Article 1 Teaching objectives:
1. Accumulate classical Chinese vocabulary and taste language emotion.
2. Understand the author's thoughts and think about modern life.
3. Train language thinking and strengthen reading and reciting.
Emphasis and difficulty in teaching
1. Understand the sentence and the center.
2. Understanding of argumentation methods.
Teaching assumption
"Fish wants what I want" is a classic traditional text, which comes from Mencius. Compared with other ancient prose in junior high school, it is somewhat difficult to write, and discussion is the main thing, so junior high school students may have little interest in learning. However, teachers should have full confidence in students' self-study ability, allow students to ask questions and advocate inquiry learning. Secondly, in the teaching of classical Chinese, we should attach importance to reading and adopt different forms, such as silent reading, synchronous reading, skip reading, study, free reading, named reading, etc ... so that students can feel the language, understand the meaning and carry out cultural edification during repeated reading.
teaching method
1. Reading method: Reading means reading aloud and reciting. Require accuracy, fluency and affection. In the process of reading, we should dredge words, sort out levels, deepen understanding, explore features, gain a sense of language and cultivate abilities. This method is the most basic and important.
2. questioning method: The question mentioned here does not mean that the teacher wants to ask the students, but that the students ask questions about what they don't understand in the learning process, or put forward their own different views on the article or other people's views. Encouraging students to question boldly in teaching is conducive to developing students' thinking ability and improving their thinking quality.
Teaching hours 4 class hours
Teaching step
first kind
First of all, an exciting introduction.
1. One or two students tell a short story related to Mencius, such as "Meng Mu's Three Movements" and "Meng Mu Weaving".
2. Summarize the famous sayings of Mencius that people are still willing to use. For example:
Respect the old and love the young.
If the sky is going to be a great task for Sri Lankan people, they must first endure the pain of thinking, exercise their bones and muscles, starve their bodies, empty their bodies and disrupt their actions, so be patient and get what they can't get.
It is better to believe in books than not to have them.
Wealth cannot be moved, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be bent. This is called a gentleman.
The people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light.
Opportunities vouchsafed by Heaven are outmatched by terrestrial advantages, which in turn are outmatched by the harmony among people.
3. Mencius also left many crucial idioms. Try to distinguish which familiar idioms came from Mencius. Examples: dedication, kindness to others, self-sacrifice, observation, biting off more than one can chew, encouraging others, pot calling the kettle black, etc.
4. What are the famous sayings and idioms of Mencius involved in the article?
I want fish ... those who lay down their lives for righteousness also lay down their lives for righteousness.
Second, the author's works
Mencius (about 372 BC, 289 BC) was born in Zou (now Zou County, Shandong Province). Confucius' grandson, a disciple of Confucius, was the most influential Confucian representative after Confucius in the middle of the Warring States Period. He once walked on the beam, saying that he would benefit the king and could not use it; I'm here to see Qi Xuanwang. Wang Xuan was very polite to him, but he never used it. So Mencius returned to Confucius and taught his younger brother. After the death of Mencius, his disciples Zhang Wan, Gong Sunchou and others recorded his words and deeds as Seven Chapters of Mencius.
The core of Mencius is "benevolence" and "righteousness", which is the development of Confucius' thought. His prose is magnificent, intense and full of agitation; Being good at explaining things with metaphors and debating right and wrong can not only attract people's attention, but also enhance persuasion. The article "I want what I want" embodies these characteristics well.
Third, overall perception.
1. The teacher read the text and made clear the pronunciation and pause.
Pronunciation:
(1) can't get what you want (wéi)(2) can't get the beauty of the palace you want (wèiwéi).
(3) If people are more evil than the dead (W u)
Pause and emphasize:
(1) If you make/make people want/be extremely alive (2) Make/make people hate/be extremely dead.
(3) hometown/to die. Today/for the beauty of the palace/for it.
(4) Yes/No.
2. Ask two students to read two texts aloud. After reading, ask other students to point out the wrong words.
3. Read the full text.
4. Students read the text by themselves, understand the main idea of the article with reference to the notes, cross out the words and sentences they don't understand, and prepare to ask questions; Please tick off the sentences you particularly appreciate and prepare for communication.
Please tell two or three students the general meaning of this article (not every word is required).
Homework: Read the text carefully and try to translate it yourself.
Let the students read the text
Second, overall perception.
1. Clear sentences, sort out levels, deepen understanding and ask questions. In the process of combing, we should pay special attention to key substantive words such as desire, necessity, mo, reason, ten thousand and so on. Summarize and sort out the five interchangeable words that appear in this paper.
2. Ask the students to translate the first paragraph and pay attention to the explanation of the words behind.
Bear's paw is a precious food.
Have both].
More important than … ...
If you get it, it means "drag out an ignoble existence".
Evil] force, disgust, as opposed to "desire".
Suffer misfortune and disaster.
If, if. The meaning of "yes" is the same below.
Why not use it? Why not use it?
According to this method.
Therefore, it can be seen.
[Non-independence] Not only that.
Don't lose (your heart)
Ask the students to translate the second paragraph and pay attention to the explanation of the following words.
A round bamboo vessel used to hold rice in ancient times.
A container used for rice or other food in ancient times.
[Tang Erlang g, boiled or steamed juice, paste, frozen food.
Shout (eat people, auxiliary words) at him rudely.
Step on it with your feet
Refuse to accept because of contempt, unwilling to accept.
Clock: the ancient name of one meter. Six hooves (hu2) and four buckets make up a clock. Wanzhong: refers to
A generous salary.
He Jia] What are the benefits?
Serve.
Know the poor and needy: know the poor and needy. pass
"virtue", human feelings, here is the meaning of gratitude, verb. And: preach "Qin", modal particles.
Township is not subject to physical death] township, through the "direction", before. The whole sentence: Once upon a time.
"Etiquette and righteousness" would rather die than accept it.
[Today is a beauty in the palace] The first "Wei", Wei4, preposition. The second "for", wei, move.
Word, here is the meaning of acceptance.
Yes or no] Yes, this, this. Have, stop, give up
Nature] Nature, kind nature.
Third, the content structure analysis
the first paragraph
This paragraph can be divided into four layers.
On the first floor ("Fish, I want what I want"-"Give up one's life for righteousness"), the first sentence compares the two concepts of "life" and "righteousness" with fish and bear's paw. Fish is delicious and everyone can eat it. Bear's paw is also delicious, but its beauty is far better than that of fish, and it is not easy to get, so bear's paw is taken instead of fish. Mencius used fish as a metaphor for "fate" and bear's paw as a metaphor for "righteousness", and distinguished the values of "fate" and "righteousness" in image. The second sentence is an argument derived from the metaphor of the first sentence: "Those who sacrifice their lives for righteousness are also", which is the theme of this article.
The second layer ("Life is as I wish"-"Therefore, I suffer, not as I wish") expounds from the front, saying that people value "righteousness" more than life, so they can't drag out an ignoble existence, and would rather die than do unjust things. Here, "more than the living" means "righteousness" and "more than the dead" means "injustice".
The third layer ("follow one's inclinations"-"evil is greater than death") further expounds the truth that "righteousness" is more important than "life" through positive and negative comparison. First, on the other hand, if people just want to live and die, then they can do anything. Then use the sentence that begins with "you are" to have a positive discussion, which shows that people can't be greedy for life and avoid suffering; Finally, the conclusion is drawn with the words "yes, so", which proves that "those who want more than the living and those who hate more than the dead", so people can sacrifice their lives for justice.
On the fourth level ("saints are not unique"-"saints should not be lost"), this sentence uses progressive argumentation. The previous article has demonstrated the existence of the word "righteousness", which sublimates the theme here and proves that the word "righteousness" is not only owned by a few sages, but also owned by all. It seems to be a kind of righteousness to fill the gap between heaven and earth, which is everywhere, but the sages can better retain it.
Mencius believed that human instinct is to live and die, but there are still things more precious than life. There are things more terrible than death, that is "righteousness" and "injustice". Righteousness is the most precious virtue of mankind. For the sake of "righteousness", people can only avoid disaster by giving their lives. A real person will never do unjust things for fear of death. Based on the theory of "goodness of nature", Mencius believes that it is a kind of goodness to be ashamed of evil in life, which can help people make a correct choice between "righteousness" and "non-righteousness".
The second paragraph
This paragraph can be divided into three layers.
On the first level ("one bite"-"beggars don't care"), take "one bite, one bean soup" as an example, and use it to "throw" and "kick", then "passers-by" and "beggars" don't care about accepting, which is shame. Eating "food from nowhere" is "shame", which is the concept of "righteousness".
On the third floor ("If you don't argue with propriety and righteousness for ten thousand minutes, you will receive it"-"Those who know the poor and help the poor will get me", which shows from the opposite side that if you don't argue with propriety and righteousness for ten thousand minutes, you will be ashamed and disgusting, and you will seek "the beauty of the palace, the battle of wives and concubines, and those who know the poor and help the poor will get me", which is lighter than life and death. This kind of practice is just forgetting profit.
On the third level ("my hometown died for my life"-this is called losing its sincerity), through the comparison between "my hometown" and "today", it is pointed out that to get the beauty of the palace, the service of wives and concubines and the kindness of the poor, it is to lose its sincerity. The last sentence summarizes this paragraph and takes care of the beginning. This "original heart" is "the heart of shame and evil" and "the heart of righteousness"
This passage uses examples and positive and negative contrast arguments. The author compares "one bean soup for one meal" to "ten thousand minutes". According to the wealth, there are naturally many "ten thousand bells", but "ten thousand bells" determine "the beauty of maids, the battle of wives and concubines, and the poor get me", while "one meal and one bean soup" determines. However, whether it is "10,000 minutes" or "a cup of vegetables and a bean soup", it is secondary to the word "righteousness". The application of two examples and comparative argument in examples once again profoundly demonstrates the argument of "sacrificing one's life for righteousness"
Fourth, in-depth exploration
1. What is the function of writing "fish" and "bear's paw" at the beginning of the article?
Fish and bear's paw have different values. Fish is cheap and bear's paw is precious. You can't have your cake and eat it, so you must abandon the fish and choose the bear's paw. Similarly, life and justice have different values. Justice is much more important than life. If you can't get both at the same time, you must give up your life and choose justice. Here, the central argument of "giving up one's life for righteousness" is put forward by metaphorical argument.
Why can't you have your cake and eat it?
It's just a hypothesis that you can have your cake and eat it. This is just a hypothesis. When you have to choose between the two, what choice will you choose?
What do you want more than the living and hate more than the dead?
Justice; Contrary to correct behavior
4. What is the meaning of "for the heart" in "not only having wisdom, but also having a heart", and what is the meaning of "giving up life for righteousness"? Please summarize according to the following quotations from Mencius.
"Everyone has compassion; Everyone has a heart of shame and evil; Everyone has a respectful heart; Everyone has a right and wrong heart. Compassion, benevolence; Shame and nausea, righteousness also; Respect and courtesy; The heart of right and wrong is also wise. Benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom are not given to me by foreign scholars, but also inherent to me, Fotherier. "
5. Monk's "righteousness" has its specific class content, which is a set of feudal ethics and feudal order advocated by Confucianism, such as loyalty to the monarch, filial piety and respect for the elderly. The purpose of advocating "righteousness" is also to safeguard the fundamental interests of feudal rulers. For later generations, especially today, "righteousness" should be given a new meaning, please briefly summarize it.
For example, when people's spears and shields are sharp, many people with lofty ideals stick to national integrity and just cause. Their feats once stood out from the crowd in history, and their insistence on "sacrificing one's life for righteousness" broke through Mencius' norms at that time and became synonymous with just cause and just behavior. Now, we can give the specific connotation of the spirit of * * * to "righteousness". "Giving up one's life for righteousness" is a very noble quality-one can sacrifice one's personal interests and even life for just cause and truth.
6. What allusions are implied in the second paragraph of the text? What can be used to prove the famous sayings of Mencius that we have collected? "The poor have no food to eat." "Wealth cannot be *, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be bent. This is called a gentleman. "
Verb (abbreviation of verb) extension and expansion
"Life, what I want, righteousness, and what I want. You can't have both, and those who give up their lives are also righteous. " Mencius has been vigilant for thousands of years. How many people with lofty ideals have embarked on the road of "taking justice" and opened up a road of loyalty. Although the journey is far away, Qu Yuan, who wants to go up and down, was eventually slandered. In order to prove his innocence, he threw himself into Guluo River with indignation. "Too kind, though he died nine times without regret", Wen Tianxiang was imprisoned in prison, preferring to die rather than surrender, giving his life for justice and making a name for himself. Lu Xun used a pen instead of a gun to set off a thousand waves in the literary world, leaving a touching poem "I recommend Xuanyuan with blood".
For us today, we may rarely experience major choices in life, but we have many choices in life. We have been choosing, choosing carefully.
1. Imitate the following passage and express your feelings about the choice.
Choose fraternity, we taste wonderful life; Choosing memories, we measure the thickness of the past; Choose honesty, we enjoy the truth of life; Choose to be strong, and we feel the sweetness of success after failure; Choose care, we are happy, because several hearts are beating at the same time. ...
2. Please tell the story of your own or others' life choices and talk about the importance of choices to life.
Example: A 14-year-old girl stood in court facing her divorced parents. Who would she choose? This is not an ordinary choice, because by choosing her mother, she chose wealth and Australia; By choosing her father, she chose poverty and China. Everyone said it was too difficult, but the little girl chose her father, who raised her alone, and gave up her rich but rare mother. Everyone was shocked. Faced with this difficult choice, the little girl did it.
Homework: Recite the text and finish it.