Private schools first appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and their development is as follows:

1. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the school was only a form of rural studies. "Xue Ji" traces the educational system of the Western Zhou Dynasty and says: "The ancient teachers have a school at home, a party, an orderly technique and a state-owned school." At that time, learning was in the government, and officials and teachers were integrated. The host of the school was an old retired official who was responsible for promoting enlightenment in the local area.

2. In the pre-Qin period, Confucius was only one of the philosophers, and Confucianism was not used as a tool for governing the country. With the change of social situation, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and implemented the cultural and educational policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". Confucianism was regarded as a statue by feudal emperors and became an important social ruling resource.

3. The focus of imperial examinations in Ming and Qing Dynasties was inclined to "Four Books", which also belonged to the Confucian classics. In addition, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties paid attention to the ethical education of children, and formulated village rules and regulations, and carried out social education activities. The rise of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties promoted the prosperity of clan-based schools.

4. In 191, the Qing court issued a decree to promote learning and encouraged local schools to promote learning. In 193, the "Guimao Academic System" was promulgated and implemented. In 195, the imperial examination system was abolished to make way for the development of learning. In 196, the Ministry of Education forwarded the Articles of Association for the Reform of Private Schools provided by the gentry in Jiangsu Province to support the non-governmental organization for the Reform of Private Schools.

5. In 191, the Ministry of Education promulgated the Regulations on Improving Private Schools, which encouraged schools to improve private schools, adjusted their courses, textbooks and teaching methods, and urged private schools to move closer to modern primary schools. In the first half of the 2th century, influenced by the change of government, the activities of improving modern private schools were intermittent.

Extended information:

A typical representative of a private school:

Yuelu Academy:

In the ninth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 976), Zhudong, the satrap of Tanzhou, was founded by the government on the basis of running a school by monks. In the eighth year of Xiangfu in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 115), Song Zhenzong summoned Yuelu Mountain for a long week, and gave the book "Yuelu Academy" with a royal pen.

Later, after the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, in the 29th year of Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty (A.D. 193), Yuelu Academy and Hunan Provincial University Hall were merged and restructured into Hunan Higher Education Institutions, and the former site of the Academy was used. In the 15th year of the Republic of China (AD 1926), Hunan Higher Education Institute was officially named Hunan University, and the base site of the Academy has been expanded to this day.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Private School

Baidu Encyclopedia-Yuelu Academy