1. How to deeply understand the material and grasp the purpose of the proposition in material composition
How to write material composition Material composition is based on the given materials, analyzing and refining the materials, so as to draw certain opinions A form of composition with viewpoints.
In material composition, the sources and forms of materials provided are diverse, such as fables, historical facts, poems, cartoons, famous quotes, recent events, newspapers and periodicals News published on etc. Sometimes these materials are single, sometimes they are a series or a group.
The genres of materials composition are also very wide. Some require writing a narrative essay, and some require writing expository essays. However, most require writing argumentative essays based on the materials. Some material compositions may require the writer to associate, imagine, etc. based on the given materials, and continue, expand, or abbreviate the materials into a complete article.
Here we mainly talk about how to write argumentative essays based on materials. The characteristic of writing on the basis of "given materials" determines the basic requirements for writing materials and composition: stick closely to the materials.
The central content and main points of the composition must be closely related to the material and cannot be irrelevant to the material, but it cannot be copied mechanically. This determines that correct analysis of materials, rational application of materials, and grasping the main contradictions of materials are the basis for writing materials composition.
How to correctly analyze materials? First, read the material carefully and extract several possible viewpoints. If there are multiple pieces of material, you should sort out their similarities and grasp the main contradictions.
There is such a composition question: The title is a cartoon, which depicts a well digger with great ambition and talent. Due to lack of perseverance and limited efforts, he finally failed. The well digger dug many deep pits, shallow pits, large pits, and small pits in the ground, but he could not persist to the end.
There was water not too deep below the ground where he dug. What is this cartoon trying to illustrate? Let us try to make an analysis: 1. There is strength in numbers.
There are too few people digging wells, so they cannot dig water; 2. Human power is limited, so we should use machines and scientific power to dig wells. 3. You must persevere in whatever you do and don’t do it half-heartedly.
If you identify a hole and dig it, you will eventually find water. The above three analyzes all have their own truths, but the first two cases are too far-fetched.
Although there is only one person digging the well and there is no machine, the water is not deep from the ground, and one of the holes is almost full of water. This shows that it is possible to rely on the strength of one person. This well was dug. So, why didn’t we dig out water? It is because the well diggers only try to dig a little bit and have no perseverance. Every time they dig for a while, they become discouraged and start digging somewhere else.
In this way, the correctness of the third conclusion is self-evident. What if there are many materials? Assume that the well-digging mentioned above is one material, and the other material is the story of "The Foolish Old Man Moved the Mountain".
There was a big mountain in front of Old Yugong’s house. It was very inconvenient to get in and out. Yugong made up his mind to move the mountain, so he asked all his family members to go out and dig out the mountain one by one. earth. A smart man saw it and thought that Yu Gong was really stupid. If this continues, in what year and month will it be possible to move this mountain? Old Yugong told him that after my son there will be grandsons, and after the grandsons there will be great-grandsons. There will be no end to the descendants, and one day they will move this mountain away.
If you analyze it carefully, you will find that this fable is exactly the same as the previous story of digging a well. It also illustrates the same truth: as long as you persevere, you will eventually achieve your goal. After drawing the correct conclusion, you must also make a reasonable argument for the conclusion based on reality and citing facts and materials.
That is choosing appropriate arguments. Please look at the following material: A man walked into the woods, cut down a tree, and sawed it into planks.
He placed one end of the trunk on the stump, sat on the trunk himself, and started sawing.
He drove a wedge into the sawed slit, then sawed it down; after a while he moved the wedge downwards and wedged it in a new place.
A monkey sat on a tree and watched him work. While the man lay down to take a nap, the monkey climbed down and sat on the trunk of the tree, also cutting with the saw.
But when it pulled out the wedge, the tree trunks closed together, trapping its tail. It struggled violently and screamed.
The man was awakened. He knocked the hozen to the ground and tied it up with a rope.
(Translated by Chen Yunde and others, "One Hundred Famous Fables in the World") This material illustrates the harm caused by blind imitation. Blind imitation may not only make things unsuccessful, but may even endanger yourself.
So how to prove this? We can use the two examples of "Learning to walk in Handan" and "Learning from Dongshi" to illustrate. "Learning to Walk in Handan" is about a person who heard that people in Handan area have a very beautiful walking posture, so he came here to learn. However, in the end, not only did he not learn the graceful gait of Handan people, but he forgot how he walked in the first place. , and finally had to crawl home.
"Dongshi imitation" refers to the beautiful Xishi girl suffering from heartache. She covered her chest with one hand and frowned. Others saw this posture and thought it was very beautiful. Her neighbor - ugly. The Dongshi girl saw this and learned to make the same gesture, but she did not get any praise from people because it made her look even uglier. These two stories also talk about the adverse consequences caused by improper imitation, but the emphasis is different. The focus of "Learning to Walk in Handan" is that imitation must pay attention to methods, while "imitating others" means that imitation depends on whether one's own conditions are suitable. .
Obviously, the second story is closer to the material in the title. Then we can choose the second story to prove the argument.
The materials in material compositions mostly come from historical facts or real life. They often reflect certain aspects and problems of reality. Therefore, in material compositions, the extraction of arguments must have practical significance. There are many examples in real life of things like perseverance and blind imitation we mentioned in the article. Advocating or criticizing these views will guide actual study, life or work to a large extent, so when writing, you must Combined with objective reality, strive to write articles with practical significance.
Homework: Find out the meaning of the idiom "buy a casket and return a pearl" and write an essay based on it. It is required to stick closely to the material, have clear arguments, and provide evidence. 2. How to write a good continuation essay
1. Carefully read the materials provided to you and think about what the center of the entire article will be after the continuation. Based on this center, spread the wings of imagination and supplement the content. Continue the development of events and the ending of the story. When developing your imagination, you should pay attention to the following points: ① The imagination must conform to the development of the original text, and the characters and things must maintain continuity and consistency with the original text. ②Imagination should be consistent with the reality of life. Even if it is fictional, the content should be something that may happen in real life. It should not be made up to make it difficult to believe in order to pursue the bizarre twists and turns of the story. ③The imagined composition should be integrated with the materials provided, have a clear center, highlight the key points, and write things clearly in detail.
2. The continuation part is well connected with the previous article, and is consistent with the plot development and character of the original article. The backward continuation and development of the storyline must be reasonable. 3. What is material composition? Expanded
Material composition refers to text material composition. That is, the question maker gives a piece of text material and is required to write a composition based on the material or in response to the material.
The characteristics of the question type of material composition are:
①The question contains written materials.
② Candidates are required to compose based on the material, or rewrite the material, or continue to write the material, or expand the material, or write a review based on the material, or write a short review on the "phenomenon" in the material. There are various angles of examination. Diverse.
③The "question" has various forms. It can be a proposition or a free proposition; it can be a semi-proposition or no proposition (such as asking to write a letter to the person who submitted the material). A piece of material or a proposition is the most. There are also cases where the reading materials in the high school examination papers are used as composition materials in the examination room to make propositions.
④The style of writing is relatively simple, either narrative, discussion, or explanation, and the writing requirement of "no restriction on style" rarely appears.
Material composition tests the ability to combine reading and writing. Candidates must read, analyze, refine, associate, and express to complete the writing task. From an examination perspective, it is an excellent question type because it can effectively avoid teachers and students guessing questions, and allows all candidates to speak with evidence, discuss what they have, and express their feelings. But now it's starting to get ignored.
Guidance on how to write compositions based on materials
1. First, "read":
①Read the title. It is necessary to study the questions, clarify the scope of the examination, and understand the writing requirements.
②Read the materials. Have a rough understanding of the content of the material and a preliminary understanding of the meaning, so as to have a clear understanding of the material. 2. Secondly, "analyze":
Analyzing the reading materials is an essential step. This process requires careful chewing, taste, association, and refinement.
Since "analyzing materials" is a key part of material composition, the following reading methods can be used:
①Discovery method. Mainly used for materials with clear meaning and clear center. The goals of discovery are: first, the central sentence of the material, second, the hint about the center in the title, and third, the hint about the center in the material. After discovering these contents, I found a breakthrough point based on which to base my intention.
②Imagine the method. It is mainly used for materials that have a beginning but no tail or a tail but no head, such as continuation materials. The imagined content is either a plot that is reasonably connected to the material, or a discussion that is reasonably connected to the material. The process of envisioning is the divergence of thinking, so pay attention to the rationality of the divergence.
③Induction method. It is mainly used for one or more materials whose meaning is clear but has neither a central sentence nor a prompt sentence. By summarizing the central meaning, the idea will have a foothold.
④Refining method. Mainly used for contrasting materials with opposite meanings. The intention to be expressed in the material is extracted from the contrast between positive and negative, contradictory opposition, right and wrong, and serves as the basis for the idea.
⑤Extraction method. It is mainly used for multi-paragraph materials, extracting part of the content required for the topic from a series of coexisting materials, and cleaning up the writing clues accordingly.
⑥Think about the method. It is mainly used for metaphorical, allegorical, and symbolic materials. Through repeated appreciation and comparison, one can evaluate the metaphorical meaning, philosophy, and viewpoints of the materials, and then form one's own opinions accordingly. 4. Asking for an essay (continue based on the material)
Zhang Xiang was stunned for a moment and was very surprised. Out of curiosity, Zhang Xiang invited the aliens into the house as guests. The aliens acted strangely. , but spoke like a normal person, so Zhang Xiang asked the alien: "Where are you from? Why did you choose to come to Earth?" The alien smiled slightly and said: "Because I like the Earth. In the vast universe, I I searched carefully for my destination, but found that only the earth was the most dazzling. It was so blue and deep that I was obsessed with it... So I decided to come to the earth to have a look. "Zhang Xiang was puzzled by the aliens' views and replied: " But I have lived on the earth for so many years, but I have never felt that the earth is as beautiful as you said?" The alien stood up, walked to the window, pointed to the stars in the sky and said, "I am from the planet Nako, standing there. The earth is the most beautiful. If you are willing, I can take you to experience it..." Zhang Xiang jumped up happily and said loudly: "Okay, okay!" "Shhh - don't make any noise, I can take you there. , but you can’t tell anyone about your experience when you come back, you can only keep it deep in your heart!” The alien told him solemnly.
Then, they set off. The alien took Zhang Xiang’s hand, turned on the remote sensing signal machine in his hand, and flew into the deep blue sky. The wind speed was very strong during the flight, and Zhang Xiang could not open his eyes. It didn't take long to arrive at the alien family's planet. Zhang Xiang stood on the observation deck and looked at such a beautiful starry sky. He said in admiration: "It's so beautiful. It's really as beautiful as you said!" The starman smiled and said: "So you humans must protect this earth and prevent it from being destroyed, because it is the most beautiful of all planets!" After saying that, Zhang Xiang was immediately sent back to the desk...
Zhang Xiang woke up, it turned out to be a dream! But Zhang Xiang remembered the beauty of the earth and called on his classmates to protect the earth together! 5. An essay has a beginning and a continuation. Please add the title of the essay. Urgent need
[How to continue an essay] General requirements for continuation: You must follow the beginning of the story. This is unshakable. How to continue writing an essay.
And the theme of the continued story must be healthy and meaningful. The content and plot of the continuation must have a clear and concentrated focus.
When conceiving a story, the imagination must be reasonable and the plot must be coherent. The steps for continuing writing are generally to determine the center first, then conceive the storyline based on the center, and then start writing.
"The Trick" is a good continuation of the article. The young author looked at the family portrait on the wall from Huang Xing in the article, and suddenly came up with a plan.
He remembered the origin of the family photo: it was taken when the police uncle sent him home when he was 5 years old because he was separated from his mother and father. This is also the cleverness of the article. The insertion of this memory lays the foundation for the activities of the characters in the article: the father changed his mind because he loved his son as much as his life.
In addition, the article also has two wonderful touches. The article closely focuses on the clue of "family portrait". The strategy is born from the family portrait. It ends with the teacher taking a "family portrait", which makes the article Integrated. The letter written by Huang Xing to his father in the article is heartfelt and authentic.
Trick: The continuation material is taken from "Children's Story Newspaper", and the continued article is published in "Children's Story Newspaper". "Huang Xing, a young boy from Huangjia Village, Xin'an Township, originally had a warm home.
But I don’t know when his father became obsessed with the gambling table. He often stayed away late at night and became moody. My mother was helpless. , looking sad all day long.
On the first day of the new year, my mother originally wanted to take the whole family to my grandma’s house to pay New Year greetings. But in the blink of an eye, my father sneaked out to "build the Great Wall" again.
Her mother lost her temper in front of the empty house and couldn't help crying, "Qian Sha, you don't want this home, and neither do I..." 12-year-old Huang Xing hid in the corner of the house without saying a word as usual. I'm really afraid that I will lose my home. What should I do? Looking at the family portrait on the wall, Huang Xing suddenly had an idea..." (Use your imagination to write an interesting life story) Looking at the family portrait on the wall, Huang Xing suddenly thought of a plan. Xing suddenly came up with a plan.
Yes, run away from home. He remembered that when he was 5 years old, he went to the street with his mother and got separated. His parents were so anxious that they searched all over the streets and alleys. Finally, the police uncle sent him home and took a family photo for them.
But now... Huang Xing thought: I want to run away, take this family photo with me, and wake up my father. Huang Xing took down the family portrait and ran away.
Then I thought about it, wouldn’t my mother and father be anxious to death again if I leave? Leave a note first, then go to the teacher and ask for advice. Huang Xing picked up a pen and wrote: "Dad, Mom: My son is gone.
He yearns for the warm home he had before. Dad, if you can find a warm home for your child, you can tell me on the village radio Say it and your son will come back.
I look forward to your call. I have taken the family photo with me.
At noon, Huang Xing’s father returned home. When he found the note left by Huang Xing, he suddenly shouted: "Damn it, my son is gone!" "What! What did you say?" "Our son is gone!" Huang Xing's father shook the note in his hand and said.
Huang Xing's mother burst into tears again: "You are the one responsible for the killings. It's all your bet, bet, bet. You're going to gamble away this family -" This cry didn't matter, it alarmed the neighbors.
Everyone came to persuade me. In the end, the village party secretary Huang Zhengdao remained calm. He said: "No need to look for it. Huang Xing said that as long as you say it on the radio, he will come back.
Now let's see if you can Give your child a warm home again." During dinner, Huang Xing's father's cordial call came from the village radio: "Huang Xing'er, please come back.
Dad will give you a warm home. I will never gamble again. The whole village has heard what Dad said. Don’t worry, come back!" Huang Xing went home holding the family portrait, and his parents hugged him happily.
"Click", a bright light flashed, and the teacher who accompanied Huang Xing home left this unforgettable moment for them again. So how to continue writing? 1. On the basis of understanding the original text, use the ending of the original text as a starting point to write the development and changes of the storyline.
2. Use full imagination and association to make it reasonable, real and vivid. 3. The continued article must be consistent with the original text in terms of the main characters’ thoughts, behaviors, personality traits, language features and style.
There are two types of continuation: 1. Fragment continuation: the original text is the beginning of an article, and based on this, it is continued into a complete article. 2. Continue writing the whole article: The original text is a complete article. Based on the specific conditions of the original text's genre, center, structure, language, etc., a complete article is continued.
To continue writing is to develop rich and reasonable imagination based on the provided plot, imagine the development results of things, and complete a narrative. Such composition exercises can not only develop students' imagination and thinking power, but also cultivate their language expression skills.
l When continuing to write the article, please pay attention to the following points: 1. Make reasonable assumptions based on the materials given in the topic and choose the best angle. ②. The content of the continuation must be consistent with the meaning of the question and integrated with the provided materials.
The writing technique and language should be consistent so that there is no trace of contrition in the entire article. ③. If it is a text or a continuation based on relevant plots in the text, you must fully understand the center, characters, and main events of the original text, and develop reasonable imagination along the lines of the original text to reflect the characteristics of "continuation".
2. How to write a good continuation essay (1) Read the plot provided carefully. Whether it is a continuation of the plot or a story that continues the text, we must read the original text carefully and deeply understand the author. original intention. The continuation is mainly written based on our own imagination, but our imagination must be based on the original plot and follow the ideas of the original work.
For example, "something unexpected happened..." The four words "unexpected" are very important. For example, a child wears a beautiful new shirt to school in the morning. When he arrives at school, his classmates are envious when they see him. He is very serious in class, very careful in doing homework, and he is in a very happy mood. These are all expected things. , it is natural. If you want to write about "unexpected" things, you cannot write these contents.
Otherwise it would not be in line with the original idea. (2) Determine the center of the article. The continued or continued story has become a separate article, and there must be a center that clearly expresses one of its points.
What should I do if my new shirt is stained or torn? line writing. 6. How to hit the topic in high school entrance examination essays
In recent years, topic essays have become the dominant question type for high school entrance examination essays. In 2004, except for Shaoxing City, all high school entrance examination essays in our province were topic essays. In fact, Shaoxing papers can also be used. Considered as a variant topic composition.
Topic compositions have independent conception, independent selection of materials, and independent composition, and "strive to express one's unique feelings and true experiences of nature, society, and life." Compared with general proposition compositions, the biggest difference lies in the autonomy of the subject Freedom in sex and writing increased. Generally speaking, the radiation surface of the topic is relatively broad, and the threshold is low and there are fewer restrictions. Therefore, the adaptability of the topic to the subject matter is often broad-spectrum.
As a result, some students joked: "The topic composition is a frame, and anything can be put in it." They think that the topic composition can be done without any scruples, which is biased. In fact, topic composition is just a special form of composition proposition, and it must have certain limitations.
Moreover, the high school entrance examination is a selective examination, and the topics given will definitely not be like the mythical "Qiankun Bag", which can accommodate all subjects regardless of size, good or bad, and give the green light for the author to copy the works. Judging from the compositions for the high school entrance examination in recent years, it is an indisputable fact that although topic compositions are "easy to write", they are difficult to "write well". Among them, it is not uncommon for those who miss (or miss) the topic.
The most basic criterion for evaluating the quality of a topic essay is whether it is relevant to the topic. The "topic" here has two meanings: one is that it is relevant to the topic, does not go off topic, and the written content It can cover the shortlisted topics; secondly, it should be to the point of the topic without straying from the topic, and the written content can be in line with the intention of the proposition. There are many reasons why topic compositions go off topic, and there are four general reasons: one is deliberately seeking novelty, and some go too far and go too far, resulting in a "new" deformity; the other is blindly copying the formula and wearing it. The new shoes follow the old path and rigidly apply the prefabricated structures, and the result is that they are in vain; the third is to misinterpret the meaning of the question, or to shrink the connotation, such as treating "spiritual distance" (Hangzhou City volume) as "distance", Taking "We are young and we need" (Changsha City Volume) as "need", once the connotation of the topic is expanded, it is easy to cause the disadvantages of occupying Nestlé; The topic "integrity" was misunderstood as "honesty" or "trustworthiness", and "defeating oneself" was misunderstood as "challenging oneself", which led to the contradiction in the title.
The fourth is to ignore the key points, resulting in a loose structure and lax writing. The article is not relevant to the topic, just like a doctor who cannot prescribe the right medicine, so how can he get a high score? So, how to prevent topic essays from going off topic? Li Yu, a literary critic in the Qing Dynasty, said that when writing an article, you can only write quickly with your hands at the front. This "hands on your hands" is actually reviewing the topic and conceiving.
The key to making the article relevant is to review the title well. First of all, you must understand the intention of the proposition and do what you like.
A topic is often permeated with the subjective intention of the proposer. This "intention" is also the soul of the proposition. When composing, it is crucial to understand this "intention". Some topics in the high school entrance examination are out of focus, so you can't just skim over them when writing your essay.
For example, for the topic "Repair" in the Chengdu Dan County paper, some candidates will take the literal meaning and stick to the repair of tangible objects, such as building roads, repairing tables and chairs, repairing school bags, etc., without conducting in-depth exploration. Trying to figure out the intention of the proposition ignores intangible factors such as thoughts and hearts. Another example is the topic "Gate" in the Harbin paper. Many students focused on the original meaning of writing, writing about home gates, school gates, store gates, goal goals, etc., instead of looking for relevant meanings in its extended and symbolic meanings, so the articles naturally seemed old-fashioned. .
In fact, the intention of the proposition is not limited to this, but should reveal its similar metaphor from the shape and function of the "door", such as the door of science, the door of the soul, the door of success, and the door of happiness. ... Such topics are quite common, such as "green leaves", "road", "sunshine", "sowing seeds", "examination room", etc. When reviewing the questions, you must explore the facts based on the facts, dig deep into the connotation, and make the article relevant. The intention of the proposition matches. Secondly, we must grasp the key points of the topic and be targeted.
Judging from the 2004 high school examination papers, it is worth noting that the proposition forms of topic essays are becoming more diverse and directional. The so-called diversity means that the "three-in-one" proposition form of "prompt, topic and requirement" that dominated the world in previous years has been broken through. Most of them are "four-in-one" with "material" before "prompt".
There are also some new ones coming out. For example, the Hubei Yichang City paper requires candidates to mention a topic about "culture" from the two sets of words provided, and then write an essay; the Qingdao City paper has multiple materials for one material. The format of the topic; the Chaoyang District paper in Beijing is a "shirtless topic", with no materials and no prompts, and only the requirement of "no less than 600 words". Due to the diversity of propositions, the weight of review questions is increasing.
In fact, the openness of a topic is always limited, and it also has a certain direction (tendency) in the choice of subject matter. This "direction" is either implicit in the topic, or embedded in the material. (hint). Therefore, pay attention to screening key information when reviewing questions.
When reviewing the "topic", you should pay attention to capture the "topic", such as the "distance of the soul" in the Hangzhou City paper. It is very different from the "distance" in geography. When writing, you must closely focus on the "soul" "", it is a good idea to choose a subject that is geographically distant but spiritually inconsistent. Another example is "I am also a rich man" in Guangzhou. The key is the word "ye", and there is an "equivalent" relationship with money. This shows that "I" is not a "rich man" in the general sense, that is, a person with a lot of money. , which naturally reminds people of youth, health, friendship, and wisdom.
It can be seen that the "question eye" is often a qualifying component in the topic.
When reviewing the "materials" or "prompts", you must grasp the key issues. For example, the topic "small" in the Ningbo City Paper can be inspired by the "materials". When writing, you cannot write about "small" "Small" should reveal the dialectical relationship between "small" and "big", and use "small" to see "big". Another example is the "Distance of Souls" in the Hangzhou Municipal Volume. The "key" is contained in the prompt line "A detail or an action that happens occasionally can build a beautiful spiritual bridge between people." 7. Expansion How to write material composition
Expansion refers to a form of composition training that expands and develops fragments or short articles with rough content without changing the basic spirit of the original text. Its purpose is to make the main content of the original text more vivid and concrete, and to make the central idea of ??the original text more vivid and profound.
1. Read the original text carefully and grasp the main content. This is the first stage of expansion. At this stage, we can perceive the full text from multiple angles and all-around through independent reading, listening to the teacher’s explanations, and consulting materials related to the original text content, striving to have a comprehensive grasp of the original text content, and at the same time, stimulate Expand your own interests.
2. Carefully read the original text and grasp the central idea. This stage requires us to carefully read every sentence in the original text to understand the time, place, characters, events and every detail of the article, and strive to grasp the main idea. Introduce the artistic conception created by the original text yourself and touch your own emotions in order to accurately grasp the central idea of ??the article, thereby providing the main basis for judging where to expand.
3. Determine the expanded content based on the central idea. After mastering the main content and central idea of ??the article, we must look at the original text as a whole and find out whether the original text is unclear or unclear based on the need to express the central idea. For vivid and non-specific places, ask more questions such as "why", "what", "how", etc., and start from these places to determine the content of the expansion.
4. Spread the wings of imagination and enrich the content of the original text. The last stage and the most important step is to spread the wings of imagination and enrich the content of the original text according to the main content and center of the article. To meet the needs of thought, without departing from the reality of the original text, use vivid and vivid language to describe the rough content and general plots in detail and in detail, striving to make the article rich and contagious.