Representative:? Miles Davis (Myers? Davis, 1926 ~ 199 1, composer, good at musical instruments: trumpet)? Dave Brubeck (Dave Brubeck, 1920 ~, composer, good at musical instruments: piano)? Chet baker (Chet? Baker, 1929 ~ 1988, good at musical instruments: trumpet)? Gary Mulligan (Gerry? Mulligan, 1927 ~ 1996, composing and arranging music, good at musical instruments: alto saxophone)? Jill Evans (Jill? Evans, 19 12 ~ 1988, composer and arranger, good at musical instruments: piano)
Few jazz musicians like to classify their music, and many people don't even want to call their music "jazz". The classification of different jazz is usually what the audience is keen on, not the original intention of the author, and the most ambiguous classification is "cold jazz" (also known as cool jazz? Jazz) ",because this title actually contains many styles. It can refer to those who are affected by miles. Davis, Earl? Bessie and Lester? Young affected musicians, including musicians of different skin colors such as white and black, even musicians from different parts of the east coast and west coast. As long as the works created by musicians are moderately expressive and emotionally similar, they can all be classified into this category. Some jazz historians think that cold jazz is completely different from pop jazz. However, many representatives of cold jazz style are good players in the pop period, and many musicians in the cold jazz period like to borrow the melody and harmony of pop jazz. To some extent, cold jazz pays more attention to arrangement and counterpoint, but at the beginning, impromptu solo is often difficult to distinguish from pop jazz. In the next chapter, we will introduce the style of cold jazz, but please remember that cold jazz is more similar to pop jazz than any jazz style that appeared after pop.
The word "cool" is easily misunderstood, which reminds people of the musician's demeanor rather than the music style itself. As long as a musician can restrain his emotions from beginning to end without drastic ups and downs, it seems that he can be called "cool". However, if you use this standard to distinguish good musicians from bad musicians, you may confuse them, because usually many professional musicians are a little arrogant and used to playing quietly; In addition, most classical orchestras, pop jazz bands or musicians who are keen on post-pop styles perform in an orderly way, which is very cool.
The original intention of the above discussion is not to overthrow the view that "music is a musician's emotional expression", but to remind people that it would be a mistake to generalize the timbre of high-pitched or noisy instrumental music with strong emotions such as rage and desire. Cold jazz, because there are relatively few high notes, it is not very noisy. Many people will think it's worthy of the name, but it's not entirely true (why don't the audience experience it for themselves before making a judgment? You can find a musician to play jazz works of different periods or musicians for you, without giving any hints in advance, and then you can guess which is cold jazz. The result may surprise you.
In fact, we have discussed two cold jazz teams before. George? Shearing? Quintets and? Modern? Jazz? Quartet. Describe it. George? Shearing? The style of quintet, it is best to compare him with Bader. Powell and Oscar? Peterson, it is clear by comparison; Similarly, to analyze? Modern? Jazz? Quartet, or dizzy? Gillespie and his former band members are the most convenient to talk about. However, what? George? Shearing? Quintets and? Modern? Jazz? Quartet is always classified as cold jazz, ignoring its role as a pioneer of pop music.
What is the first cold jazz musician we mentioned in this chapter? Tristano and Lee? Conitz, they are both passionate musicians, and they are not "cool" at all: they keep calm and restrain themselves while playing. Their music is actually quite tense and belongs to the category of cold jazz, mainly because they are interested in Miles? Davis created a series of works called. Born? Yes? That? Cool records have had an impact, and another reason is that some jazz historians think their timbre is cool.
Lenny. Tristano
With Lenny. A group of musicians represented by Tristano and Miles? Daves's "Birth? Yes? That? After the recording of "Cool" series, there is another genre under the portal of Cold Jazz-the well-known West Coast style (West? Coast? In fact, this title is quite different from the real situation. First of all, literally, people will think that the West Coast style should originate from local musicians in California. However, in fact, a large part of the musicians participating in the West Coast style are not Californians, and several big-name musicians of the West Coast style come from the East Coast and have only stopped to perform on the West Coast for a short time. Secondly, in the 1950s, not all California musicians were following the fashion of cold jazz, but many were outstanding pop musicians, confused and classified as West Coast style. Finally, when people talk about the West Coast style, most of them only pay attention to the West Coast musicians, thus ignoring that a large number of contemporary musicians in Boston and new york are also playing in the same way. In other words, the close relationship between cold jazz and the west coast in the 1950s gave people the illusion that cold jazz was popular on the east coast and on the west coast. This leads listeners, media and record companies to ignore the contemporary pop musicians in Los Angeles or the cold jazz musicians who play in new york and Boston.
Lenny. Tristano and Lee? Conitz
Lenny. Tristano (19 19- 1978) is a pianist, composer and band leader. In the late 1940s, he created another modern jazz style besides the popular cold jazz, which made everyone feel refreshed. At the same time, few jazz musicians are as far-reaching as Tristano, and many people join the ranks of cold jazz because of inspiration.
Tristano is good at piano and performing art? Tatum's fast track is not a problem (Tatum and Lester? Youth has a great influence on him. In addition, Tristano has another unique skill, that is, Mitt? Buckner's skill of "locking hands" is improvisation, but his performance is more varied and bolder than buckner's.
With Charlie? Parker fainted again? Gillespie's pop style is different, Tristano's impromptu melody is not jumping, and it looks gentle and straight; Moreover, its melody is not closely related to chords, and it is always slightly out of tune, resulting in an unsolvable effect. All in all, his impromptu melody sounds neither popular nor popular.
Tristano's music is similar to Popper's in complex harmony. He often changes several chords in a bar, but you can't expect to hear Charlie in it. Parker fainted again? Gillespie's classic bridge. Tristano's complexity is a deliberate arrangement. Although there are moments like this in pop music, more often Charlie? Parker fainted again? Gillespie still lets music flow freely.
Tristano's most talented student in the late 1940s was alto saxophonist Lee? Conitz, tenor saxophone Vaughan? Marsh and guitarist Billy Bauer. These musicians recorded a series of records with bassists and drummers, showing their superb skills in cold jazz, so that decades later, the younger generation of musicians still feel dizzy.
In the last West Coast style period, the bass and drums in Tristano's works retreated to an inconspicuous position, even in some records. The only function is to control the beat. However, in Tristano's band, this is not an easy job: some songs have very sharp beats.
Lee? Conitz
Alto saxophonist Lee? Conitz (born in 1927) has a similar melody style to Tristano, and his instrumental skills are as superb as Tristano's. Lee? Koenigs' timbre is different from that of his predecessor Benny? Carter or Johnny? Hodges is gorgeous and charming, different from his peers, Charlie? Parker's sadness and joy are intertwined, making people remember Lester more? Young's diluted, brisk and vibrato playing style.
I have to mention that almost everyone in that young alto saxophone is imitating Charlie? Parker's timbre and even the age of rhythm and melody concept, Li? Koenigs is one of the few musicians who insist on inheriting and developing another modern jazz style initiated by Tristano. Charlie. Parker's style has little influence on it, Li? Koenigs' performance features come from Tristano's piano style. In other words, Tristano's playing style is completely different from that of contemporary pop pianists. First of all, he is not a "swing" of popular style. The swing of popular style mostly adopts the way of "dragging the beat", while Tristan tends to "grab the beat" and get ahead of the rhythm, and compared with Parker and gillespie, he seldom uses syncopated rhythm. Secondly, Tristano's rhythm is not as changeable as Pope's; Thirdly, his improvisational melody is characterized by "a long series of uninterrupted octaves", so the sense of swing in his music is more "tight" than that in Pop (we can listen to Tristano's Cross Flow in SCCJ and Subconscious in SCCJ's revised edition). Li ").
In the 1950s, Li? Koenigs influenced a group of alto saxophonists. Although he lived in new york for a long time, his greatest influence was in California. Bud, West Coast alto saxophone player? Schenk and Lennie Niehaus eclectically combined the styles of Conitz and Parker to form their own system; Art? Pepper combines Konitz and alto saxophone Zoot? Sims and Parker, three directors, have brought the West Coast alto saxophone style to the extreme.
In the mid-1950s, especially after 1954, Koenigs' style of play gradually began to change, and continued throughout the 1970s. His original rich and tight melody like Tristano began to loosen, and his personal characteristics of timbre and speed disappeared; Pause is often used in performance, which makes the already complicated rhythm more diverse; His performance has a touch of blues from time to time.
Besides recording with Tristano, Konitz's best performance can be at 1949- 1950 miles? Davis's Born? Yes? That? Cool series recording, 1953 Li? Conitz Gerry? Mulligan Chet? Baker co-produced the album Konitz? Meet? Mulligan and 1947 and Claude? I found it in thornhill's co-production.
Tristano not only created different ideas of improvisation melody, but also was one of the first jazz musicians who tried to improvise collectively without writing melody and harmony framework in advance (see his work Intuition and digression). Judging from these two works, it's not that all the frames are completely lost (you can still hear the long and steady rhythm and faintly discernible tonality), but compared with most jazz works in the 1940s, there is no doubt that they are much more free (Onete in the 1960s and 1970s? Coleman, Secer? Taylor and other musicians finally popularized this attempt.
Throughout his musical career, Lenny? Tristano left a few works-only about seven albums, which sold poorly. However, for jazz collectors, his records are very valuable. Tristano was an active jazz lecturer. He died from 195 1 to 1978. Teaching has always been his main business.
Through the inheritance of Koenigs, Tristano's influence also spread to Bill? Evans, a very important pianist in the 1960s. 1959 before, with George? Russell and Tony? Scott's partner Evans is a reprint of Tristano. Besides, sal. Mosca and Ronnie? Bauer is also the two pianists most directly influenced by Tristano (mosca and Li? Koenigs, Vaughan? Marsh has made many records. Further down, you can name a long list of names, such as the pianist Wally? Cirillo and Connie? Crothers, trumpeter Don? Ferrara and Ted? Brown; Cecil, an avant-garde jazz pianist in the 1960s and 1970s? Taylor also claimed that Tristano had a great influence on him in the early 1950s (Tristano can be found even among some European jazz musicians).
(The birth of Cold Jazz) Born? Yes? That? cool
Is it from Charlie? After Parker debuted, Miles? Davis hardly joins other people's bands any more. From 1949 to 1950s, miles? Davis formed a nine-member band and recorded a set of records for Congressional Records. This set of records is called. Born? Yes? That? Cool had an important influence on jazz in the 1950s. However, many people think that the music concept in this group of records originated from Claude, who was a piano player, composer, arranger and conductor in the 1940s. Thornhill (1909- 1965) and the arranger Jill? Evans. In fact, under Lenny's leadership? Lee of Tristano? Conitz's melodic expression, desalination, lightness and less vibrato timbre laid the foundation? Born? Yes? That? Cool "musical tone. Among the records, except Konitz's alto saxophone and Miles? Davis' trumpet, once with Claude? Thornhill can do business. Bass saxophonist Gerry? Mulligan's timbre is the same. Different from tradition, the band has no tenor saxophone and guitar, but French horn, bass horn, trombone and rhythm group.
No doubt, Miles? Davis integrated The characteristics of thornhill, Evans and Tristano into the series The? Born? Yes? That? Cool "won. At the same time, in many records of the same style in the 1940s, Miles? Davis's record is also the most praised. Since then, Miles? Davis took the first step in the history of jazz (refer to Boplicity included in SCCJ).
The sense of bondage brought by Davis, Koenig and Mulligan, as well as the clean and washed music structure woven by the nine-member team, together create an out-and-out exquisiteness and indifference. The tone of this band is quiet and thin, regardless of music; On the contrary, it looks light and mature, and sometimes it sounds like classical chamber music; Meanwhile, Lenny? Tristano's recording is also close to it. This shows that in the late 1940s, a group of young jazz arrangers were deeply influenced by Claude? Thornhill and Jill? Evans and Lenny? The influence of Tristano and others, and in the jazz circle at that time, this style was also the freshest and most fashionable.
However, Miles? Davis IX's concept of melody is neither triad nor swing, but also belongs to the popular category. Just compared with many pop jazz bands at that time, Miles? Davis Nine seldom emphasized arrangement, which greatly innovated the melody playing method of jazz Pop. Most pop jazz bands have the same concept of melody expression, usually improvising for a long time, and the conductor and the rhythm group play the main theme together; Miles. Davis 9 is different. They imitate Duke? Ellington's approach is to consciously insert short impromptu solo paragraphs into the pre-written theme, or sometimes set off impromptu solos with some pre-written beautiful melody patterns as the background; However, this complex orchestral idea often jumps back to a single arrangement, but this jump is still elegant and not abrupt. Miles. Davis and Jill? Evans, Gerry? Mulligan, John? Lewis and John? Six people in karis arranged music for this group of nine people. What number is Gerry? Mulligan wrote the most, which is the sum of the other five people.
Gerry. Add blow
As early as 1946, pianist Dave? Some of brubeck's works are different in style. Born? Yes? That? Cool "; In the 1950s, bass saxophonist Gerry? Mulligan, French horn player and composer John? Karis (is he Claude? Thornhill senior member), composer and trumpeter Shorty? Rogers and other jazz musicians or bandleaders have written or arranged similar Miles? The work of the Davis Nine. After writing it? Born? Yes? That? Soon after cool, Miles? Davis abandoned this nine-person style, except for him and Jill? Evans teamed up to form a big band and dabbled again, Miles? Davis has been leading a small band, and his energy is concentrated on improvisation, not arrangement.
In the history of modern jazz, no one can be like Miles? Davis creates a new music style every 10 years, which has swept the whole jazz music circle, from the earliest cool? In the 1980s, Hiphop and his band became the gathering place of jazz masters and the first place to show their talents. Cortland to chicken? Korea.
Miles. Davis, 1926 was born in Illinois, USA on May 26th, and died on September 28th,199.
Born into a wealthy middle-class family, my father is a dentist and my mother and sisters are musicians. 13 birthday, Miles? Davis got his first birthday present with a trumpet. His father never imagined that this trumpet actually started his musical journey and made him an important figure in the development of jazz.
Because of his rich family, Davis could afford to study at the Juilliard School in new york, but soon after, he left school to perform in a bar on 52nd Street and joined Charlie? Parker's band. In fact, Davis, who is only 19 years old, can't compare with Parker in fashion, but his progress is obvious to all. In the works recorded by/kloc-0 in the late 1940s, we can feel that Davis brought tender and profound thoughts into the Bop music style of dance.
1945 Miles? Davis 19 was in his prime. He studies at school like most people (Julia? School Juilliard), but what makes him different from ordinary people is that at this time he has been with jazz be? Master Pope Charlie? Parker is on the same stage, recording the first song of this album, "Now''''''"? That? Time, the precious degree of this song can be seen in general, except for Miles? Davis' first jazz work happened just after the music ban, and all jazz musicians tried their best like tigers out of the cage. And the last song of the album Portia is Miles? Davis recorded it when he was 60 years old (1986). At this time, although he has reached the age of a musician, he seems unwilling to give up his music career and still devote himself wholeheartedly to Harmon. The timbre development of Muted (trumpet mute) adds electronic synthetic instruments on the basis of traditional instruments.
1955 Newport Jazz Festival, Davis and John? Ke Chuan, Rhett? Garland, Paul? Chambers and Philadelphia Joe and others formed a quintet to perform on the same stage, which was amazing. Miles. Davis's boring performance is quite excellent, and his timbre has some mysterious qualities, which makes him a scaffolding for orchestra performances. 1959, tenor saxophone shell? With the addition of Adley, the whole orchestra reached its best state. "Kind? Yes? The album "Blue" liberated jazz from the structure of chords and arched a crystal creation based on scales, which was rated as an immortal work in the history of jazz by music critics.
Davis met the arranger Jill at 1947 after leaving Parker. Evans, and formed a band with Evans musicians. Their orchestral works in 1957- 1959 have been regarded as classics, including Miles? The Front and Porgy were adapted from Gershwin? And then what? Beth and the beautiful sketch? Adapted from the slow version of the guitar concerto Alain Firth by Spanish composer Rodrigo. Yes? Spain. "Milestone" is the first work based on 19-member strings, and Evans just blended rich strings with Davis' trumpet instruments to make it more colorful.
1964。 When the Beatles trend swept the world, Davis discovered the market potential of traditional rock music and jazz, and created Jazz-Rock, which was later called Fusion, attracting many rock fans to join the jazz market.
In the sixties and seventies, Mayer Davis was almost the leader of jazz. As soon as his music came out, it became the object that musicians worshipped and followed, forming a jazz trend. "I like new things, and I have the mood to learn every day. I feel deeply sad for those musicians who can't get out of their own box. " This is Meyer Davis, a jazz superstar who always pursues new music and walks in the forefront of the times. Although his music is changeable and his personality is always mysterious, his obsession with jazz has constantly subverted his own ideas, which has remained unchanged for several years. I believe that after 70 years, such fats waller will be deeply missed by fans as it is today, and there will be no loss.
From 65438 to 0975, after experiencing a series of problems such as car accidents and drug abuse, he announced his retirement. Some people even think that Davis can't perform any more. Six years later, to everyone's surprise, Miles? Davis came back and launched "The? Men? With what? That? The album Horn. "You are released? Down there? Funk-based album Arrest even plays Cindy? Lauper's Time? After that? Time], Michael? Jackson's "Humans? Popular tracks such as Nature.
1991September 28th mileage? Davis died in a California hospital. The comments that this stubborn genius Cool Brother got behind him were not flattery or angry words, but just some beautiful deeds handed down from generation to generation. The music he left behind is well-organized and full of rationality, symbolizing the spirit of continuous pursuit of art.
He has been innovating all his life and participated in the creation of Coolpad. Work hard? Bop，？ Modal? Fusion and other genres.
Recommend some cold jazz songs:
Is anyone here? Already? Bankrupt? Mine? Lover's? rock
Me? No? Want it? Where to? Talk? About what? It? -Five years old? Mendes
So what? A lot? At night.-Chris? Gaisi
Mambo? Tonight.-Jojo? affect
Every one? Breathe? What about you? Takkaran
We have. Saved? That? The best? For what? Finally-Kenny. g
Charm? Girls? Louis? Austin
Keep? Me? Light? -Mariago
All, all, all.-Michael? bubble
Is it? Or? Mine? Heart.-silje? Nagerde
Is anyone here? Already? Bankrupt? Mine? Lover's? rock
If you are a singer, I highly recommend all Sophie Manny's songs. They are very pleasant jazz, with a little soul style and no cliche at all.
Besides Wang Ruolin's, I'm bored and annoyed with her jazz in another tune.