brief introduction
A building, usually used as a mausoleum or a sacrifice. Because it looks like China's Chinese character "Jin", it is called the pyramid. In fact, it has nothing to do with "gold"
Generally refers to the pyramids of Egypt. Other famous ones are Maya Pyramid, Aztec Pyramid (pyramid of the sun, Moon Pyramid) and so on.
Egyptian pyramids
The Egyptian pyramids are the imperial tombs in the pyramid shape of the slave society in ancient Egypt. One of the seven wonders of the world. They are numerous and widely distributed. Memphis, the ancient city on the west bank of the Nile in the southwest of Cairo, is the most densely populated area. There are three famous Libyan deserts 8 kilometers south of Giza, called the pyramids of Giza. Among them, the tomb of the fourth dynasty Pharaoh Khufu is the largest, built in the 27th century BC, with a height of 146.5m, which is equivalent to a 40-story skyscraper. The bottom is 230 meters long and is made of 2.3 million large stones weighing about 2.5 tons, covering an area of 53,900 square meters. There are corridors, stairs, halls and rooms as well as various valuable decorations in the tower. The whole project lasted for more than 30 years. There is a huge sphinx in the southeast of the tower.
Pyramid of khufu in Egypt is the most famous. It is the tomb of Pharaoh (king of ancient Egypt).
According to legend, before the third dynasty in ancient Egypt, both princes and ministers and ordinary people were buried in a rectangular tomb made of mud bricks, which the ancient Egyptians called "Mastaba". Later, a clever young man named Imhotep invented a new building method when designing a mausoleum for the Egyptian Pharaoh Zuosai. He replaced the mud brick with the square stone he picked from the mountain, constantly revised the design scheme of building the mausoleum, and finally built a six-story trapezoidal pyramid-this is the prototype of the pyramid we see now.
In ancient Egypt, the pyramids were trapezoidal and layered, so they were also called hierarchical pyramids. This is a tall pyramid building with a square base and a text triangle on each side, which looks like the word "gold" in Chinese characters, so we call it "pyramid". The tower mausoleum designed by Imhotep is the first stone mausoleum in Egyptian history.
At the earliest time, Egyptian pharaohs prepared to use Mastaba as their permanent residence after death. Later, during the second and third dynasties, the Egyptians came up with the idea that the king would become a god and his soul would ascend to heaven after his death. In the inscription of the pyramid later discovered, there is a sentence like this: "Build a ladder for him (Pharaoh) so that he can go to heaven from there."
The pyramid is such a ladder.
At the same time, the pyramid form also expresses the worship of the sun god, because the symbol of the ancient Egyptian sun god "La" is the light of the sun. The pyramid symbolizes the sunlight penetrating the blue sky. Because, when you stand on the road to Kize and look west from the perspective of the pyramid ridge, you can see that the pyramid shines on the earth like the sun.
There is a sentence in the inscription of the pyramid: "The sky extends its own light to you, so that you can climb into the sky, just like pulling your eyes." Later, the worship of the obelisk by ancient Egyptians also had such significance, because the obelisk also represented the light of the sun.
Some people think that it is impossible for the ancient Egyptians to build pyramids, saying that the pyramids may be made by aliens or left by older humans, because there are too many mysteries in the pyramids!
The pyramids are the tombs of slavery kings in ancient Egypt. These rulers were called "pharaohs" in history. Pharaoh not only ruled the world when he was alive, but also dreamed of becoming a god to rule the underworld after death. Therefore, after the death of Pharaoh, he took out his internal organs, dipped them in preservatives, poured them with spices, and kept the body for a long time, which was called "mummy". Pyramids are tombs for Pharaoh's mummies. At present, there are 96 pyramids in Egypt, most of which are located on the edge of the desert west of the arable valley on the west bank of the Nile.
Large pyramids were generally built in the three to six dynasties of the ancient kingdom (about 2664 ~ 2 BC180 BC), and there are many sites in Giza, segala, rasul, Medum and Absire, which are not far north of Memphis, the capital of ancient Egypt.
Because the pyramids are square-cone buildings, the ancient Egyptians called them "Pyrimus", which means "high"; Its base is square, getting narrower and narrower until the top of the tower, which looks like the word "gold" in Chinese characters from all sides, so China has always translated it into a "pyramid".
Among many pyramids, the most famous one is great pyramid of giza, which is located at Giza, about 13 km southwest of Cairo. There are three pyramids in this group, which were built by Khufu (the second generation Pharaoh), Kafler (the fourth generation Pharaoh) and Menkole (the sixth generation Pharaoh) of the fourth dynasty in ancient Egypt.
Pyramid of khufu, also known as the pyramids of Qi, was built in 2760 BC. It is the largest pyramid in history and one of the world's man-made wonders, ranking first among the seven wonders of the world. The original tower height146.5m, due to thousands of years of wind and rain erosion, is now138m. The original bottom four sides were 230 meters long, and now they are 220 meters long. The four inclined planes of the conical building face east, south, west and north respectively, with an inclination of 5 1.52 minutes. There was originally a limestone road about 1 km around the tower, but there are still relics on the east and west sides of the tower. The whole pyramid is built on a huge convex rock, covering an area of about 52,900 square meters, with a volume of about 2.6 million cubic meters and made of about 2.3 million stones. There are about 1 15000 outer stones, each weighing 2.5 tons on average, and the largest stone weighs about 16 tons, with a total weight of 6.848 million tons. Its geographical location is 3 1 07' east longitude and 29 58' north latitude.
Surprisingly, there is no adhesive between these stones, but one stone is directly stacked on another, which is completely stacked by the weight of the stones themselves. The surface seam is so tight and accurate that even a thin blade can't be inserted. The height error between the southeast corner and the northwest corner of the tower is only 1.27 cm. It took 30 years to recruit 654.38 million laborers.
The entrance of pyramid of khufu is located at the 13 stone steps of the tower north wall, about 20 meters above the ground. The entrance is a herringbone arch composed of four huge stone slabs, and there is an inclined tunnel with a length of 100 meters leading to the tomb. The tomb is10.43m long, 5.2 1 m wide and 5.82m high, with a vertical distance of 42.28m from the ground. There is only a dark brown polished marble sarcophagus in the room, which is empty and the whereabouts of the coffin cover are unknown. There are five rooms above the tomb, and the top cover of the highest floor is triangular in order to evenly distribute the weight on both sides. At the same time, the tomb also has ventilation pipes built of stone. The appearance of the Great Pyramid of Khufu is solemn, majestic, simple and steady, which is in harmony with the endless highlands and deserts around it. Its internal structure is complex and changeable, with originality and unique style, which embodies extraordinary wisdom. After thousands of years of vicissitudes of life, the pyramids have not been shaken or deformed, showing the incredible high-level technology and exquisite architectural art in ancient times. Therefore, UNESCO listed it as one of the world's key protected cultural relics and became a symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization.
The second pyramid of Giza built by Caffler is located in the middle. It is slightly smaller than pyramid of khufu, but its artistic style and engineering design accuracy can be compared with it. And because it is built on a high platform, at first glance, it seems to be more magnificent than the former. The tower foundation is 215.7m long and143.6m high, also made of limestone and granite. Its remaining ancillary buildings are relatively complete and spectacular, including two temples built with huge stones: the upper hall and the lower hall.
The third pyramid built by Menkole is located at the southern end, the smallest but very delicate. Its base is108.7m long and 66.5m high. All three pyramids in Giza were stolen, and the treasures in the tombs were basically lost. However, their perfect engineering skills of ancient Egyptians attract thousands of tourists from all over the world every day in Qian Qian.
Pyramid appearance
This pyramid has a history of 4500 years. Because it looks like the word "gold" in Chinese characters, it is called "pyramid". The pyramid itself is a tomb building. It is large in scale and rigorous in structure. The tower is solid except for the tomb and the passage, and the fixed part is conical. After many earthquakes, the pyramids are still intact. It is considered as the tallest ancient building and the first in eight wonders of the world.
There is a sphinx in front of the pyramid, which is the image of Hafila, the son of Pharaoh Khufu, the fourth dynasty of the ancient king. It's called the Sphinx. It's 20 meters high and 57 meters long. Only one ear is two meters high. Except that the lion's paw is made of stone, the whole Sphinx is carved from a huge natural rock. I have a nose injury, which is said to have been shelled by Napoleon's soldiers in a war. The Sphinx symbolizes the supremacy and inviolability of Pharaoh's power.
Pharaoh's tomb
The tomb of Pharaoh extends 30 meters below the horizon, and there is a treasure car and a treasure bed used by Pharaoh when he travels on the left side of the tomb. Located in the center of the tomb is the coffin of Pharaoh Khufu, carved from large wood inlaid with Phnom Penh and pasted with gold nuggets. Very gorgeous and exquisite. The coffin is divided into two layers, the upper layer is the full-body wooden statue of Pharaoh, and the lower layer is the mummy of Pharaoh. The funerary objects include Pharaoh's beloved sword, treasure knife, ancient Egyptian treasure ship, treasure bottle, treasure chest and so on. The most attractive thing is the four huge treasure boxes, which are filled with rare treasures and are priceless. In front of the coffin, there are two patrons holding artifacts, and there are four beautiful ladies in the four corners.
Queen's tomb
The queen's tomb is slightly smaller than the Pharaoh's. Her coffin is carved from a huge stone, with fine workmanship and gorgeous appearance. The queen's mummy is in Chen Fang. Her funerary objects are also very rich, and there are condors, treasure boxes and the Sphinx in the left corner. There is a dresser used by the Queen in the right corner.
The relationship between Egyptian pyramids and astronomical astrology
In Egypt, death Osiris became Orion, and his youngest sister and his wife's goddess Aeschylus became Sirius after her death. Many documentaries, such as Discovery, mention that the order of the three pyramids of Khufu coincides with the position of the three stars on Orion's belt.
The relationship between the Egyptian pyramids and the earth's rotation
The configuration and orientation of the pyramids are very accurate, which is the standard direction, so every year at noon on the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox, there will be a spectacle, that is, the pyramids have no shadow and shine everywhere. The pyramids in America have the same effect. Every solstice, except for the pyramids in Egypt, there will be a mysterious point shadow similar to a feather snake on its surface. It goes upstream bit by bit in the morning and disappears at the top of the tower in the evening. Of course, this is closely related to their architectural structure.
How to build
If the legend about the bold and wonderful design of the pyramids can still be accepted by modern people, it is hard to imagine such a huge construction process.
Pyramid of khufu is built by millions of huge stones. The average weight of each stone is over 2000 kg, and the largest stone is over 100 ton. These boulders were mined from the east bank of the Nile, that is to say, they were not loaded and unloaded by cranes or transported by trolleys.
Herodotus, known as the "father of western historiography", once recorded that the stones used to build pyramid of khufu were mined from the "Arabian Mountain" (probably Sinai Peninsula). However, we now know that most of the stones are mined locally, and the limestone used to decorate their surfaces is shipped from Tula mining area in Hedong. It was not easy to mine stones at that time, because people had no explosives and no steel. At that time, Egyptians used copper or bronze chisels to punch holes in rocks, then inserted them into wooden wedges and filled them with water. When the wedge was expanded by water, the rock cracked. This method may seem clumsy today, but it was a great technology more than 4000 years ago. It is also extremely difficult to transport from the quarry to the ruins of the pyramids. The ancient Egyptians put stones on sledges, which were pulled by people and livestock. Therefore, a wide and flat road is needed. It took 10 years to build the road for transporting stones and the catacombs of the pyramids.
When building pyramid of khufu, Khufu forced all Egyptians to work for him. They are divided into large groups of 654.38+10,000 people to work, and each large group has to work for three months. There are slaves among these workers, but there are also many ordinary farmers and craftsmen. With the help of animal power and rolling timber, slaves in ancient Egypt transported huge stones to construction sites. They piled the sand in Zhou Tianran No.4 construction site into a slope and pulled the huge stones to the pyramids along the slope. In this way, a layer of slopes and stones are piled up, and the pyramid is gradually increased. It took 30 years to build pyramid of khufu.
Later generations raised many questions about Herodotus' statement. But today, it is still a difficult problem that no one can give a satisfactory answer. How can people not admire the great strength and wisdom of the Egyptian people!
In this century, with more and more extensive observation and research activities on flying saucers, some people even associate the mysterious pyramids with the aliens on the unpredictable flying saucers. They believe that thousands of years ago, humans could not have the ability to build pyramids, and only aliens could have them. After calculation, they also found that the earth is divided into two hemispheres by the meridian of pyramid of khufu, a suburb of Cairo, the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere, and their land areas are equal. This "coincidence" is probably the intention of aliens to choose the site of pyramid construction.
However, a French chemist named David Duvis put forward a brand-new view on the construction of the pyramids. He thinks that the huge stones for building pyramids are not natural, but artificially poured. He got five small stones from the Egyptian pyramid of khufu from an archaeologist and tested them one by one. Unexpectedly, the test results prove that these stones are made of shell-like limestone. Although archaeology has proved that human beings have mastered the technology of making concrete thousands of years ago, it is hard to believe that these shells and limestone are so difficult to distinguish from granite.
David Dewey speculated that the ancient Egyptians used the method of "breaking the whole into parts" when building the pyramids, that is, putting the mixed concrete into a basket and carrying it on or on the back of the pyramid being built. In this way, as long as you master certain skills, you can pour out the huge stones piece by piece and add towers layer by layer. This is "labor-saving" and labor-saving. According to his estimation, there were only 1 500 people working on the construction site at that time, not 65,438+10,000 people in each batch as Herodotus said.
More unexpectedly, the French scientist also found an inch-long human hair in the stone. This strand of hair may be a testimony to their hard work and brilliant wisdom. But these statements are still some guesses.
But in any case, the construction of the pyramids must have concentrated all the wisdom of the ancient Egyptians at that time, because there must be many problems to be solved. But all these problems have been solved. The pyramids have been built and stood for more than 4000 years, which is a miracle in itself. Therefore, it can be said that the pyramids are the crystallization of the wisdom of the ancient Egyptian people and the symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization.
Some people don't believe that simple cooperation can create miracles. They don't believe that humans on earth will create miracles like pyramids themselves, saying that they are the creation of whispers. This is obviously incorrect and does not help people to explore their own history and know their own abilities.
According to legend, before the third dynasty in ancient Egypt, both princes and ministers and ordinary people were buried in a rectangular tomb made of mud bricks, which the ancient Egyptians called "Mastaba". Later, a clever young man named Imhotep invented a new building method when designing a mausoleum for the Egyptian Pharaoh Zuosai. He replaced the mud brick with the square stone he picked from the mountain, constantly revised the design scheme of building the mausoleum, and finally built a six-story trapezoidal pyramid-this is the prototype of the pyramid we see now.
In ancient Egypt, the pyramids were trapezoidal and layered, so they were also called hierarchical pyramids. This is a tall pyramid building with a square base and a triangle on each side, which looks like the Chinese character "gold", so we call it "pyramid". The tower mausoleum designed by Imhotep is the first stone mausoleum in Egyptian history.
After King Zuo Sai, the Egyptian Pharaoh followed his example and built a mausoleum for himself before he died. Since then, ancient Egypt has set off a wind to build pyramids. Because the pyramids originated in the ancient kingdom period, and the largest pyramids were built in this period, the ancient kingdom period of Egypt is also called the pyramid age.
Why did the pharaohs of ancient Egypt build the mausoleum into the shape of a pyramid, which is the golden shape in Chinese characters? It turns out that at the earliest time, the pharaohs in Egypt prepared to use Mastaba as their permanent residence after death. Later, during the second and third dynasties, the Egyptians came up with the idea that the king would become a god and his soul would ascend to heaven after his death. In the later discovery of the pyramid inscription, there are such words:
You should build him a ladder so that he can go up there.
The pyramid is such a ladder. At the same time, the pyramid form also expresses the worship of the sun god, because the symbol of the ancient Egyptian sun god "La" is the light of the sun. The pyramid symbolizes the sunlight penetrating the blue sky. Because, when you stand on the road to Kize and look west from the perspective of the pyramid ridge, you can see that the pyramid shines on the earth like the sun.
The largest of all the pyramids in ancient Egypt is the pyramid of the fourth dynasty Pharaoh Khufu.
The original height of the Great Pyramid was 146.59 meters. After thousands of years of wind and rain, the top has been eroded by nearly 10 meter. But before the Eiffel Tower was built in Paris in 1888, it was the tallest building in the world. The bottom of this pyramid is square, each side is more than 230 meters long, and it takes almost one kilometer to walk around the pyramid.
The pyramid of Khufu is not only amazing in scale, but also famous for its superb architectural skills.
In addition, on the north side of the Great Pyramid, there is a triangular entrance composed of four huge stones, and the height from the ground is 13 meters. This triangle is cleverly used, because if a quadrilateral is used instead of a triangle, then the huge pressure of the pyramid with a height of 100 meters will collapse the entrance. With the triangle, the great pressure is evenly dispersed. It is really remarkable to have such an understanding and application of mechanical principles more than 4,000 years ago and to have such a structure. Shortly after Khufu's death, another pyramid was built not far from his Great Pyramid. This is the pyramid of Khufu's son, Ha Raf. It is 3 meters lower than pyramid of khufu, but it seems to be higher than pyramid of khufu because of its slightly higher terrain. Near the tower, there is a big statue carved with khalaf's head and matched with the lion's body, the so-called "Sphinx", which westerners call the "Sphinx". The statue is 20 meters high, 57 meters long and one ear is two meters high. Except the lion is made of stone, the whole Sphinx is chiseled on a huge natural rock. It has a history of more than 4500 years. Why did you carve it into a lion's body? In ancient Egyptian mythology, the lion was the guardian of various mysterious places and the gateway to the underground world. Because Pharaoh will become a sun god after his death, he built such a sphinx to guard the portal for Pharaoh. After the fourth dynasty, although other pharaohs built many pyramids, their scale and quality could not be compared with the above pyramids. After the Sixth Dynasty, with the division of the ancient kingdom and the decline of Pharaoh's power, the resistance of the Egyptian people and the robbery of some people, Pharaoh's "mummies" were often dragged out of the pyramids, so Egyptian pharaohs stopped building pyramids and dug secret graves on the mountains.
The long-term orientation of prehistoric sites will form an energy field within itself. The Great Pyramid is located on the earth and is bombarded by cosmic rays all the time. The stone used for pile foundation has gradually played the role of energy storage over the years. When cosmic rays or electromagnetic waves penetrate the rock, the energy will also show different attenuation with the thickness of the penetrating rock. The Great Pyramid has a unique quadrangular pyramid structure, and its internal space is a very good harmonious cavity. All kinds of rays from the universe and artificial electromagnetic waves vibrate harmoniously in its internal space, and combined with the convergence of geomagnetic force and the action of gravity, an internal energy field (horse hot fan energy or pyramid energy) is formed. The ancient legend that "time is afraid of pyramids" may refer to the phenomenon that the energy field inside the Great Pyramid hinders the natural process, that is, the process that should have happened naturally. When it is in the energy field inside the Great Pyramid, this process is delayed or even carried out in the opposite direction. Organic objects placed in the internal energy field of the Great Pyramid, such as animal carcasses, will not rot and deteriorate (this is a natural process), but will be dehydrated and dried into mummies; Inorganic substances, such as metal objects, can keep their metallic luster for a long time. From a professional point of view, this is that the oxidation of natural processes is delayed and the reverse reduction is enhanced. Metal crystals can be restored from disordered arrangement to original regular arrangement. For the human body, fever or pyramid energy can quickly eliminate fatigue and accelerate physical recovery; Enhance self-immunity and promote self-healing of tissues and cells. For microorganisms such as viruses and fungi, their reproduction is inhibited.
Be distributed
Pyramids are distributed on both sides of the Nile, in ancient Egypt and lower Egypt, and now in Sudan and Egypt. Pyramids are tombs of ancient Egyptian pharaohs, and all tombs have different sizes. The largest is pyramid of khufu, which is137.2m high and 230m long at the bottom. * * * It used 2.3 million stones, with an average of 2.5 tons each, covering an area of 52,000 square meters.
The Digital Mystery of the Pyramid
After measuring and studying the largest pyramid-pyramid of khufu, some people put forward many digital mysteries contained in the Great Pyramid. For example, extending the longitudinal bisector of the square at the bottom of the Great Pyramid of Khufu to infinity is the meridian of the earth; The meridian passing through the Great Pyramid of Khufu just divides the land and sea on the earth into two equal halves, and the center of gravity of the pyramid is located at the center of gravity of all continents. The diagonal line of the square extending at the bottom of the Great Pyramid can just contain the Nile estuary delta, while the longitudinal bisector of the extended square can just bisect the Nile estuary delta. The circumference of the base of the Great Pyramid is 230.36 meters, which is 362.5438+0 Kubit (the unit of measurement in ancient Egypt), which is similar to the number of days in a year. The original height of the Great Pyramid was 146.7 meters (now it has collapsed to 137.3 meters) multiplied by 1 100 million, which is about equal to the distance from the earth to the sun. The sum of the lengths of the four bases of the Great Pyramid divided by twice the height is 3. 14-pi. Multiply the weight of the Great Pyramid itself by 7× 10 15(8000 pyramids have the weight of the earth, unbelievable! ) is exactly the weight of the earth. The square of the height of the Great Pyramid is about 265,438+0,520 meters, while its side area is 265,438+0,486,5438+0 square meters. These two figures are almost equal. From the orientation of the Great Pyramid, the four sides face due east, due south, due west and due north respectively, and the error is less than 0.5 degrees. Put a basin of water instead of a mirror on the extension line of the main entrance passage of the tower facing due north, so that Polaris can be reflected on the basin. ..... Are these digital relationships accidental coincidence or the builder's intentional design? Many scientists point out that the relationship between these numbers is not so mysterious. Except for some coincidences, some figures are not completely true. For example, a quadrangular pyramid constructed with a slope of about 52 degrees can get a value close to π by dividing its bottom by its height h, that is, 2s/h. According to the account of Girod, an ancient Greek historian, when the Egyptians built the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the area on each side of the pyramid was equal to the square of the height of the pyramid. According to this design scheme, this numerical relationship can indeed be obtained. In addition, some figures reflect the outstanding achievements of ancient Egyptians in mathematics and astronomy. For example, the ancient Egyptians knew how to use the method of water surface positioning (that is, irrigation first, leveling the foundation with water level) to obtain accurate ground elevation; The ancient Egyptians selected a star (or several stars), carefully observed it with simple instruments, recorded the position of the star on the horizon, and then measured the meridian by bisecting the angle formed by the observation point and the star's haunting point. Of course, some scientists have put forward different views. They don't think things are that simple. Why can't other buildings except the Great Pyramid provide so many figures representing a fairly high-tech level? Can the ancient Egyptians use their scientific and technological knowledge to build a miraculous pyramid full of mysteries? It seems that things are really not simple. Scientists with different views are still arguing. ...