1. What are the principles for determining the topic of the article?

articles should meet the needs of social reality and reflect the spirit of the times. The spirit of the times refers to the spirit that promotes the progress of the times and embodies the characteristics and development direction of the times in a certain historical period. The theme should grasp the pulse of the times, answer urgent questions raised by the times and reflect advanced ideas.

reflect the truth and essence of objective things. The theme should faithfully reproduce the original appearance of objective things, not stay in the appearance, but should profoundly remind the internal regularity of things.

consider the subjective conditions of the author. This mainly means that the author must be familiar with and understand the writing object, and the author should have the initial feeling and strong writing enthusiasm.

second, how to refine the theme correctly?

refining the theme is to use various ways of thinking to deeply explore the inherent meaning of the article materials, so as to form some unique ideas or things. To refine the theme, we should do the following: 1. Based on all the materials, extract the correct ideas from all the materials we have. 2. Explore the essence of things, abandon appearances, explore the inner meaning of things, and reflect the essence and regularity of things. The author should stand at the height of the times, gain insight into the essence of things and deepen the depth of excavation; The author should also consider the expressive functions of narrative, discussion, explanation, lyricism and other different articles to explore the essence of things from different sides. 3. Choose a novel and unique angle to explore the novelty of things. A new angle refers to a new observation angle (exploring the theme from different sides) and a new understanding angle (expressing the author's unique views).

third, briefly describe the relationship between materials and themes.

materials are the basis for refining and forming the theme. The theme is refined and determined in the process of analyzing and studying materials. The material is primary and the theme is secondary. 2. Materials are the means to express deep themes, and themes are represented or proved by certain materials. 3. The choice and organization of materials are restricted by the theme. When the theme is not formed, the material plays a decisive role in the theme refining; Once the theme is determined, it becomes the most important basis for choosing or arranging materials. The choice, detail and transformation of materials should obey the needs of expressing the theme to prevent the material from being out of touch with the theme.

iv. what are the basic requirements for material selection?

to meet the needs of the theme. The selection of materials serves the expression of the theme and cannot be divorced from or contradictory to the theme. 2. Be true and conclusive. The truthfulness of materials refers to the truthfulness in a strict sense and the truthfulness of things in essence. The authenticity of the material means that the material is both accurate and appropriate. 3. Be typical. Typical materials are materials with unity of individuality and generality, and unity of concreteness and universality. It is concrete, individual and can reflect the essential characteristics and universal significance of similar things. 4. Be novel and vivid. The material strives for concrete images, is intimate and suspenseful, is a little-known new discovery, and adapts to the characteristics of style (narrative materials are concrete and appealing; Argumentative materials are general and logical; Explanatory materials should reveal the characteristics of objects.

5. what are the basic requirements of the structure?

integrity. All parts of the article should form a perfect and unified whole; All parts should be relatively complete, and should not be incomplete without reason; Each part should occupy an appropriate position in the article. 2. Coherence. It means that all parts of the article are connected with each other in the context of content, with close connection and reasonable transition in the form of language, and the context cannot be disordered and broken. 3. Rigidity. There is a close logical connection between the parts of the article, and they cannot be contradictory or irrelevant. The full text has internal cohesion. 4. flexibility. The structure of the article is varied, lively, not rigid and dull.

six, try to describe the basic principles of the structure.

reflect the internal relations and laws of things. The structure of narrative articles is closely related to the stage and order of the development of things, forming a concept of time and space that conforms to the original order of objective processes; Argumentative articles reflect the process of understanding things from phenomenon to essence, from part to whole, from analysis to synthesis, and their structure is often to ask questions and draw conclusions. 2, in line with the author's ideas. Thinking is the route of the author's thinking. The author's thinking process should abide by the same law of people's thinking, and it also condenses the author's unique understanding and feeling of things. 3. Obey the need to express the theme. 4. Adapt to stylistic features. The structure is restricted by style. Narrative articles are written in time and space order, while argumentative articles focus on horizontal classification or vertical depth.

VII. Summarize the basic contents of the structure.

The content of structure includes three aspects: levels and paragraphs, transition and reference, beginning and end. Hierarchy is the structural unit to express meaning by arranging the order of the ideological content of the article as a whole and expanding the structure and steps of the article. A paragraph is a relatively independent structural unit set by the author in the article, starting from the beginning to the end in the form of a space at the beginning of the paragraph. Paragraphs should be single in meaning, complete in content and moderate in length. Transition refers to the cohesive form or means between paragraphs and levels. Commonly used transition methods are: using related words, using transition names, and using transition paragraphs. There are two common situations that require transition: one is when the content is changed, and the other is when the expression mode changes. Reference is a structural means of calling before and responding after. There are three kinds of common reference situations: beginning and end reference (which can be divided into two kinds: point reference and problem solving reference), and mutual reference in quotations (which can be divided into two kinds: distant reference and recent photo reference). Reference is an important means to make the structure rigorous and lively, which can make the composition flexible and dense, connect the context and strengthen the key content.

The function of a good beginning of the article: it is conducive to expressing the theme and expanding the ideas; Conducive to attracting and guiding readers. The common ways to start an argumentative paper are to come straight to the point, to explain the writing background or motivation, and to get into the topic in twists and turns. The function of a good ending of the article: the full text; It is memorable. The main ways to end an argumentative paper are: to summarize or reiterate the argument; Put forward hope or call; Visualize the ending.

8. What are the types of article structures?

Narrative type, which is arranged according to the time-space sequence of things' existence and development, can be divided into two types: time-space normal type and time-space abnormal type. Argumentative type, taking the internal causal relationship of concepts as the main basis of structure. It can be divided into total score, parallel column and progressive type. Descriptive, with the inherent order of the thing itself for layout. Comprehensive type, often based on one structural type, with other types.

9. Comparison between first-person narration and third-person narration.

The first person narrates in the tone of events, which is convenient for the author to fully express his thoughts and feelings and makes people feel cordial and true when reading. Its limitation is that it can only describe what I have seen and heard, not that what I have experienced is difficult to describe, reflecting that the breadth of life is limited. The third person narrates in a third person's tone as an outsider, which is not limited by the narrative scope and can reflect life more broadly. Its limitation is the lack of intimacy of the first person.

1. What are the common narrative methods?

chronological narration: narration according to the sequence of the characters' experiences or events' occurrence and development. 2. Flashback: A narrative in which the ending of the event or the prominent fragments in the event are put in front, and then the development process of the event is described in chronological order. 3. Interpolation: Insert another narrative about the event in the narrative process, and then connect with the narrative written by the original main line. 4. Supplementary narrative: a narrative that supplements the previous events without developing the original plot. 5. Plain narration: A separate and parallel narration of two or more things that happened at the same time.

Xi. Briefly describe the basic requirements of narration.

explain clearly: explain clearly the time, place, people, events, causes and consequences. 2. Clear clues: Clues are the reflection of the author's ideas of organizing materials, and they are the thoughts and threads that run through the development of narrative characters and events. Narrative clues can be arranged according to the development of time, the transformation of space, the division of problems, the change of thoughts and feelings, or according to a specific object and other styles. 3. Proper details: Describe the primary and secondary details of the materials in order to express the needs of the theme and make reasonable tailoring. 4, ups and downs: refers to the twists and turns of the narrative, rich in change and fascinating.

XII. What are the requirements for description?

1. The purpose is clear: to describe from the point of expressing the theme, depicting the characters and rendering the atmosphere. 2. Outstanding features: with the art of "painting eyes", we grasp the essential features of the object to be described and describe it. 3. Both form and spirit: the harmonious unity of form and spirit, which not only vividly expresses the external appearance and modality of the object, but also reveals the inner connotation and spirit of the described object.

For the guidance of some of the above writing methods, candidates need to understand and handle them flexibly according to the materials and requirements of the test paper.

How to practice the basic skills of composition

Students should practice the basic skills of composition from an early age if they want to write a good composition.

how to practice the basic skills of composition?

Our predecessors summed up several effective experiences for us, namely, observing more, reading more, practicing writing more, thinking more and revising more.

observe more: that is to say, pay attention to observing life and be a conscientious person in life. The first article in Mr. Lu Xun's reply to a letter from Beidou magazine discussing how to write an article is "pay attention to all kinds of things, read more, and don't write at once." Pay attention to the people, animals, plants and scenery around you.

read more: the ancients said, "reading is like writing." When you are a teenager, you can read and recite some good articles for a long time, and you can also learn some writing methods. Mr. Lu Xun said: "All the great writers who have been evaluated, all his works explain' how to write'." Mr. Lu Xun also advocates "extensive reading", and besides reading literary books, he should also read some books on history, geography and scientific and technological knowledge appropriately to increase his knowledge and broaden his horizons. Reading, but also to develop serious habits, do not skim, do not ask for a very good understanding, should strive to achieve a book to read a book.

Practice writing more: As the saying goes, "A good memory is worse than a bad writing." Now, many students have started to write observation diaries and take reading notes, which is very good and should be persisted. The late writer Lao She warned us: "To lay a good foundation, the first step is to learn to' remember' and remember one thing every day." "The best trick is to' write every day' and' take a pen every day', even if it is to write dozens of words." Because "after the habit is formed, you can grasp the main points even if you don't remember them, so that over time, there will be more things in your stomach." If you don't practice or write, your hands will be born; Practice and write more, and practice makes perfect.

Think more: Mr. Lao She said, "Read an article and think it over carefully after reading it. A person who can write an article can write several words with one word, and he will find a suitable word to use. When reading an article, you can't appreciate its benefits if you only read it and don't think about it carefully. " If you want to read an article, you should also think about writing an article. If you pick up a pen, you will write it. As a result, you will either write a thousand words and digress from Wan Li, or you will not be able to write it after writing a few words. How can you write such an article well? Think more to be wise, think more to write a profound article, and associate more to write a vivid article.

Revise more: Revision is an important part of writing. If writing an article is compared to producing a product, then revision is an indispensable "process" in the production process. Some people say that good articles are changed, which makes sense. Where an article needs to be changed and where it doesn't need to be changed, we should proceed from reality and seriously add, delete and change the already written article from many aspects such as conception, material selection, chapter structure, language and punctuation, so as to make the article more perfect, more thorough and more accurate to reflect the objective reality. Students who are beginners in writing should form the habit of serious revision.

The "five excesses" mentioned above are not the "secrets" and "tricks" of writing, but the common sense that you must know to practice the basic skills of composition.

So, what is the basic skill of composition?

[ 1] Practice the basic skills of composition-learn to examine questions

First, examine the object.

When the teacher gives a question, don't rush to write first. You should look at the question carefully first and understand the requirements of the question exactly. Whether to write people or to keep notes; Is it a landscape or a thing; Is it a diary or a letter? Whether it's practical or imaginary ... When these are made clear, the composition will have a basic direction. Some topics are obvious, and you can tell them at a glance when you write a note. Such as "My Mom" and "My Dear Teacher", you can tell at a glance that they are written by people. Another example is "An Unforgettable Event" and "An Event Occurred in the Summer Vacation". You can tell at a glance that it is a story. Another example is "Beautiful River". You can tell at a glance that it is about scenery. "Lovely Puppy", you can tell at a glance that it is a thing. A Proposal belongs to practical writing, and I am in 2211 belongs to imaginary writing. However, some topics, such as "Winter Morning", can not only write scenery, but also record; On the way to school can not only write about what happened on the way to school, but also write about the ideological quality of the characters through what happened, that is, write about people.

second, the scope of examination.

when reviewing the topic, we should also make clear what restrictions the topic has on the materials selected by the author in terms of time, space, quantity, object and content. If you don't understand these ranges and ignore the limitation of the topic on a certain aspect, it is easy to get off topic when writing. For example, "Fragments of Summer Life" limits the scope of material selection-summer life; "My Good Friend" points out the object of narration-good friend; "Happy Sunday" stipulates the time for selecting materials-Sunday; "You Xiang Shan" stipulates the location of material selection-Xiangshan; "Remember one thing in primary school life" limits the number-one thing, not two or three things.

For complex composition topics, you should learn to analyze them from the grammatical structure. For example, "A meaningful life I have experienced" is a complicated topic, which includes four requirements:

① The content of the article should be "I";

② It is required to write about a period of life "experienced", not just feelings;

③ It is required to write "a life", not just one day or one thing;

④ The life required to be written should be meaningful, not ordinary and dull.

examine the scope of the composition, including which style is suitable for writing. For example, "Be a Good Student with Politeness", this topic requires writing an essay to explain clearly why we should be polite; "The new fashions I have seen" requires writing a narrative, specifically describing the new fashions I have seen in society or at school; "How to raise rabbits" requires writing an explanatory article to tell the general knowledge of raising rabbits; "Notices and Notes" requires writing an applied article to introduce the importance and writing of notices and notes.

first, it should be in line with the ideological content of the article, not "the topic is not right for the article".

For example, if you want to remember a wonderful football match, but the title of the article is called "Little Fans ×××", the main thing is to remember things, and the main thing is to write people. This is called "the topic is not right" and the "center" is shifted.

second, be specific and have content, not vague and flashy.

For example, the articles that also express the theme that students study hard, I love reading and books grow with me are better than books are the ladder of human progress and love books. The former is concrete, while the latter is empty.

1. Examining the topic

This is the first thing to do in writing a composition, otherwise, it will directly lead to "irrelevant topics".