When writing an article, you deliberately quote existing idioms (idioms, poems, aphorisms, allusions, etc.) to express your thoughts and feelings and explain your views on new problems and new truths. This rhetorical method is called quotation.

The function of quotation is to make the argument conclusive and sufficient, to enhance persuasiveness, to be enlightening, and to make the language concise, subtle and elegant.

Edit this paragraph to introduce in detail

Heading citation

Pinyin yǐ nò ng

The function of quotation marks is to quote.

1. [reference]: use words in other people's works when speaking or writing articles, such as: quote an epigram from that poem

2. [recommend]: recommend appointment

quote world celebrities

explain in detail

1.

The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Li Yingchuan: "Therefore, I quoted famous people in the world." Tang Du Fu's poem "A Gift to the Secretary, Jiang Xia, Li Gong" reads: "In the past, Wu Hou Dynasty was quoted as a favorite." Qing Zhaolian's Xiao Ting Miscellaneous Records Don't like cronies: "Therefore, those who are quoted are those who are eager to achieve fame, and their slow and foolish birthdays are all placed in the idle Cao Leng Bureau."

2. Use other people's examples or words as the basis.

Tang Liu Zongyuan's Debate <; ; Guanzi > ; ":"only friendship is quoted as beauty, and there is nothing else. " In the Song and Wu Dynasties, I once wrote "A Random Record of Changing Zhai: The Beginning of Things II": "I occasionally read the quotations from Dou, so I knew that I didn't need the official principles of Zheng, Wu and Jiu." Ai Qing's "Preface to Selected Poems" IV: "I quote ... Li Bai's two sentences in my article."

Edit the citation classification in this paragraph

The function of citation is to make the argument conclusive and sufficient, to enhance persuasiveness, to be enlightening, and to make the language concise, implicit and elegant.

Use:

Direct quotation

There are the following situations:

1. Monographs, essays, dissertations and reports

[ serial number] Main responsible person. Document title [document type identification]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. Starting and ending page numbers.

2. Periodicals. Volume (issue): page numbers.

III. Precipitated documents in the collection

[ serial number] Principal responsible for precipitated documents. Title of precipitated documents [A]. Principal responsible for original documents (optional). Title of original documents [C]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. Page numbers of precipitated documents.

IV. Newspaper articles. Date of publication (edition).

V. International and national standards

[ serial number] Standard number, standard name [S].

VI. Patent

[ serial number] Patent owner. Patent title [P]. Patent country: patent number, publication date.

VII. Electronic document < Date of publication or update/date of citation (optional).

VIII. Main responsible persons of various undefined types of documents

[ serial number]. Title of documents [Z]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.

Classification of citations (2)

According to whether the cited places are explicit or not, there are differences between explicit citations and implicit citations; According to the difference between the quoted text and the original text, there are direct quotation and intentional quotation; There is a difference between true quotation and false quotation based on whether the derivation or the main idea is correct or not.

Ming cited

Example (1):

Confucius said, "A threesome requires a teacher. Therefore, disciples don't have to be like teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples.

innuendo

Example (2):

Failure is the mother of success, so don't be discouraged.

Example (3):

The bottom of the thin porridge bowl sinks, and the nose wind blows the waves, sometimes a floating noodle soup, and no one crosses the boat in the wild. (Shen Shitian's Poem on Thin Porridge)

("Wild Crossing Without a Boat Crossing from the Horizontal" is quoted from Wei Yingwu's at chuzhou on the western stream)

Classification of quotations (3)

Being used is also called "positive quotation", which means that the quotation has a positive attitude towards the quoted sentence and is used when the quotation is consistent with the original meaning. Positive quotation is generally used to prove one's point of view and express one's thoughts and feelings. It can be either an explicit quotation or an implicit quotation. Such as

(1) This An Gongzi is as obedient as that girl, so why do you suddenly become so persistent? ..... He this paragraph comes from the essence, is the so-called hero among children, at that time there was a "wealth can't be lewd, poor can't move, mighty can't bend" meaning; Others only said that they persuaded him to turn around slowly, but he had an idea of "nine cows can't pull it" long ago, and he copied everything in one word, so whoever said it was a deal.

(Biography of Heroes of Children by Qing Wenkang)

In the novel, An Gongzi's father was dismissed from his post because of his poor governance because of two breaches of the river bank, and was taken into prison in Shanyang County. AnGongZi eager to save his father, regardless of never been out of town, change the usual girl obedient, determined to take thousands of two hundred pieces of silver to travel three thousand miles to sanyo county to rescue his father. "Wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent" comes from Mencius Teng Wengong, which means: "Prosperity and wealth can't tempt him, poverty and hardship can't shake him, and power and violence can't make him yield." "Nine cows can't pull" is a quoted saying. Both quotes show that An Gongzi's personality is particularly stubborn at this time, and no words or people can change his determination to rescue his father, which is consistent with the meaning of the original sentence quoted, so it is a positive quote. There is no indication of the source here, it is a dark quotation.

(2) The soul of Qin Zhong refused to go there, remembering that there was no one in charge of housework at home ... so he appealed to the ghost for judgment in every way. Unfortunately, these ghosts refused to be selfish. Instead, they scolded Qin Zhong, saying, "It's a pity that you are still a scholar. Don't you know the saying,' The king of hell told you to die in the third watch, who dares to keep anyone in the fifth watch?' We in the underworld are selfless, and there are many obstacles than you in the dead. "

(Qing Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions)

" The king of Yan told you to die in the third watch, who dares to keep people in the fifth watch? " The meaning of this proverb is: "The king of hell ordered you to die in the third watch, and asked the ghosts to hook your soul. No one can make you live to the fifth watch." This proverb is a positive quote here. The author uses the ghost sentence to say it, and makes a sharp contrast between the ruthless selflessness in the underworld and the caring, favoritism and dark corruption under the feudal political system in the dead. It expresses the author's purpose of saying this passage, that is, to severely lash the feudal regime in the dead. This is a positive quotation and a clear quotation.

(3) In Lu Xiangshan's Quotations, there is a saying: "Nowadays, reading is flat, and you don't have to be too late." Then, he cited the following poem:

I am in a hurry to study,

I am interested in swimming;

If you don't know, you might as well let it go.

You need to think about it urgently.

this is what the so-called "reading without seeking a very good understanding" means. Originally, I said that I didn't really want to understand the book, but I advocated letting go of the difficult places first, instead of clinging to them. Maybe after reading the context, you will understand the difficult part; If you still don't understand, you have to wait for an explanation later. This meaning seems particularly useful to our young readers now.

(Deng Tuo's Yanshan Night Talk: The Secret of Don't Secrets)

There are three quotations in this passage. The first place is that the author quoted Lu Jiuyuan's "Lu Xiangshan's Quotations" as saying, "Now you are studying and reading flat, and you don't have to be too late if you don't know what you are doing." The second place is to quote a poem by Lu Jiuyuan, "Reading is in a hurry, and swimming is interesting; If you don't know, you may wish to let go, and you need to think about it urgently. " The third place is that "reading does not seek a very good solution". When the author expounds his point of view, he quotes the phrase "reading well without seeking a very good solution" in the biography of Mr. Wuliu, a famous poet in Jin Dynasty. The author affirms the sentences and verses quoted above, which are consistent with the meaning to be expressed in this article. They all mean that you don't have to be too stubborn in reading, you don't have to get into this problem all the time, and you have to figure it out. Sometimes you don't understand the problem, but time is delayed. Therefore, you advocate putting aside the difficult places for the time being and slowly figuring it out later. This is the technique of positive quotation. In order not to arouse readers' misunderstanding, the author repeatedly explains "not asking for a very good solution", especially pointing out that "it seems particularly useful for our young readers now". The first place and the second place point out the source, which is a clear quotation; The third place does not point out the source, it is a dark quotation.

reverse quotation

reverse quotation, also known as "reverse quotation", means that the quoted sentence is judged by the quotation, which means that the meaning used is opposite to the original meaning, so as to achieve originality or play an ironic role. Anti-use can also be divided into three categories in form. The first kind is to record the original text and then deny or correct it; The second kind is to change the original text directly, so that the meaning used in this paper is opposite to the original text; The third category is to introduce the main idea of the original text, and then raise objections. For example,

① Confucius said, "Only women and villains are difficult to raise, and if they are near, they will be inferior, and if they are far away, they will complain." The woman and the villain belong to the same category, but I don't know if it includes his mother. Later Taoist gentlemen finally respected their mothers on the surface, but even so, women who were mothers in China were despised by all men except their own sons.

(Lu Xun's "Assembling the Southern Tune and the Northern Tune about Women's Liberation")

"It's difficult to support only women and villains, and it's rude to be near, and it's resentful to be far away." This is a sentence from Confucius, which means: "In this world, only women and villains are the most difficult to get along with. If you get close to them, they will be rude;" If you alienate them, they will resent. " The author holds a negative attitude towards this sentence, first quotes this sentence, and then immediately judges this sentence, thinking that it is a great contempt for women to put women and villains together. In the era of demanding women's liberation, Mr. Lu Xun used it to the contrary and shouted for women's liberation.

② "When a son enters the ancestral temple, he asks everything." It has been passed down as a beautiful talk so far. But when you enter the ship, you'd better not ask everything. The waiter's fear of trouble and laziness are their characteristics. When you ask them, they either say they don't know, or they deliberately play a joke on you. Fortunately, they are irresponsible to the guests except their luggage.

(Zhu Ziqing's Miscellaneous Notes on the Sea)

The quotation in this passage comes from The Analects of Confucius, which means: "Every time Confucius enters the ancestral temple, he has to ask everything." The author quoted this sentence as saying that the ancients thought asking questions was a virtue, and then later pointed out that it is impossible to ask questions on ships now. Quoting the original words and changing its meaning is a counter-quotation.

The above two examples are directly copying the original words and then denying or correcting them, so they all belong to the first category of anti-use.

③ Mu Fang plays the crown,

Yu Lan Mo Zhen Yi.

don't be too clean in your life,

it's expensive to hide your brilliance.

(Tang Li Bai's Bathing Son)

There is a sentence in The Fisherman's Songs of the South that "the new bather must play the crown, and the new bather must shake his clothes". Looking at Li Bai's poem again, it is obvious that the "will" is changed directly to "mo", which means the opposite, and belongs to the second category of anti-use.

④ oh, my sword is going to bed!

I don't want to learn from the frivolous General Li.

I shoot the tiger with his weapon.

In fact, I only shoot a frozen stone.

oh, my sword is going to bed!

I don't want to learn from pedantic Li Hanlin.

Take his weapon to cut running water.

One wall cuts, and the other wall flows.

Oh, my weapons only need to be hidden.

My weapons only need to sleep soundly.

My weapons don't kill traitors.

I know traitors are a pile of frozen rocks.

My weapon should not be cut with sorrow.

I know that sorrow is the running water that keeps cutting.

oh, I'm done!

let my sword go to bed!

am I like the slick Emperor Gaozu?

I killed a white snake with a sword,

so I made a rumor and

cheated the whole world?

(Wen Yiduo's Sword Box)

There are three quotations in this poem: "Li Guang shoots stones", "Hanlin cuts off water" and "Gaozu cuts snakes". "Li Guang shoots stones" originated from Biography of General Li in Historical Records: "When you hunt widely, you see stones in the grass and shoot them as tigers. The stones in the grass are not arrowed, but the stones you see are also." It means: "When General Li went hunting, he saw a stone in the grass and thought it was a tiger, so he shot it with an arrow, and the shaft of the arrow didn't sink into it. When he got closer, it turned out to be a stone." "Hanlin without water" refers to Li Bai, who wrote the poem "but since water still flows, though we cut it with our swords, and sorrows return, though we drown them with wine" in a Farewell to Secretary Shuyun at the Xietiao Villa in Xuanzhou. "Emperor Gaozu Chopped the Snake" originated from Historical Records of Emperor Gaozu. When Liu Bang was drunk in Ze, he met a big snake in the way, so he drew his sword and cut the snake into two parts, which was later used as a declaration to get "God's help" to revolt and seize the world. Here, the poet quotes the main idea of the original text, and then raises an objection, "I don't want to learn from frivolous General Li", "I don't want to learn from pedantic Li Hanlin" and "I am like the slick Emperor Gaozu", which clearly expresses the poet's intention.

⑤ The propaganda office asked for virtuous people to visit officials, and

Jia Shengcai was even more incoherent.

poor midnight empty front seats,

don't ask the common people, ask ghosts and gods.

(Jia Sheng by Tang Li Shangyin)

Jia Yi in Han Dynasty was a very talented politician, who was once ostracized by ministers. The first two sentences here mean that Emperor Wen of Han summoned Jia Yi, who was exiled, in the propaganda room, which is a very glorious thing in the eyes of feudal literati. This opportunity is simply once in a blue moon, suggesting that talents can be brought into play. The third sentence means that Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty listened attentively with an open mind, which made the two people very close. The fourth sentence is lamenting that Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty was so engrossed in listening, not asking about the great events of the whole world, but about the stories of illusory ghosts and gods. The third sentence and the fourth sentence originally said that Wen Di loved talents, and the poet made a reversal article here, which was used to satirize Wen Di for not really loving talents, so as to feel that his talents were not met.

The above examples ④ and ⑤ both quote the main idea of the original text, and then raise objections, which belong to the third category of anti-use.

borrowing

there are two kinds of borrowing. One, also known as "adaptation", means that the original intention and the meaning to be expressed are neither the same nor the opposite, but they are related in a certain way. It can bring forth the old and bring forth the new, enhance vividness, produce humorous effects, and also arouse readers' association with stories and enhance vividness. Another is to borrow symbols from mathematics and combine them into a simple formula to express complex ideological content, so as to achieve the purpose of conciseness and intuitive artistic effect. For example,

① Those who ask for a great career in ancient and modern times must go through three realms: "Last night, the west wind withered the green trees, and I climbed the tall building alone, looking at the end of the world", which is also the first realm. "The belt is getting wider and wider, and I don't regret it. I am emaciated for Iraq." This second environment is also. "The crowd looked for him for thousands of Baidu, and when I turned around, I saw that the man was in a dim light." This third place is also.

(Qing Wang Guowei's Tales on Earth)

"Last night, the west wind withered the green trees, climbed the tall building alone, and looked at the end of the world" came from Yan Shu's "Butterfly Lovers" in the Song Dynasty. It was originally written in the desolate late autumn and was used as the first place, that is, to pursue the ideal. "My belt is getting wider and wider, but I don't regret it, and I am haggard for Iraq" comes from Liu Yong's "Butterfly Lovers" in the Song Dynasty. The original intention is to gradually become haggard because I miss my lover, indicating the suffering of lovesickness. It is used here as a second place, which means hard pursuit and exploration. "Looking for him in the crowd for thousands of Baidu, I will see him later, and the man is in a dim light" comes from the Song Dynasty.