Hermit: Hermit. In feudal society, some people didn't want to go along with the rulers, so they lived in seclusion.
(12) Peony is a rich flower. Peony is a "rich man" among flowers.
(13) Gentleman: a person with high morality.
(14) Yan (à): an interjection, equivalent to "alas".
(15) love of chrysanthemum: love of chrysanthemum.
(16) Xi m ? n (Xi Finland) Heard of it: seldom heard of it. Fresh, less.
(17): Hey, when, used with "Hu" here, it means "of course".
There are many lovely grass flowers and wood flowers on the water and the ground. Tao Yuanming only loves chrysanthemums in Jin Dynasty. Since the Tang Dynasty, people all over the world have loved peony very much. I only like lotus flowers. It grows from the sludge, but it is not polluted. It was washed with clear water, but it didn't look attractive. Its stem runs through the middle, straight, fragrant, more fragrant and upright. You can watch from a distance, but you can't play lightly.
In my opinion, chrysanthemum is a hermit in flowers; Peony is a rich person in flowers; Lotus is a gentleman among flowers.
Alas! People who love chrysanthemums have rarely heard of them since Tao Yuanming. People who love lotus flowers, who else is like me? As for people who love peony, the number is of course large!
"Shuo" is one of the ancient literary styles, and it often expresses its will by describing things. Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus" is a rare masterpiece in this style.
[Appreciation]: Zhou Dunyi, a native of the Northern Song Dynasty, lived a lifetime of fame and fortune, and did not seek Wen Da. His character is noble, as Huang Tingjian, a great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, said: "His character is very high, and his mind is free and easy, like a romantic moon ..." And his masterpiece On Ailian is the spiritual refraction reflected by his drunken mentality.
Lotus is the object of admiration in literati's works throughout the ages, but most literati are amazed at its beautiful posture and simple appearance and shape it into a pen; However, this excellent essay has a unique way. Through the description of the image and quality of the lotus flower, it praises the faithful character of the lotus flower, and also shows the author's noble personality and generous mind.
From the content point of view, this paper can be clearly divided into two parts: the first part tries to describe the image of hibiscus noble; The second part reveals the metaphorical meaning of the lotus, comments on three flowers and expresses the author's deep sigh for the lotus itself.
In the first part of the article, I wrote that the beauty of lotus lies in its "net" character. First of all, "Lotus grows out of mud without being stained, and lotus grows out of hibiscus without being demon" writes the valuable spirit of lotus growing out of mud without being stained, which does not follow the secular, self-love and naive nature. Secondly, it is "straight outside and straight inside, not loose", which shows its noble quality of being connected inside and outside, straight outside and inward, consistent outside and inward, and not involved in clinging; Once again, "You can watch from a distance, don't play with it", and write that Lotus is like an arrogant gentleman, and will never be lightly played by Shu Ren.
Everything mentioned above is actually a portrayal of the author's personality and a self-evident mind, which can be proved from the second part of the article. As the author said, "Who gave the lotus love?" The subtext is that there are too few people with pure lotus flowers like him.
In terms of writing, the two novels have a common feature, that is, they express their will by supporting things. Starting with "getting out of the mud without staining", the article depicts the bearing and style of lotus flowers with strong colors, which places the author's affirmation and pursuit of ideal personality, and also reflects the author's contempt for the secular mentality of pursuing wealth and fame and his pursuit of a clean and honest life. At the same time, the article also uses the method of comparison and contrast, and compares the beauty of lotus with chrysanthemum and peony several times in the article; It also compares the seclusion of chrysanthemum, the wealth of peony and the nobleness of lotus, so that one of the themes of "Love Lotus" can be deepened, without empty preaching, but through the comparison of three images, it plays a role in highlighting the center and deepening the artistic conception, and the technique can be described as extremely ingenious. Moreover, the word "love" runs through the whole article, which makes the article structure rigorous. At the end of the article, the author laments that there are few real hermits, few noble gentlemen and many vulgar people who are greedy for money, which is intriguing and thought-provoking.
This poem is also very distinctive in language, that is, it is beautiful and concise, and it is indeed as beautiful as a lotus-"no branches and no vines", and there is no superfluous and useless language.
Another name for the beauty of lotus flowers
(1) Hibiscus: "Erya": "Lotus, Lotus, alias Hibiscus, also known as Hibiscus."
(2) Lotus: Erya Cao Shi: Lotus and Lotus. ..... its flowers are actually lotus, and its roots are lotus. "
(3) Lotus: Tang Zhangji's poem "Send my brother to Suzhou" says: "jathyapple citrus reticulata, autumn wind Bai Lianhua."
(4) Water hibiscus: "Qunfangpu": "Lotus is also called lotus and water hibiscus."
(5) Grass hibiscus: Du Fu's poem notes that those born on land are called Muhibiscus, and those born in water are called grass hibiscus. "
(6) Splash: Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica: "Lotus, lotus, water blooms."
(7) Netizens are also called Internet users. Lotus is clean and spotless, so people call it a netizen.
(8) Shuizhi: The "vegetation" in Pu Cuibao's Notes on Ancient and Modern Times: "Furong is a Iowa, a Shui Mu, a Shuizhi and a Huashui."
(9) Zezhi: "Clustering" Guo Pu's "Eryatuzan Furong Zan" cloud: "Fu Yung Lai grass, a Zezhi, ..."
(10): Wu's Preface to Furong: "There are hibiscus, which are planted in Nakagawa."
(1 1) Yuhuan: The Classic of Materia Medica contains: "Lotus is also called it."
(12) Gentleman's Flower: Zhou Dunyi wrote "Love Lotus" in the Northern Song Dynasty, saying that lotus is a gentleman among flowers, and lotus is also called "Gentleman's Flower".
(13) Shuigong Fairy: It is named because the lotus is in the water and the lotus stands gracefully on the water like a fairy floating.
(14) Han Han: Er Ya: "Lotus, Lotus ... Great."
Lotus and Buddhism
It is said that Sakyamuni was originally a bodhisattva in the sky, and was born by King Kapilawi. Lady Mo Ye, the princess of King Su Fan, is beautiful, gentle and virtuous, with ocean deep, the king of a country. Mrs. Mo Ye recalled her wedding night when she vaguely saw a man riding a white elephant coming towards her, getting smaller and smaller, and getting into her belly from her right rib. In her mind, she felt that the Bodhisattva had turned into a white elephant and entered the fetus. A few days later, a faint blush appeared on the pregnant Mrs. Mo Ye's face. The bright green necktie is like a lotus leaf, and her face is like a blooming lotus flower. Later, when Mrs. Mo Ye gave birth to the Buddha under the Muluo tree, birds were singing in unison, the sky was crisp, and flowers and trees were blooming in all seasons, especially the lotus flower as big as the car cover, which suddenly opened in the swamp. As soon as the Buddha was born, he stood on the lotus, pointing to the sky with one hand and the ground with the other, and said, "I am the only one in the world."
Not only that, Lian is also closely related to Buddhism and medicine. Lotus is rich in nutrition, both edible and medicinal. In ancient times, daughters often used lotus flowers with dew to cover their faces in the morning, or used them to nourish their faces. Lotus contains phlogiston and luteolin, which can moisturize skin color. Fresh and tender lotus is soaked in boiling water for drinking, and its juice is green and fragrant, which has the functions of clearing away heat and relieving summer heat, promoting fluid production and appetizing. The underground roots and stems of lotus are called lotus roots. It is said that Sharifutsu, one of Sakyamuni's ten younger brothers, had tuberculosis, and he came to visit him. Knowing that Sharifutsu likes to eat lotus roots, he brought some fresh lotus roots to Sharifutsu. After eating lotus root, Sharifutsu recovered. Later, the ancestors of Buddha often used lotus root as a medicine to treat diseases, and found many medicinal values of lotus root.
The beautiful quality of lotus.
There is a poem in Li Sao, the masterpiece of Qu Yuan, the first poet in the ages: "Make lotus flowers as clothes, and pick hibiscus as clothes." In order to express his determination not to do as the Romans do, poets should wear clothes with rich fragrance made of lotus flowers. Here, the image of lotus not only symbolizes the poet's noble quality and graceful accomplishment, but also shows the poet's strong passion and fantastic imagination and the romantic characteristics of the immortal masterpiece Li Sao.
"Jiangnan can pick lotus, lotus leaf Tian Tian. Fish are frolicking among the lotus leaves. Fish plays lotus leaf east, fish plays lotus leaf west, fish plays lotus leaf south and fish plays lotus leaf north. " This is a very fresh and beautiful poem in Yuefu folk songs in Han Dynasty. In this poem, "lotus" refers to both the real Hualien and the sympathetic homophonic word "pity". The love between men and women is vividly compared with a fish hitting a lotus leaf. With the beautiful water town in the south of the Yangtze River as the background, the hero and heroine who picked lotus rocked the boat and sang pure and beautiful love freely. What a fresh picture!
"Lotus leaf skirt cut one color, hibiscus open two sides. I can't see it when I enter the pool. I feel someone coming when I hear the song. " In the poem "Lotus Picking Song" written by Wang Changling, the Seven Wonders of the Tang Dynasty, although the beauty of lotus picking girls is not a word, they are all romantic, because their figures have been integrated with picturesque lotus ponds and lotus flowers. From this natural and intriguing artistic conception, we can easily feel the charm of China's classical literature.
The Western Zhou Qu, which represents the highest achievement of Yuefu folk songs in the Southern Dynasties, has a detailed description of lotus flowers and lotus picking: "Don't open the door, go out and pick red lotus flowers. Autumn, autumn Nantang, she is holding a lotus seed, and the lotus grows taller. Bow your head and get lotus seeds, green as water. Hide lotus seeds in your sleeve. Lotus seeds are red and transparent. Recalling Mandy, I looked up at Hong Fei ... "The scene of picking lotus in this poem not only vividly shows the life of Jiangnan people, but also writes the heroine's deep yearning for her long-distance lover, with fresh and lively language, long artistic conception and lingering feelings.
Yang Wanli, a famous poet in the Southern Song Dynasty who is famous for his sincerity, once wrote the poem "Seeing Lin Zifang at Jingci Temple": "After all, the scenery of the West Lake is different from that at four o'clock in June. The next day, the lotus leaf is infinitely blue, and the lotus color is different. " In this poem, the poet captured two typical scenes, "Lotus leaves touch the sky" and "Lotus flowers reflect the sun", and wrote the beautiful scenery of the West Lake in June in a popular and lively style, which changed the shortcomings of thin, blunt and astringent Song poetry and was very natural and spiritual.
Zhou Dunyi, the founder and philosopher of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, wrote such a sentence in "The Theory of Love Lotus": "Love Lotus says that it is far from touching, clear without evil, straight without creeping, fragrant far and clear, graceful and quiet, far without lewdness ... Lotus is also a gentleman of flowers." In this essay, the author describes the noble quality, elegant temperament, graceful figure and solemn appearance of lotus from different angles and different sides, and expresses the noble sentiments and interests of feudal literati. Since then, lotus has become spiritual and stepped into the ranks of gentlemen in flowers.
In the Ming Dynasty, Xu created the image of a young hero, Nezha, in his famous ghost story. He became a lotus flower. He is pure, brave and powerful, dares to despise theocracy, and is extremely upright and rebellious. He is one of the people's favorite figures in China's classical literature. Through the mythical figure Nezha, we can see that Lotus has become the embodiment of justice and courage.
The beautiful essay "Moonlight on the Lotus Pond" by Zhu Ziqing, a master of prose, depicts the quaint and hazy beauty of the lotus pond under the moon through superb artistic techniques and artistic conception of scene blending: "On the curved lotus pond, I look at the leaves of Tian Tian ... and among the leaves, some white flowers are scattered, some are graceful and some are shy, just like pearls.