Level 1: Argument: China people have backbone. (Paragraph 1)

Level 2: Quote Mencius' words and explain the meaning of backbone. (Paragraph 2)

Level 3: Point out the tradition and significance with backbone from the perspective of history and inheritance. (Paragraphs 3 and 4)

Part II: Prove that we China people have backbone with facts. (Paragraph 5-9)

The first layer: Take the story of Wen Tianxiang's refusal to demote Yuan as an example, and demonstrate the argument from the perspective of wealth and immorality. (paragraphs 5 and 6)

the second layer: the story of eating without food is used to demonstrate the argument from the point of view that poverty cannot be moved. (paragraphs 7 and 8)

the third layer: based on the story of Wen Yiduo's assassination of the enemy, the argument is demonstrated from the perspective of power and unyielding. (Paragraph 9)

Part III: Summarize the full text and point out the concrete expression of proletarian backbone. Call on us to overcome difficulties and forge ahead bravely. (Paragraph 1)

The characteristics of narration in this paper

One of its characteristics is that it is not just a matter of writing notes, but narrative words serve the discussion, and its purpose is to provide factual basis for the truth expounded by the author. For example, the three stories told by the author in "Talking about backbone" are by no means to portray three characters, but to prove the author's view that we China people have backbone from three aspects.

The second characteristic, namely narration in argumentative essays, is different from narration in narrative essays. When narrating, it is required to be concise and general, and only the general situation of events or characters can be explained clearly. What is familiar to everyone can be brushed aside, and generally no effort is made in various descriptions, but attention should be paid to highlighting the one hand that plays a major role in demonstrating opinions.

argumentation method

The article starts with a topic, puts forward a central argument, and quotes Mencius' famous saying that wealth cannot be lewd, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be bent to explain the specific meaning of backbone. After a brief analysis of the social class, the article lists three typical examples to demonstrate the central argument step by step: citing the example of Wen Tianxiang's iron skeleton clanking in front of foreign invaders, the article focuses on the argument from the perspective of wealth and immorality; Give examples of hungry people who are willing to endure poverty and hardship in front of philanthropists who are rich and heartless, and focus on demonstrating from the perspective of poverty and meanness; Take Wen Yiduo's example of being upright in the face of Kuomintang reactionaries and unable to be threatened by violent force, focusing on the point of view of power and unyielding. Each of the three examples has its own emphasis, which explains the central argument appropriately and pertinently from different angles. The end of the article connects with reality, further points out the backbone of the proletariat, thus deepening the theme of the article. The full text is explained layer by layer, echoing from beginning to end, with orderly levels and clear context.

the relationship between Wen Tianxiang's example and argument

Wen Tianxiang's example is completely around the discussion center. Wen Tianxiang organized the armed forces of the Southern Song Dynasty to resist the Yuan Army. Because of the disparity in strength, he was defeated and captured, and was sent to see Zhang Hongfan, commander-in-chief of the Yuan Army. Wen Tianxiang refused to bow down to the death, showing the national integrity of preferring death to surrender. Later, when the Yuan army escorted him through the Dingdingyang River at the mouth of the Pearl River, Zhang Hongfan asked him to write a letter to surrender the Song general Zhang Shijie, and Wen Tianxiang wrote the poem "Crossing the Dingdingyang River": After hard work, the stars were sparse. The mountains and rivers are broken and the wind is floating, and the life experience is ups and downs. Fear beachhead says fear, and there is a sigh in the ocean. Although life has never died since ancient times, we have kept our hearts alive.

The article quoted the last two sentences, and the author also made a popular and concrete explanation. History refers to history. If you die for national interests, you must record your loyalty in history. However, the ruler of the Yuan Dynasty still wanted to use his popularity to buy the hearts of the Southern Song Dynasty, and promised high officials and generous salaries. Wen Tianxiang was unmoved, and the enemy could do nothing about it, so he was transferred to Yanjing (Beijing) Military Forces yamen and detained in a damp dungeon. In prison, Wen Tianxiang wrote a magnificent Song of Righteousness. Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan took the prime minister and senior officials as the condition of inducing surrender, which was sternly rejected by Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang was tortured and refused to be lured by high officials, but his loyalty was not confused. Take it easy and demonstrate? quot; Wealth cannot be lewd.

hierarchical structure

the article combines narration and discussion, and makes a thorough explanation. The three cited examples all adopt the writing method of discussing in narration, discussing in narration, and organically combining narration and discussion, but they are different. Wen Tianxiang's case is to talk about Wen Tianxiang's resistance, being captured, refusing to surrender and being killed, and then to talk about resisting oppression with his own life. The case of the hungry is to talk about the story, to tell the story, to evaluate the significance of the story of not eating food, and then to associate it, so that the story can develop, and finally to further evaluate the food of not eating food, which shows the backbone of the people of China. Wen Yiduo's case is discussed from beginning to end, with Syria in the middle. First, the story of Wen Yiduo's murder is discussed, and finally, Comrade Mao Zedong is quoted to speak highly of Wen Yiduo's heroism. The close combination of narration and discussion organically unifies materials and viewpoints, arguments can explain arguments, arguments can command arguments, and the combination of narration and discussion makes reasoning more realistic, substantial and thorough.