In China’s 9.6 million square kilometers of territory, Putian City (known as Xinghuajun and Xinghuafu in ancient times), located in the southeastern corner of Fujian, seems to be an inconspicuous small place. However, in the vast and profound treasure house of excellent culture of the Chinese nation, Putian's "Famous Literature Gang" is not only praised by the world for its glorious and numerous cultural achievements, but also for its culture of seeking truth, being kind, emphasizing education, and advocating morality. Characteristics, unique in various regional cultures, and has had a wide impact at home and abroad. This article conducts a preliminary discussion on the causes and practical significance of the four characteristics of the famous literature country.

Pursuing truth - the pillar of a famous country

According to the explanation of Zhu Xi, a great thinker in the Song Dynasty, "wen" means sages and "xian" means classics. In other words, Putian is a good place for sages and writings. Generally speaking, a place that can win this honor must have a long cultural history and rich cultural accumulation as prerequisites. However, according to research, Putian's cultural history is not long. It has only been more than 1,300 years since its development in the late Tang Dynasty. Compared with the Central Plains culture with a long history, the start of Putian culture is at least 2,000 years behind. However, in this backward and impoverished land full of magic, Putian literary talents have emerged in large numbers since the middle of the Tang Dynasty, including Huang Tao, Xu Yin, Cai Xiang, Zheng Qiao, Lin Guangchao, Liu Kezhuang, Huang Zhongzhao, Zheng Ji, Ke Weiqi, Lin Zhaoen and a large number of influential writers in Fujian, the country and even the world. What is particularly impressive is that Putian Xianyou's book writing momentum has shown a unique and strong momentum from the very beginning: 25 in the late Tang Dynasty, and as many as 2,632 in the Song Dynasty, among which the "Complete Poems of the Song Dynasty" is the essence. Selected (page 7342) author Huang Zhongyong (1030-1110), courtesy name Changxing, nicknamed Juncheng layman, was a writer and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. ) The ancestors of the Huang family, the life prototype of the four major families in "A Dream of Red Mansions", moved from Gongxi to Juncheng, Xiyiqian Street, Fuxi Lane (the former residence of Huang Taichang Temple Qingdi still exists at No. 110, Xileishan Lane, Putian City). Jingyou of the Northern Song Dynasty was the son of Huang Chong, a Jinshi of Jiaxu in Dali Temple. Huang Zhongyong was influenced by his father, Huang Chong, who was a judge of Dali Temple in Baowen Pavilion, a Jinshi of the Song Dynasty. He studied hard and was diligent and motivated. In the fourth year of Huangyou (1052), he passed the Fujian Provincial Examination. In the Yuan Dynasty, he won the first place in the second class of Jinshi in the palace examination, which was passed to Chuanlu. He served as the magistrate and county magistrate of Anfu County in Jiangxi Province. After the fourth year of Zhiping in the Northern Song Dynasty (1067), Sima Guang Wen Guogong recommended him to serve as Dr. Taichang and promoted him to be the judge of Beihai in Guangxi. He was promoted to the magistrate of Shaowu. He was later called into the court as Taichang Qing and became the Prime Minister. In the Changyuan, he presided over the compilation of the emperor's daily protocol and the temple fair, and drafted etiquette edicts. As famous as Ouyang Xiu, Bao Zheng, Zhao Pin, Liu Chang, Wen Yanbo, Fu Bi, Wang Yaochen, Han Qi, etc., he has a simple nature and a benevolent personality. Wen Guo's company Ma Qian recommended his talents and gave him the punishment of Zhejiang. As an official, he is lenient and benevolent, able to break strange prisons, and has many lives. The people of Zhejiang are virtuous. On the last day, the scholars and the people begged to stay, and based on Wen Gong's opinion, he recommended many officials to Taichang Temple Minister, Shizhong and Deputy Envoy of the Privy Council. Later, Cai Jing was disgusted with him and demoted him to Dr. Taichang. He resigned and was named Yuanyou Party Ban and became an official. Although there was a slight decline in the Yuan Dynasty, with 60 tribes, it rose to 944 tribes in the Ming Dynasty, and there were still 470 tribes in the Qing Dynasty. In the "Sikuquanshu" compiled during the Qianlong period alone, 43 831 volumes of Puxian's works were included in his book, and 37 345 volumes were included in the catalogue. Among so many works, many are royal masterpieces and masterpieces handed down from generation to generation. Among them, the famous gardening works such as "Tea Record" and "Lychee Spectrum" written by Cai Xiang of the Northern Song Dynasty have been translated into English and French and spread abroad; Zheng Qiao of the Southern Song Dynasty The 200 volumes of "Tongzhi" written by him are the most influential and long-lasting encyclopedia-style masterpieces in Putian since ancient times. The academic community respectfully calls "Wenwen Tongkao" the "Three Directives" and enjoys a high reputation in domestic and foreign academic circles. reputation; "The Complete Works of Mr. Houcun" written by Liu Kezhuang, a famous writer in the Southern Song Dynasty, is also a literary masterpiece with wide influence.

The main reason why Puxianren's articles and writings can occupy a certain position in the history of Chinese culture is that the word "seeking truth" is permeated between the lines of these works, that is to say, The pursuit of truth and science has been the highest pursuit of Puxian people with lofty ideals for thousands of years, which is why these works are not only famous for a while, but also passed down for generations. Among them, the most representative character is Zheng Qiao.

Zheng Qiao (1104-1162), whose courtesy name was Yuzhong, was known as Mr. Jiaji in the world. He spent almost all his life trapped in the Jiajiao Mountains among the thousands of mountains northwest of Putian. However, it was this poor scholar in the mountains and forests who not only contributed to Chinese culture a biographical general history after the "Historical Records", but also made six important contributions to Putian's "Famous Literature State": First, as a poor scholar in the mountains and forests In the high mountains and empty valleys, he completed an epoch-making historical work by one person; secondly, he was determined to build science; thirdly, he put forward the idea of ??breaking superstition and proposing that "Poems and Books are credible, but every word does not have to be credible." The fourth is to advocate intellectuals to exchange knowledge with the working people; the fifth is to emphasize the study of translation studies to absorb foreign civilization and spread Chinese culture. It can be said that Zheng Qiao and his "Tongzhi" played a decisive role in determining Putian's status as a "famous country with literature" and gaining social recognition. Zheng Qiao is a great historian and scientist who has been praised throughout the ages. Thinker, because his works and academic thoughts are all full of the atmosphere of "seeking truth". Therefore, "seeking truth" is the vitality of Zheng Qiao, and it is precisely because there are a large number of people with lofty ideals like Zheng Qiao who use the spirit of "seeking truth" , created many excellent works, which supported Putian's "Famous Literature State", a towering cultural edifice in the land of Fujian. A water person supports a person. Therefore, we must see that the reason why Zheng Qiao was able to write a "Tongzhi" ("Tongzhi") that "collects all the books in the world" ("Jiao Manuscript: Letter to the Prime Minister") in the high mountains and empty valleys, and the reason why his scientific spirit can Being at the forefront of the Middle Ages, in addition to Zheng Qiao's own special talent and extraordinary wisdom, is also inextricably linked to the humanistic conditions in Zheng Qiao's hometown of Putian. Because Zheng Qiao has been a poor man since he was a child. He himself once said, "My family is poor and I don't have any books. If I heard that someone else had a book, I would go straight to his door and ask for a book. I didn't ask if he could tolerate it. I just read it." ("Jia") "Fu Nianchen, a woodcutter, was lonely when he was young, and poor when he was older. He felt that the house had leaks, and he couldn't stop hearing the cockcrow. It can be seen that there was no disaster in Fujian because of the war." "Books of the World" ("Jiaji Posthumous Manuscripts: List of Shangdian's "Tongzhi""). It can be imagined that if Putian did not have a particularly rich collection of folk books for Zheng Qiao to borrow and refer to, it would be difficult for Zheng Qiao to read all the eight-stage books of the world and The author of "Tongzhi"; more importantly, the formation of Zheng Qiao's scientific thoughts is inseparable from the influence of his brother Zheng Hou and a group of friends who are also full of truth-seeking spirit, such as Lin Ting, Lin Guangchao, Fang Zhu, etc. Not open. In particular, Zheng Hou had a great influence on Zheng Qiao's growth and ideological formation. Zheng Hou (1100-1160), named Jingwei, was a native of Gongxi Village, Xinxian Town, Putian County. He was not only Zheng Qiao. The good teacher when he was a child, he was also a famous Confucian of the generation who "looked up to Han Yu as if he had ever done it" and "if he sent Hou to the office to admonish him, there would be no traces of jackals and wolves in the world" ("Jiaji's Posthumous Manuscript·Jing Wei Tou Yuwen's Secret Letter", Southern Song Dynasty) The famous prime minister Gong Maoliang regards Zheng Hou as "the originator of Putian articles". Zheng Qiao also clearly mentioned in "Jiaji's Posthumous Manuscripts and Privy Council Letters to Jingwei Touyuwen" that his academic relationship with Zheng Hou was "a matter of great loss." Yi, get the wood and then make it steep; if you lose the wood, get it thick and then manage it. If you get the wood thick, the city wall will be strong; if you get the wood thick, it will be red and purple."

Moreover, that's why Zheng Qiao became the first person in history. A scientific thinker who advocated practical physics to the world, because he "struck spears in the mountains, interacted with field elders, got along with night cranes and dawn apes, and wanted to understand the temperament of flying and diving animals and plants." "Zhi·Insects and Plants Preface" If there were not the resource-rich Jiajiao Mountain as a base for Zheng Qiao to advocate viewing and studying the emotions of animals and plants, and if there were not those Tianfu Yelao who exchanged knowledge with Zheng Qiao, then no matter how talented Zheng Qiao was, it would not be possible. It is difficult to have such a wise opinion. Therefore, we believe that only in Putian, a fertile soil full of "truth-seeking", can a great historian like Guan Qiao, who is full of scientific ideas, epoch-making and immortal, be born. "Tongzhi", "seeking truth" is not only the Optimus Prime of Putian's famous country, but also the famous country of Putian has lost its vitality in the past and will definitely be the same in the future.

Being good-the famous country. Soul

The developed culture of Putian is the input of the original culture. Therefore, like all parts of the country, the regional culture of Putian is also deeply influenced by Confucian culture.

Since the three Lu brothers came to Putian in the Southern Dynasties to teach "Poems" and "Books", Confucian culture and Confucian thoughts have always dominated Putian's regional culture. However, because China has long been a society in which Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism coexist, the culture of Taoism and Buddhism has also deeply affected the cultural and spiritual life of the Putian people, even in people's daily lives. Life is also permeated with cultural factors from the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. To this end, Putian scholars adhere to the Confucian ideology of "benevolence," self-improvement, integrity, harmony, mutual accommodation, loyalty and forgiveness, knowledge of things, integrity and sincerity, self-cultivation, ordering the family, governing the country, and peace of the world. Absorb the essence of Buddhism and Taoism to enrich your own theory. Buddhism and Taoism also use their own unique religious forms to promote morality to people and emphasize concepts that are popular with the general public, such as accumulating good and eliminating evil. Therefore, the teachings of Buddhism and Taoism have also had a certain influence on the ethical and moral order of Putian civil society. function, thereby showing a strong code of conduct of "doing good" and a pillar of belief centered on "doing good" in folk culture, and produced a kind of "doing good" as one of the three schools of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, with a distinctive " "Good" characteristics, and can influence the soul of people's spiritual life. Due to the above reasons, Putian, a country famous for literature, has formed two wonders of the world "good" cultural phenomena with the development of society: one is the specific folk culture naturally formed from the folk of the Song Dynasty - Mazu culture; One is the "three religions in one" theory founded by Lin Zhaoen, a famous scholar in the Ming Dynasty. Although the manifestations of these two cultural phenomena are different, their core ideas are completely consistent, that is, "doing good". Lin Zhaoen (1517~1598), named Longjiang, was a native of Chengxiang, Putian. Since his theory of "unity of three religions" was first put forward, it has developed rapidly in his hometown of Putian, a land of "goodness". took root and spread overseas. To this day, in Malaysia alone, there are nearly a thousand churches. According to incomplete statistics, there are still no less than one million people in China and Southeast Asia who believe in the Trinity. With the development of society, Mazu culture has formed a unique folk culture with global influence.

Mazu’s original name was Lin Mo, also known as Lin Mo Niang. She was born in the early Northern Song Dynasty, the daughter of an ordinary eunuch on the banks of Meizhou Bay in Putian. She only lived for a short period of 28 years. However, because she was compassionate and kind during her lifetime, she was able to help the world and save people, and she often solved disasters for people, especially bravely rescuing shipwrecks, so she was deeply respected and loved by people. After she "emerged", the people of Putian believed in her and worshiped her. They commemorated and deified her as a Bodhisattva who rescued people from distress and a sea-protecting goddess, thus producing a very influential and distinctive Putian literature name. Mazu culture with national characteristics. Once this unique Mazu culture was formed, it not only filled the sky above Putian and became the soul of the people passed down from generation to generation, but was also recognized and bestowed by successive imperial courts. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, successive imperial courts have bestowed upon Lin Mo titles ranging from "Mrs. Chongfu" to "Tianfei", "Tianhou" and "Heavenly Virgin" who protect the country and the people. Temples commemorating her are now spread all over the five continents. There are so many temples in Taiwan Province alone that there are more than a thousand. There are hundreds of millions of believers at home and abroad who believe in Mazu! Mazu culture has therefore become one of the most beautiful cultural landscapes in Putian, a famous literary country today.

It can be seen that only the fertile soil of Putian, a famous literary state, filled with a strong atmosphere of "goodness", can produce folk religious and cultural wonders like Mazu culture that transcend national boundaries. Rather than saying that "benevolence" is the root of the emergence of Putian Mazu culture, it is better to say that "benevolence" is the soul of Putian's famous literary country. It is precisely because of this soul that Putian, a famous cultural country, is praised by hundreds of millions of people at home and abroad for its unique cultural color.

Emphasis on education - the heirloom of a famous country

At the beginning of Putian's establishment as a state, a stronger ethos of emphasizing education and promoting learning was formed than other cities, thus laying the foundation for the particularly prosperous Putian culture. a solid foundation. The Song Dynasty was a period when Putian emphasized education and established schools.

Since the beginning of Xianping in the Northern Song Dynasty (998-1002), Putian has formed a fairly complete "trinity" education system of government-run schools, private schools, and private schools, making Putian an important education center that is rare in the country today. This creates another beautiful cultural landscape of Putian, a famous literary country - the wonder of the imperial examination.

According to records, during the entire imperial examination period from the Sui Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty in China's feudal society, there were only 18 Jinshi counties across the country with more than 1,000 Jinshi scholars, of which 4 were in Fujian Province. There are as many as 1,433 Jinshi in Putian County, so it ranks first among the Jinshi counties in Fujian Province, followed by Jinjiang, Min County (today's Fuzhou) and Jian'an (today's Nanping City). It is also recorded that among every 42 Jinshi admitted in the Song Dynasty, one was from Puxian. Not only that, in the Song Dynasty alone, the number of Puxian people who were number one, number two, top three, number one in Fu, and number one in other exams also ranked first in Fujian. Among them, 6 people won the first prize, including Chen Mu, Fang Tianruo, Cai Dian, Li Zongshi, Chen Junqing, Huang Ai, etc.; 1 person, Li Zhaoyuan, won the first prize; those who led the world in Fu included Zheng Hou, Liu Su, Lin Yi, Wu Zhuchou, and Zheng Congfu. , Ye Dayou and 6 others; 3 people including Song Chun, Lin Liu, Lin Yiyan and others were ranked first in the special examination. It can be said that they dominate the imperial examinations in the world. What is even more peculiar is that Putian Xingmin not only created a miracle in the history of China's imperial examinations, but also left behind many good stories about the imperial examinations that are still widely circulated today. Huang Zhongyong, the founder of the military city, founded two famous "Buyun academies" in Xinghua County in Meilan, Fuxi Lane, Yiqian Street and Songyang, Gongxi. He has the reputation of "the eighth Jinshi of four generations and the eighth and sixteenth Jinshi of eight generations". Taiwanese people praised his attendant Huang Zhongyong, who was a member of the family, as "the number one scholar in both civil and military affairs, the first in the two congresses, the first in the ranking, the second in the ranking, the third in the book, and the fourth in the prime minister." Huang Zhongyong's residence was in the West Lane of Xinghua County (today's No. 110, Leishan Lane, West of Putian City, Fujian) His former residence still exists.) The military city sect multiplied under him and became known as the "Juncheng Yan sect". The eighth generation of the sect was jointly promoted to Jinshi, and it flourished in Hepu County. There are also "nine governors in a family" (the descendants of Lin Pi in the Tang Dynasty, there were nine officials and governors), "five bachelors in one subject" (Huang Pu in the Tang Dynasty, and his four sons were also ranked in the same rank), "two champions in one subject" (civilian and military in 1076 The number one scholar was obtained by Xu Duo from Putian and Xue Yi from Xianyou respectively), and "Kui Ya was on the same list" (in 1138, Huang Gongdu and Chen Junqing from Putian were ranked number one and second in the list at the same time), so there is a saying "Analyzing Yu is not three miles away, Kui Ya is on the same list" (Huang Gongdu, Chen Junqing)" and "the grandson Sizu who topped the list of dragons and tigers (referring to Xuduo of the Song Dynasty and his ancestor Xuyin of the Tang Dynasty were both number one), the brothers from the north and south of Fenghuangchi" and so on. It is precisely because Putian has such spectacular achievements in the imperial examinations, and Scholarship is prosperous and there are many works. Therefore, as early as the Song Dynasty, Putian was known as "a state famous for literature" (a tribute to the Song Dynasty), "the land of Fujian and Yue, a state of Zou and Lu" (the imperial edict of Zhenzi of the Song Dynasty), and "Xinghua has many Jinshi". (Praise from King Anshi of the Song Dynasty), "The prosperity of Putian's figures" (Praise from Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty), "The scholar in the house is the most prosperous place" (Praise from Youxu of the Song Dynasty), "Studying poetry and calligraphy at home, there are many Kuei rhyme scholars, which is Zhongzhou It is well-known in the world for its reputations such as "Putian, a land of cultural relics" (a tribute by Huang Gongdu of the Song Dynasty), "Putian's literary name Zou Lu" (a tribute by Huang Hao of the Song Dynasty), etc. The reason why Putian has such brilliant imperial examinations and In addition to the strong culture of emphasizing education and promoting learning that has been passed down from generation to generation, there is also a particularly commendable reading culture, which is the diligent study spirit of poor people in the Southern Song Dynasty. Fang Jian, a famous scholar in Putian, was analyzing his hometown. The reason for the strong Confucianism was once vividly said: "Fujian people have no assets, and those who rely on their livelihood can only study. " Chen Junqing, the famous minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, said when he was ranked second in the eighth year of Shaoxing (1138), "The land is thin and pines and cypresses are planted, and the poor family is studying." This sentence shows that Putian, as a small southeastern city, can become famous all over the world. "Documentary The internal reason for "famous country". Therefore, this famous saying has naturally become the family motto passed down from generation to generation by the people of Putian for thousands of years.

It can be seen that emphasizing education and promoting learning is not only the name of Putian culture. The root of Chui Tian Xia, and it is the most distinctive heirloom of Putian’s “Famous Literature Country”. With this heirloom, Putian’s “Famous Literature Country” will surely usher in a more glorious tomorrow.

Chongde - the style of a famous country

In addition to the above-mentioned three golden cultural landscapes of seeking truth, being kind and emphasizing education, Putian is a "famous country with literature". There is also an extremely beautiful cultural landscape - a wonder of moral integrity.

The wonders of Putian’s moral style are reflected in the fact that it is a different moral landscape created by two different social groups: one is a famous history written by scholar-bureaucrats and literati who would rather die than surrender, be upright and die in the line of duty. Landscape; one is a moral landscape of public and self-forgetting created by ordinary people's struggle with nature to transform nature. Although these two landscapes express different spirits, they both illuminate the world. Among them, Xu Yin, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty and the first number one scholar in Fujian Province, made the literary world of the Tang Dynasty famous for his awe-inspiring moral integrity of "I have no official position, but my fortune cannot be changed"; A national hero at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Lin Zexu praised him and Wen Tianxiang for "standing side by side", and "the pines and twigs look at each other, and the sun and the moon shine on the sky"; the Minister of Rites of Nanjing in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties Zhu Jizuo persisted in resisting the Qing Dynasty and remained unyielding until death. He died in the line of duty, leaving behind a tragic page that can be compared with Shi Kefa. In the late Qing Dynasty, Jiang Chunlin, the censor, hated the FBI authorities and strongly criticized the treacherous ministers and powerful people, which shocked the government and the public. These people with lofty ideals used their high moral integrity to create a dazzling moral landscape for Putian, a famous country in literature. Qian Siniang, a folk woman from the Northern Song Dynasty, led Putian, a famous literary state, to create a world-famous and majestic moral landscape.

According to records, the Xinghua Plain (also known as the Southern Beiyang Plain) was still full of saline-alkali land with only cattail grass growing in it in the early Song Dynasty. To turn these ten thousand hectares of wasteland into ten thousand hectares of fertile farmland, the only way was to build on Mulan Creek. A big bei. Therefore, the people of Putian have been eagerly looking forward to the early construction of Mulan Pi since the Tang Dynasty. For this reason, during the Jiayou period of the Northern Song Dynasty, the people here were still suffering from drought and floods, living a life of hunger, cold and displacement. Because people are poor due to drought, it severely restricts Putian's economic, cultural and educational development. Qian Siniang was originally a folk woman in Changle County. Her ancestors were descendants of the royal family of Wuyue King in Zhejiang. They moved to Changle in the early Song Dynasty. Therefore, by the time of Qian Siniang's generation, her family was still one of the richest people with tens of thousands of wealth. Home. Changle is more than two hundred miles away from Putian. According to ordinary people's opinions, whether Putian Mulan Pi is built or not has nothing to do with Qian Siniang. But in order to save the people in Putian from drought and floods and benefit the people, she bravely took on the important task of building Mulan Pi as a young woman. In order to build Mulan Pi as soon as possible, she resolutely spent all her family capital of 100,000 yuan (equivalent to 100,000 taels of silver) from her hometown in Changle and brought it to Putian to build Mulan Pi. During the three-year process of building the border, she led the working people to overcome countless hardships, worked hard without complaint, forgot selfishness, and sacrificed their lives until they dedicated their young lives. Although Mulanpi built by Qian Siniang was destroyed by a sudden flood when it was first built, her great spirit deeply infected Lin Congshi, Li Hong, Feng Zhiri and the people of Putian. , Therefore, after two failures, Putian Mulanpi was successfully completed in the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1083) in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is precisely because of Mulanpi that the "land of plenty" in the Xinghua Plain and the all-round economic development of Putian are possible; it is also because of Mulanpi that Putian's culture and education can achieve rapid development. Strictly speaking, Putian's "Famous Literature State" was not truly recognized by society until Mulanpi was built. Therefore, Qian Siniang not only built Mulanpi, a large-scale water conservancy and irrigation project for the people of Putian, but also used her young life to set up a monument of moral integrity for Putian, a country famous for literature, that will shine through the ages. Therefore, from the Northern Song Dynasty to the present, the people of Putian throughout the ages have commemorated Qian Siniang, the first heroine of flood control and river building in Chinese history, as the most outstanding son and daughter of Putian, and respectfully called her "Qian Fei" and "Qian Yuan" , the poems and essays written by literati and scholars of past dynasties praising Qian Sihao's great achievements and moral character far surpassed even the praising of Mazu, who was born and raised in Putian. In 1962 AD, when passing through Putian, Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress Guo Moruo wrote a poem to praise Qian Siniang, "Qing Qingxiang Mulan Pi, a beautiful poem that has been passed down for thousands of years. Who is the first to forget selfishness? To this day, the humane is Qian Fei."

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It can be seen that Qian Siniang has established a lofty moral standard for Putian Wenming State, which not only makes Putian Wenming State stand in front of the world with a more distinctive appearance, but will also continue to inspire 300 people. The sons and daughters of Wanxinghua work hard to build Putian, a famous country of literature, into a better place