1. A brief analysis of how to improve the overall reading ability of classical Chinese
To improve the overall reading ability of classical Chinese, we should start from the following aspects:
1. Pay attention to lessons The common sense of Chinese language has been accumulated widely. The National College Entrance Examination Chinese Language Examination Syllabus stipulates the mastery of 120 content words and 18 function words. Most of the content can be seen in the classical Chinese texts in the class and the notes after class. For example: the word "benefit" in "Yiyiyiyiyi" in Yuan Zongdao's "Thesis" is synonymous with "the saint benefits the saint, and the fool benefits the fool" in "Shi Shuo". In "History of the Ming Dynasty, Han Wen Zhuan", "Stop the order of benevolence and longevity, act arrogantly, and break the law several times." The number in "Hongmen Banquet" and "Number of Numbers King" in "Hongmen Banquet" both mean "repeatedly, many times". It can be seen that the accumulation everywhere in the textbook can be better used in one's own practice.
2. Understand the characteristics of biographies and classify them skillfully. In the past five years, the college entrance examination classical Chinese essays have all appeared in the form of biographies, so we also pay attention to the training of biographies in daily review and training. For example, the last question chosen is usually one that does not have an appropriate understanding of the original text. Then there must be three items that have a more accurate understanding of the original text. In this way, we might as well read through these four options and at least have a general grasp of some of the content in the text. , it is also very helpful for us to understand the article when we go back to the original text to read.
3. Distinguish the special sentence patterns and conjugation phenomena of classical Chinese, and analyze the difficulties. The college entrance examination classical Chinese translation test is worth 10 points, which is very high and difficult to score. However, if we can carefully analyze the intention of the person who asked the question, find out the words or sentence patterns in the sentences that require translation, which may become points, and can effectively translate, break through and finally connect them into sentences, it may have a great impact on our score. help. 2. How to guide the reading of classical Chinese in junior middle schools
How to treat the reading teaching of ancient classical Chinese is one of the important contents in middle school Chinese teaching. The ability to read simple classical Chinese should become an integral part of middle school students' reading ability. Middle school Chinese teaching should regard cultivating students' ability to read simple classical Chinese as one of the teaching tasks. This requires us to do a good job in teaching classical Chinese as a starting point, so that students can accumulate knowledge through continuous learning. Excellent Education teachers have compiled relevant information for everyone's reference.
Students in the first grade of junior high school often have a series of psychological barriers to reading classical Chinese. For example, the teacher's consistent teaching lacks interest, which gradually makes him dislike classical Chinese. How to solve these problems? Teachers’ teaching plays a very important role. In the teaching of classical Chinese in the first grade of junior high school, there are the following three points:
1. Introduction first, and guide preview. The syllabus clearly stipulates that "let students read more, read through and recite, and cultivate students' keen feelings for classical Chinese words and classical Chinese sentence patterns." Based on this, I adopted the method of guiding students to preview and read, and to initially understand the meaning of the text themselves. . Before students read the text, give them clear prompts and require them to read the text thoroughly for the first time, highlight the new characters and words, and understand its pronunciation, shape, and meaning with the help of notes or reference books; read it the second time to clarify the meaning of the article, Understand the structural level of the article and initially grasp the center of the article; read it for the third time, find out the difficult sentences in your understanding, and prepare to ask questions to solve in class; try to explain the writing characteristics of the article, and finally prepare to use the text as a story Tell it in form. Adhering to this method of guiding students can cultivate students' good reading habits.
2. Let students become the masters of the classroom. At the beginning, I had little teaching experience and mainly focused on cross-talking in class. Later I found that this suppressed students' thinking and made students very dependent on teachers in class. Without vitality in learning, there will be no creation. In this way, students will not be able to adapt to the more difficult high school learning, nor can they achieve the purpose of teaching classical Chinese and reflect the meaning of learning classical Chinese. So how can we help students understand the important and difficult points in class without letting the teacher lead them by the nose? In my teaching, I changed the practice of "talking through the whole thing and doing the translation". I first asked the students to put forward the problems they had sorted out during self-study one by one. The teacher wrote them on the blackboard, and then asked the students to discuss and guide the students to solve the problems. This approach greatly mobilized students' enthusiasm. A precious heritage of excellent culture. It condenses
3. Based on the classroom, knowledge extends beyond the classroom. Classroom teaching is the core part of the entire Chinese teaching.
It is not enough for us to just focus on classroom teaching. We must also take the classroom knowledge outside of class, integrate internal and external aspects, find some simple classical Chinese passages for extracurricular reading, and explain them appropriately, which not only attracts interest but also Increase knowledge. It not only broadens students' horizons, cultivates transfer ability, but also reviews the knowledge they have learned. Students' potential can also be developed. Therefore, we must pay attention to the study of classical Chinese by first-grade students, so that students can learn to accumulate and master learning methods at the starting point. In this way, we can achieve the purpose of teaching classical Chinese, and truly allow students to appreciate our country's extensive and profound excellent traditional culture, strengthen personal cultivation, and become a person with connotation. 3. Classical Chinese reading skills
The focus of learning classical Chinese is mainly on the pronunciation of classical Chinese, sentence segmentation, understanding of sentence meaning, recitation of exquisite paragraphs, and summary of the main points of the article content. In recent years, In order to better improve the reading ability of classical Chinese, we also expanded the reading of simple classical Chinese beyond textbooks.
Study guide: 1. Read the pronunciation of the characters correctly. Use the textbook (notes under the book) and reference books to read the pronunciation of the characters correctly. Uncommon characters in classical Chinese; characters with multiple sounds and multiple meanings; characters with common meanings; ancient names; characters with ancient pronunciation still retained in place names.
These are the key points of learning. 2. Learn to segment sentences and read aloud based on understanding the meaning of the sentence. The pauses between words are based on the meaning of the text. Ancient Chinese mostly uses monosyllabic words to express meaning. Do not misread two adjacent monosyllabic words as compound words in modern Chinese. .
Long sentences can be broken up according to the meaning of the text, and the modal particles at the beginning of the sentence can be paused. 3. Understand the meaning of the sentence ①Use text notes and reference books to understand the meaning of the sentence.
② Understand the changes in word meanings in ancient and modern times, and correctly understand the meaning of sentences. ③Understand the meaning of the sentence based on the context.
4. If you want to memorize exquisite excerpts quickly and remember them firmly, you must first read the text accurately, word by word, no missing words, not too many words, good words, and read carefully word by word. , wait until you are familiar with it, and then consider memorizing a new text. The most important thing is to read it correctly first, otherwise it will form a habit of reading the wrong part and it will be difficult to correct it. Secondly, you must understand while reading. Only by understanding the content can you memorize it accurately.
Third, when reciting, you can divide longer articles into short paragraphs and "break them one by one". Fourth, use association and body movements to help memory and recitation.
Fifth, keep reviewing. No one can complete the memory in one go. Repeated training in a planned manner can enhance memory. Sixth, you can take notes on the difficult and error-prone parts of the recitation.
5. Summarize the main points of the content. For the content of the article, generally ask: Who is writing about, what events are narrated, what characteristics of items are introduced, what principles are explained, and answer these questions. To understand the article sentence by sentence, layer by layer and paragraph by paragraph, the reading method is the same as that of modern Chinese. Although classical Chinese is far away from our lives, its study has a clear scope. No matter what knowledge question, textbooks are the mainstay. . Therefore, as long as students are willing to work hard, their grades in classical Chinese will be better. 4. What is the reading method of classical Chinese?
Classical Chinese reading is a required part of the college entrance examination, with a maximum score of 20 points and a mix of subjective and objective questions.
Years of preparation work have made me clearly realize that the review of classical Chinese must lay a solid foundation. The improvement of classical Chinese reading level must be combined with reading and training. In addition to understanding the meanings of classical Chinese content words and function words and the characteristics of sentence patterns, Basically master the full text, pay attention to the comparative practice of summarizing words and sentence patterns, translate sentences accurately and standardly, and focus on literal translation. Appropriately increase the amount of extracurricular reading of classical Chinese. (1) To master the general usage of common words and sentence patterns in classical Chinese, it is not to ask students to memorize ancient Chinese dictionaries and memorize grammar clauses, but to read articles and use the method of "no words leave the sentence, and the sentence does not leave the article" solve.
The best way to learn a language is to live in that language environment. If you speak and listen every day, you can learn it easily. The era of speaking classical Chinese is far, far away from us, and we can no longer find that kind of language environment when learning classical Chinese.
However, we can create a language environment for learning classical Chinese in a small world by reading their articles and meeting with them. When reciting, the mouth, ears, eyes and heart can all be used, and the memory can be quickly remembered, which can cultivate the sense of classical Chinese language.
Reading must be carried out on the premise of understanding the meaning of the words and the sentence structure. Reading classical Chinese is different from modern Chinese.
Modern texts are written in modern Chinese. The vocabulary and sentence patterns used are familiar and understandable orally. As long as you read the article out and experience it, you can understand the meaning. Classical Chinese is written in ancient Chinese. Although we can read the sounds through Chinese characters and modern pronunciation, we do not understand the meaning of these sounds or how these sounds are combined. Of course, we cannot understand its meaning.
Mr. Ye Shengtao once gave the example of "abandoning armor and dragging soldiers away" as an example, which well illustrates this phenomenon. Among the six words in "abandoning armor and dragging soldiers away", except for the word "drawing" In addition, the other five characters are in the list of 2500 commonly used characters. All primary school graduates can recognize and write them, but being able to recognize and write them does not mean that they can understand their meaning in classical Chinese. "Abandon" has only been learned in the word "give up"; as for "A", I only know the "A" of A, B, C and D; I have never learned the word "draw", so of course I don't understand the meaning of "drag"; "bing" I know the word "sailor", but I only know that it means "soldier" in "soldier"; I know the word "walk", but I only know that it means "walking".
In this case, even if you read it aloud, or even memorize it to the point of "reciting" it, even a student with a high level of understanding will have a hard time understanding the meaning of this sentence. If you read a classical Chinese work and do not understand the meaning of the words and the characteristics of the sentence patterns word for word, you will still not understand when these words and sentence patterns appear in another work.
Such a reading method is not very helpful in improving the reading ability of classical Chinese. Only when students understand the meaning of words and understand the characteristics of sentence patterns, as Zhu Xi said, "One word and one sentence can tell the truth", can it be meaningful to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese by allowing students to read classical Chinese works repeatedly.
Therefore, there is a problem of "re-literacy" in the reading teaching of classical Chinese. The so-called "re-literacy" means that students should understand those words in classical Chinese that although they can read the sounds, they do not understand them. Meaning, that is, the meaning of a word. Teacher’s explanations, annotations, and reference books all provide convenience for this “re-literacy”.
The reason why I emphasize the need to understand word meanings and sentence patterns before reciting is because in the past teaching of classical Chinese, there was a teaching method that overemphasized familiarity and memorized it, regardless of whether it was understood or not, and the effect was not good. not good. This practice is gone now, but it cannot be said that it has no influence at all. For example, we only talk about the general idea of ??the text without implementing the words and sentences, or even just talk with reference to the translation of the teaching reference, and then read and memorize after the lecture. As for the meaning of the words in the article and the characteristics of the sentence structure, students have no idea at all.
Recite on the basis of understanding until you are familiar with it. To what extent is it familiar? Generally speaking, when a certain sentence is mentioned in a text, you need to know which article it comes from and what it means. It would be better if you can recite it. (2) Comparative exercises of words and sentence patterns can train students to pay attention to the needs of the ancients to express their feelings. Because of different objects or occasions, the words and sentence patterns used are slightly different for the same meaning.
Either the color is different, or the tone is different. Distinguishing these differences can help deepen understanding.
Inductive exercises on words and sentence patterns can train students to use their own brains and hands to sort out perceptual materials when they have accumulated them to a certain extent, and to summarize similar language phenomena based on the classical Chinese knowledge they have learned in class. certain rules. To achieve rational understanding and gradually systematize and organize the knowledge.
This kind of comparison and induction exercise of classical Chinese words and sentence patterns can be carried out within one article, or it does not need to be limited to the scope of one article. (3) Practicing modern Chinese translation of classical Chinese texts can check whether students have implemented the accumulation of characters, words and sentences in classical Chinese texts.
If you don’t understand, or only half understand, then as soon as you translate the original text, the problem will be exposed. When a problem is exposed, or the meaning of a word is not clear, or the sentence structure is not understood, you can prescribe the right medicine and correct it in time.
Xunzi said: "Hearing something is worse than seeing it, seeing it is worse than knowing it, and knowing it is worse than doing it." "Knowing it but not doing it, even if you are confident, you will be trapped."
Student When obstacles and doubts arise in practice, they are solved after thinking and the teacher's guidance, and the memory becomes deeper. Practicing modern Chinese translation of classical Chinese can also improve your modern Chinese expression ability.
We may have understood the meaning of some sentences, but we cannot express them in modern Chinese. In addition to our own lack of accurate and clear understanding of the original text, modern Chinese does not have rich vocabulary and rich characters. Low expressive ability is also an important reason. Doing some translation exercises in classical Chinese is helpful to improve your expressive ability in modern Chinese.
Modern Chinese translation of classical Chinese texts can be oral translation or written translation. No matter what method is used, accuracy and standardization should be the standard.
Accuracy means that the words must be translated accurately and firmly implemented; standardization means that the translated sentences must conform to the standards of modern Chinese. That kind of translation that only writes the general meaning of the sentence is not very helpful in improving the reading ability of classical Chinese.
Translation must be based on literal translation, and the translation must be accurate and standardized. For middle school students, it is not something that can be achieved at once. When I start training, it’s always not accurate or enough. 5. Classical Chinese reading skills
Modern teaching theory believes that teaching methods include teachers’ teaching methods and students’ learning methods. The two should be organically unified, and “teaching is so that there is no need to teach” (Ye Shengtao said ). Teachers' teaching serves students' learning, and the fundamental purpose of teachers is to teach students to learn. Fundamentally speaking, classical Chinese teaching is essentially to guide students to read classical Chinese. Therefore, the reform of classical Chinese teaching methods is to explore or create scientific and efficient reading methods. Here, based on my own teaching practice, I will introduce to you a relatively practical and programmed reading method for classical Chinese - the five-step reading method.
1. Pre-reading The main goals are: to read the pronunciation of words accurately, to pause accurately, to grasp the rhythm; to understand the common sense about the author's works; to grasp the basic content of the article as a whole. The specific methods are: (1) Consult the reference book and combine the notes to phoneticize new words and characters. (2) Read the text clearly and accurately based on the teacher’s model reading or text recording. (3) Combine the text annotations and Chinese reference books to understand common knowledge about the writers’ works. (4) Use preview tips or self-reading tips to understand the text as a whole. (5) Grasp the basic content and stylistic features of the article by solving problems and reading the full text.
2. Copying and reading The main goals are: to be familiar with the text, to self-study if you have any doubts, and to clarify the key points and difficulties of learning. The specific methods are: (1) Outline or copy new words and famous sayings in the text. (2) Underline or copy difficult sentences in the text. (3) Record the difficult questions that arise when reading the text. (4) Read or excerpt (or make a summary or table of contents) auxiliary materials related to the text. (5) Combine the unit study summary, text preview tips, thinking and exercises to determine the learning points and difficulties.
3. Interpretation The main goal is to specifically perceive the content of the text through language analysis and grasp the author's views, attitudes or ideological tendencies expressed in the article. The specific methods are: (1) Combined with the context, deeply understand the meaning of difficult words and sentences from the sentence structure and context. (2) Use common sense of ancient Chinese to specifically analyze the special linguistic phenomena in the text. (3) Translate (can be oral or written) texts or text fragments in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the article as a whole. (4) Classroom special discussions, implement key and difficult points, and analyze and answer language training questions in the "Thinking and Practice" after class.
4. Appreciative Reading The main goal is to conduct literary and aesthetic appreciation reading of articles in terms of ideological content, organizational structure, expression techniques, language arts, artistic style, etc. The specific methods are: (1) Starting from the stylistic characteristics, generally grasp the basic characteristics of the article as a "type". (2) Comparative reading, analyzing the specific characteristics of the article and the author’s artistic personality in terms of content and form. (3) Guide students to review literature and write short Chinese essays on important content words, function words and grammatical issues to consolidate the knowledge they have learned and strengthen their ability training.
5. Recitation The main goals are: to deepen understanding, strengthen memory, enrich language, accumulate materials, train language sense, and cultivate quality. The specific methods are: (1) On the basis of understanding, read aloud repeatedly, and strive to read it well. (2) Read aloud for taste, recite famous articles, paragraphs and sentences, and memorize them accurately. (3) Expand reading, study materials related to the article, and expand knowledge to achieve a more comprehensive and profound understanding of the text. (4) Organize study notes and write study summaries to highlight key points and difficulties.
(5) Guide the writing of post-reading reflections or ideological comments in order to cultivate sentiment. 6. Classical Chinese Reading Methods
Classical Chinese Reading Methods Guidance 2009-06-04 20:51 Classical Chinese Reading Methods Guidance Speaker Xiao Yueling Classical Chinese is for cultivating Students love the motherland's language and culture, improve their own cultivation, cultivate noble sentiments, and inherit traditional culture.
In recent years, most of the selected passages for classical Chinese reading questions are based on basic in-class articles as reading materials, and easy-to-understand articles are often selected as reading materials for extracurricular reading. Generally, it takes into account both inside and outside the classroom, focusing on testing reading transfer ability.
The knowledge tested mainly involves the following aspects: ① Read the text smoothly and master the sentence reading of the text. ② Understand commonly used content words and function words, and understand the general meaning of sentences.
③ Understand the thoughts, opinions and feelings contained in the text. ④ Understand the main artistic features and expression techniques of the text.
How to read classical Chinese? The method has the following points: 1. Clear obstacles and understand the meaning of the text. For extracurricular classical Chinese texts, it is especially important to read the full text, because it is the prerequisite for doing well in the test questions. So how can we do this step well? The first is to read as a whole. First read, skim or skip the full text to gain a general understanding of the style of the classical Chinese excerpts.
If it is a narrative, it is necessary to clarify "when, where, who, what, what happened, and what was the result." At this time, do not place your hopes on being able to read the entire text in one go and dwell on some difficult-to-understand words. Instead, you should let them go for the time being and just use the punctuation method to mark the corresponding places in the text.
Next, he is good at using it to figure out the meaning of the text. Classical Chinese essay writers will give some notes, which can often be of great help in solving problems.
For example, there is a sentence in the 2006 Yangzhou High School Entrance Examination question: "Touch a candle to get its shape. If you touch the candle (yuè, a wind instrument like a flute), you will think it is the sun." With the help of the annotations in brackets, , it will be much easier for candidates to understand the meaning of the text.
To understand the meaning of the text, you can also quickly browse the test question requirements, especially the multiple-choice questions with summary content. Read carefully to understand the general content of the full text, because one of these questions often does not conform to the original text, and the other three items are not consistent with the original text. Correct, even if there is an error, it is often a detail issue. Then by interpreting this kind of question, you will immediately understand the full text content, and then read the original text, you will get twice the result with half the effort and turn difficult problems into easy ones.
The third is to reread the text. After the first two steps, the examinee has been able to understand 70 to 80% of the content of the passage and has a direction for thinking. Therefore, when reading again, he can understand the full text from a higher level, and at the same time, he can understand the content that appeared in the first two steps. Deviations are corrected.
If you encounter a difficult paragraph, you should read it through repeatedly to ensure that "words and sentences are not separated from each other, sentences are not separated from the text, consider it before and after, and grasp it as a whole", use various methods, deduce backwards and forwards, and complete the interpretation. process. 2. Lay a solid foundation and apply what you have learned. Word explanation and sentence translation are required questions in classical Chinese. To answer these questions well, you must rely on daily accumulation.
In recent years, classical Chinese examination questions have mostly tested the interpretation of typical content words. When encountering these content words, candidates should first recall whether there is such a word in the classical Chinese texts they have learned before. If so, its meaning should be placed here. Does it make sense? For example, in the 2006 Weifang high school entrance examination question, there is a requirement to explain the word "jue" in "The moonscape is particularly clear". Although this sentence comes from outside the class, it has been learned in class. Candidates should think of "Ventry Skills" The word "jue" in "thinking it is wonderful" in "Thinking it is wonderful" means "extreme", and this explanation is suitable here. In the 2006 Jiangxi Provincial High School Entrance Examination Questions, there is an explanation of the word "IS" in "Although the imperial court tried to prohibit it at this time". Looking back at the knowledge we have learned, there are two explanations for "IS", one is a judgment verb, and the other is The pronoun "this", such as "this year" and "this day", obviously, the meaning of "this" here is "this".
If it is not available in class and it is difficult to judge the meaning, you should use the glyph analysis method or syntactic analysis of the sentence in which the word is located according to the specific context and the context, and infer from the perspective of judging the part of speech of the word Find out its precise meaning. The meaning of some content words cannot be correctly explained in the text based on your own usage of the word, so you should consider its common use or inflection.
For example, the word "zu" in the sentence "because of death", we have already learned its two meanings, "zu uses his person" ("Zhao Pu") is translated as "finally", "More than a month also dies" is translated as "death" in "The Death of Renqin", but it doesn't make sense to use it in this sentence. It is obviously not a noun "soldier", and the word "death" is used together with the word "ran", then We have to consider whether it is related to "sudden", which means "suddenly". If it makes sense to put this meaning into the sentence, then we can confirm that "stroke" and "sudden" here are related to each other. Sometimes, the use of commonly used function words is also involved in high school entrance examination questions. Although there are many function words, the most commonly used ones are "zhi", "qi", "er", etc. This requires us to memorize the basic meaning and main usage of commonly used function words, such as The common meanings of the word "Zhi" in junior middle school include "structural particle,", "pronoun, referring to people or things", "used between subject and predicate, canceling the independence of the sentence", "verb, to, go, go", "The function of regulating syllables." When we encounter the understanding of "zhi" in extracurricular classical Chinese, we can compare the above usages one by one to find the appropriate meaning.
The translation of classical Chinese sentences should be based on literal translation, supplemented by free translation, grasp the key words in the sentence, translate them word for word, and at the same time do a good job of retaining, filling, deleting, changing, and adjusting. The methods of classical Chinese translation generally include: ①Retention.
That is, retaining names of people, places, official names, or words with the same meaning in modern Chinese. ②Supplement.
That is, supplementing monosyllable words into bisyllabic words, or supplementing omitted components, etc. ③Delete.
That is, delete function words that do not need to be translated. ④Change.
That is, replace the ancient Chinese words with modern Chinese words with the same meaning. ⑤Tune.
That is to adjust the word order or word order to make it conform to modern Chinese habits. 3. Overall perception and taste The highlight of the classical Chinese examination questions is the general analysis of the content of the passage and the exploratory questions. This type of questions is mainly tested from the following aspects: First, fill in the blanks with original sentences, such as Fuzhou City in 2006 The high school entrance examination question is "In the article, Zou Ji first used personal experience to make a metaphor, then compared family affairs with state affairs, and finally came to the conclusion of " The king of Qi opened up his voice and revised his politics, and achieved the results of "
On the basis of grasping the key points and center, analyze and judge the details and find out the main information. The second is to understand the emotions expressed by the author and express them. 7. How to read classical Chinese
Simple: You should read more classical Chinese, I am not just talking nonsense. If you have read too much, you will have a good understanding of classical Chinese. However, if your level is not that high, it is better to read some with a few word annotations. Let's be practical. During the exam, answer more questions. Don't just type one word. You can answer synonyms related to it. Literal translation should be supplemented by conceptual translation. If your level is not up to it, don't do free translation, otherwise it will become Adding superfluity will only lead to loss of points. This is my experience. I have very few points deducted for classical Chinese in and out of class. The main reason is that I read much more than others. You should read more.
Detailed:
1. Read the whole text and get an overall perception
There are two shortcomings that are most likely to occur when reading and solving problems in classical Chinese. One is to read the test questions first. First impressions; second, grasp one point and not the rest.
Classical Chinese reading materials, whether it is an article or a paragraph, have certain independence and completeness. According to the laws of cognition, people's understanding of things often goes through a process from the whole to the part, from rough to refined, and from simple to complex. When taking the exam, it is best not to look at the setting of the test questions first, but to have an overall perception of the material and grasp its key points without any external influence.
If it is an article based on discussion, you must clarify the topic of discussion, the author's point of view, the materials used, the method of argumentation, etc. If the article is mainly a narrative, it must be clear who is being written about, the relationship between the characters, important characters and their temperament characteristics; what is being written about, the cause, course, and results of the event, as well as the author's views and attitudes revealed in the article etc.
For example, in the classical Chinese reading question of the 2002 National College Entrance Examination, after reading the material, you can clearly understand that this is a biography; it is about the flying general Li Guang of the Han Dynasty; after the general description, four specific things are written: using the tactic of suspecting soldiers to repel the vicious slaves , eating and drinking, and killing soldiers, killing himself with a knife, and the whole world is in mourning; it highlights General Li's character and characteristics of being brave and good at fighting, resourceful, honest and self-disciplined, loving his soldiers like his own children, and having the courage to bear his mistakes; the author praises him greatly. and admiration. Grasping these contents as a whole not only overcomes the disadvantage of being preconceived and inferior to others, but also facilitates partial analysis and improves the accuracy of problem solving.
2. Reading options, find tricks in the questions
After reading through the material, although you have an overall perception of the content, there are bound to be many doubts and difficulties left. At this time, don't get into trouble. The most amazing way is to read the test questions, get information from the options, and solve problems. We know that the high school Chinese language teaching syllabus requires students to "have the ability to read simple classical Chinese". In order to reflect the word "simple" and reduce the difficulty of problem solving, when setting the question, the examiner usually asks the examinee to choose an inaccurate one; When setting options, difficult materials are often set to precise options. Therefore, even if we return all these options to the reading materials to understand, the accuracy rate is above 80%. Based on this, we can eliminate many difficulties and doubts. For example, question 11 of the National Chinese Paper of the 2000 College Entrance Examination explains the words "province", "review", "woodcutting", and "xin"; question 12 explains "reason", "every", "cause", and "ji"; Question 13 explained "Your Excellency is innocent", "his reputation is well-known", and "his governor"; Question 14 translated "After eating, he returned to the road with the traveler", "First he will return, and he will return home after asking for leave", "His clothing is disguised" "I wanted it for more than a hundred miles", "I sent it as a thank you for the silk given by the orientation". With so much information, and more than 80% of it is accurate, coupled with the previous overall perception, many difficulties can be easily solved. Even if it requires selecting a precise item, such questions can give us inspiration for interpretation. For example, in the 11th question of the National Chinese Language Paper of the 2002 College Entrance Examination, select the one that accurately explains the content words "surprise death", "general soldier", "twist" and "tie hair". In other words, more than 80% of the descriptions of these four content words are wrong, forcing us to find new sources of information. At this time, the most common method is to try to list the meanings of each content word, and then understand the meaning based on the context. For example, in item A, in addition to the meaning of "died from this" in the options, we can also list "die here after all", "until death", etc. Another example is item D. In addition to the option "when you first become an adult", the meaning of "tying your hair" also means "getting married", "tying your hair", etc. With more information, we have the basis for comparison, inference, and selection, and can answer test questions more accurately. 8. Classical Chinese reading knowledge explains how to read classical Chinese well
Tips for answering classical Chinese reading questions in the college entrance examination. In view of the fact that most classical Chinese reading test questions are mainly narrative texts, when reading as a whole, you must search carefully For people and things in the article, try to circle the following relevant content in the article: how many people are there and how to call them; who is the protagonist and what is his relationship with others; how many things are there and how many people did them; what is the significance of the relationship between the events , roughly divided into levels.
Then review the topic clearly, and then study the passage with these questions in mind. Don’t dwell on irrelevant points, but work on important points. 1. Comprehension of content words in classical Chinese: Adhere to the principle of "words do not leave sentences". Make use of the structural characteristics of words and words, and adopt an association method from one to the other to quickly understand the meaning of words.
The explanation given in the options can be substituted into the sentence, combined with the context, and verified repeatedly. In addition, special attention should be paid to the polysemy of words, the conjugation of words, ancient and modern idioms of words, false meanings, partial meanings of words and other classical Chinese phenomena.
The explanations of individual morphemes in some idioms that we usually accumulate can sometimes give us some inspirations, and they should also be used by me. 2. The meaning and usage of function words: On the premise of understanding the meaning of the sentence, according to the position of the word in the sentence, the function word is turned into reality, and the part of speech and usage are determined.
3. "Screen information" and "Grasp the meaning of the text": These are the last two questions in classical Chinese reading. Pay attention to the overall understanding. Especially the last question "Grasp the meaning of the text", which has four options. Most of the settings are arranged according to the order of the original text content, and inappropriate items are often selected. This is not only helpful for understanding the full text, but also provides effective information for solving the previous questions. It is advisable to slow down a little here and strive to do it correctly. After finishing it, go back and check the correctness of the previous questions.
Answering skills: 1. Learn to circle the dots, because Paper I uses answer sheets, so it is okay to circle the dots. List the characters and main events.
2. Read the last question of the classical Chinese text first, which is the summary analysis question of the content. This question can essentially be called "the vernacular translation of classical Chinese". It provides a very clear analysis of the characters, the content of the text, and the events.
So reading this article first is equivalent to reading the translation and then reading the original text. You will get twice the result with half the effort. 3. Use the original text to infer the meaning of the word.
Don’t take things for granted, mobilize the knowledge reserves in your mind. 4. When translating classical Chinese, you must first look at the meaning of the text before the sentence, because the context is the best clue.
Once the previous sentence is understood, the following sentence will naturally fall into place. 5. In addition to the common classical Chinese content words (120 stipulated in the syllabus), you should also take a look at other classical Chinese content words annotated in the textbook before the exam. Just look at the annotations.
6. Review the classical function words on common words such as "er, and, nai, qi, suo, wei, yan, yi, cause, yu, ze, zhi".