First, the development of tourism in China.
Although the development of tourism in China started late, its development speed has attracted worldwide attention. Before the reform and opening up, the tourism industry was mainly engaged in reception of foreign affairs, and only the embryonic form of the industry did not completely belong to the industrial category. From the guidance of national policies, we can see the development of tourism in China in the past 30 years:
With the transformation mechanism from 65438 to 0978, tourism began to change from "career type" to "industry type".
From 65438 to 0984, the central government put forward the tourism construction policy of joint efforts of the state, localities, departments, collectives and individuals, self-reliance and the use of foreign capital, which opened the prelude to the all-round development of tourism.
1986 the State Council decided to incorporate tourism into its national economic and social development plan and formally established its national economic status.
1992, the central government clearly put forward that tourism is the key industry in the tertiary industry. Later, the "Proposal on Formulating the Ninth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of 20 10 Long-term Goals" put forward by the Central Government of China listed tourism as the first in the sequence of the tertiary industry actively developing emerging industries.
1998 the central economic work conference put forward that tourism should be regarded as a new growth point of the national economy. Since then, the State Planning Commission has listed tourism projects as national debt projects, and the railway department has opened hundreds of special tourist trains in time. The support of the Central Committee and the State Council has laid a solid foundation for the development of tourism.
From the development stage, before 1980, the overall scale of tourism was small; During the Sixth Five-Year Plan period, inbound tourism has been greatly improved, and domestic tourism has started. During the Seventh Five-Year Plan period, inbound tourism continued to develop and domestic tourism developed greatly. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, inbound tourism developed greatly and domestic tourism rose rapidly, which was the fastest developing period. During the ninth five-year plan period, the industrial foundation was solid and developed steadily; Affected by the overall negative growth of 200 1 world tourism, China's tourism industry continues to advance in difficulties, but the growth rate has dropped; In 2002, China's tourism industry rebounded as a whole, and the growth rate of four tourism economic indicators all exceeded 10%. China has become one of the countries with the fastest development of tourism in the world. 1978, the number of international tourists in China (1.8 million) was only 0.7% of the global total, ranking 41in the world; In 2002, it received 979 1 10,000 overseas tourists, making it the fifth largest tourist destination in the world and the largest tourist country in Asia. From 65438 to 0978, China's foreign exchange earned by international tourism (US$ 260 million) accounted for only 0.038% of the world, ranking 47th in the world. In 2002, it increased to US$ 20.4 billion, accounting for 4.4% of the world, making it the fifth largest foreign exchange earner in the world. In 2002, the number of China citizens going abroad reached16,602,300, an increase of 36.84% over the previous year, making it a striking emerging tourist exporter in Asia. In 2002, the number of domestic tourists in China reached 878 million, making it the largest, fastest growing and most potential domestic tourism market in the world. The scale of tourism in China is also expanding. According to incomplete statistics, by the end of 200 1, there were1000 foreign-related tourist hotels in China, including 80 18 star-rated hotels. There are more than 0/0000 travel agencies/KLOC-,including more than 300 international travel agencies/KLOC-. The fixed assets of tourism in China reach 700 billion yuan, and there are 260,000 tourism enterprises and institutions. There are 5.98 million direct employees and 29.8 million indirect employees in tourism; * * * There are 1 152 institutions providing tourism education with 340,000 students.
In a word, with the help of reform and opening up, China's tourism industry has developed continuously and rapidly for more than 20 years, from scratch, from small to large, with an increasingly distinct industrial image and growing industrial scale, becoming one of the fastest-growing industries in the national economy.
Second, the opportunities and prospects of China's tourism development.
1, development opportunities
First of all, the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy will push the tourism industry to a new level. In the first 265438+ 10 years of the 20th century, the average annual growth rate of China's national economy will remain above 7%, and its comprehensive national strength will be further improved. The deepening of economic system reform, the development of opening to the outside world, the overall progress of economy and society, and the adjustment of industrial structure will all promote the development of tourism.
Secondly, the opportunities brought by building a well-off society in an all-round way. Building a well-off society in an all-round way means that more than one billion people in China will move towards a higher level of well-off society, and the demand for tourism will inevitably increase, and tourism consumption will become one of the symbols and characteristics of a well-off society. China's "well-off society is still a low-level, incomplete and unbalanced well-off society", but it is at this well-off level that the world's largest domestic tourism market and the fastest growing overseas tourism market are formed.
Third, the implementation of the strategy of developing the western region will enable many world-class tourism resources in the western region to be developed and transform their resource advantages into economic advantages, thus continuously improving the international competitiveness and development potential of China's tourism industry and forming a new growth pole of China's tourism industry.
Fourthly, after China's entry into WTO, tourism and its related industries will accelerate the pace of international integration, further optimize the development environment and promote the growth of international business tourism.
Fifth, China is the safest tourist destination country in the world. The "9. 1 1" incident in the United States and the outbreak of the US-Iraq war led to the decline of world tourism. However, due to China's political stability, sustained and rapid economic development and a series of important measures implemented by the China administration, China's image as the safest tourist destination has been strengthened.
Sixth, China's accession to the WTO, Beijing's successful bid for the Olympic Games, Shanghai's successful bid for the World Expo, Hangzhou's successful bid for the World Leisure Expo in 2006, and the World Tourism Organization General Assembly will be held in Beijing for the first time in June 2003, which shows that China's international status and influence are increasing day by day, and it plays a positive role in promoting the development of China's tourism industry.
2. Prospect analysis
With the construction of a well-off society in an all-round way, under the two-way interaction between supply and demand, China's tourism industry is promising.
(1) The tourism market has great potential.
With the improvement of people's wealth, the increase of leisure time and disposable income will promote the domestic tourism demand to grow at a higher speed. China is the most populous country in the world, with the largest domestic tourism market unmatched by any other country in the world. In 2002, 8 out of 65,438+03 people from China traveled. China began to implement the 40-hour working weekend system from 1 May, 9951,and began to implement the seven-day holiday of May Day, November Day and Spring Festival from 1999. At present, the total number of statutory rest days that China citizens can enjoy every year is 1 14, and residents have more and more leisure time. At the same time, the consumption structure is changing from food and clothing consumption to enjoyment and development, and the Engel coefficient is decreasing year by year. The Engel coefficient of urban and rural residents' consumption decreased from 49.9% and 58.6% in195 to 37.7% and 46.2% in 2002 respectively. Consumption such as housing, car purchase and communication will be gradually met, and tourism demand as a combination of spirit and material will be generated repeatedly. According to international experience, when the per capita GDP reaches 800- 1000 dollars, tourism consumption will show a trend of popularization and become one of the elements of life. By 2020, China will build a well-off society in an all-round way. If everyone travels twice a year, the number of domestic tourists will be as high as 3 billion.
(2) The tourism resources are unique.
China has a vast territory, beautiful mountains and rivers, a long history, splendid culture and numerous nationalities, and its long history and vast territory have formed incomparably rich tourism resources. According to research, China ranks first in the world in terms of natural and cultural tourism resources, surpassing the United States, Spain, France and other tourism powers. At present, there are more than 5000 tourist attractions 15000 in China, covering natural landscapes, history and culture, reform achievements and social life, among which 28 are listed in the World Heritage List, 65438 are national key scenic spots +05 1, 44 are national geological parks and 65438 are national nature reserves. There are 99 national historical and cultural cities, 360 national 4A tourist areas (spots), 37 excellent tourist cities in China 1269 national key cultural relics protection units, and more than 2,000 museums. Unique customs, colorful urban scenery and magnificent construction projects provide unique conditions and foundations for the development of tourism.
(3) From a big tourist country to a powerful tourist country in the world
According to the basic idea of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for Tourism Development formulated by the National Tourism Administration, by 2020, the number of overseas tourists in China will exceed 2 10/00000, and the foreign exchange income from tourism will be more than 58 billion US dollars. Domestic tourism will reach more than 2.9 billion person-times, and tourism revenue will reach more than 2,040 billion yuan. The total tourism output will reach more than 2.5 trillion yuan, equivalent to 8% of GDP. Scholars at home and abroad are optimistic about the development prospects of China's tourism industry, and China will become a world tourism power. Authorities, including the World Tourism Organization (WTO), believe that China will become the first tourist destination country in the world in 2020 (see Table 2). The World Tourism Council predicts that by 2020, China's total tourism output will account for 8.64% of GDP, tourism consumption will account for 6.79% of total consumption, and tourism investment will account for 8.6 1% of total investment, which is close to the world average.
Third, the gap with the international tourism market.
Although China's tourism industry has made brilliant achievements in the past 30 years, there is a big gap with the international tourism market. The gap is mainly manifested in software, not only in the service level and quality of service personnel, but also in the imperfect marketing system and policy system, and imperfect laws and regulations.
For example, at present, there are 49 famous hotels in Chinese mainland, but we haven't managed or built a decent star-rated hotel by any brand overseas. This is the gap! China still has a long way to go on the road to becoming a world tourism power. At present, China's tourism industry should start to improve the service level, improve the service quality, optimize the marketing system, improve the environment and establish a sound policy system, which requires the joint efforts of the government, organizations and citizens, and also needs to strengthen the training of professionals, including senior, middle and junior managers and ordinary service personnel.
Fourth, the economic benefit analysis of the tourism market
According to Philip, president of the French Tourism Association? Bombel thermal analysis: "43% of the income of hotels, coffee shops and restaurants is directly related to tourism;" 42% of air transportation income is related to tourism, 23% of railway transportation income, 12% of automobiles, 8% of agriculture and 6% of construction industry are related to tourism. "
Tourism is a comprehensive industry. Eating, living, traveling, traveling, shopping and entertainment are the six elements of tourism. We should have places to eat, live, use, go out, buy things and play. Therefore, the development of tourism will inevitably lead to the development of catering, construction, transportation, post and telecommunications, gardening, commerce, textiles, insurance and other industries directly related to this factor.
According to Australian official statistics, tourism involves 108 industries in 29 economic sectors. Take the construction industry as an example. More than ten years ago, it was common for people to stay in hotels in many cities in China. At that time, it was good for people to have a place to live outside, and some even spent the night at the station. But in just over ten years, by the end of 1998, there were 2 1000 hotels in China, about 4,000 foreign-related hotels and more than 2,000 star-rated hotels, including 45 five-star, 4-star17 and 3-star hotels. The places where tourists live in large numbers are full of grades, which is not the original scene. The development of the construction industry in this period can be imagined.
Oahu Island in Hawaii, USA was a desolate beach before development. After becoming a tourist area in the 1950s, it became a tourist and commercial street with numerous islands. At present, the island has become a world-famous tourist area, receiving about 4 million tourists from all over the world every year. In turn, the development of the construction industry has driven the supporting industries such as water, electricity, gas, heating and communication. , decoration, furniture, catering, sanitary products, etc. In hotels, industry and the production of required agricultural products naturally develop accordingly, and its chain effect is enormous.
Tourists always buy souvenirs, local products and so on to take back and look around. That is, the "purchase" of tourism elements, and the demand for commodities in tourism has driven the production and development of handicrafts, souvenirs and products with national characteristics. According to estimates, the cost of shopping abroad is generally about 65438+ 0/2 of the total cost of tourism. The driving effect of tourism development on related industries can be summarized in one sentence, that is, "one industry prospers the country"
In addition to directly creating economic benefits, tourism can also increase social employment opportunities. Because tourism has promoted the development of many industries, the employment opportunities of the whole society have increased. Tourism is a comprehensive industry, which can not only provide employment opportunities for the society directly, but also indirectly. According to international practice, the ratio of direct employment to indirect employment in tourism is about 1: 5. Every additional room in the tourism industry can directly provide 0.75 employment opportunities and indirectly provide 2.5 employment opportunities in relevant departments (hotels, businesses and transportation). At present, the number of people directly engaged in tourism in our city has reached 30,000, and indirectly reached 200,000, accounting for one-fifth of the city's total population.
Tourism economy also has the function of poverty alleviation, and tourism is a rapid and permanent poverty alleviation and development project. From the development of international and domestic tourism, we can see that the development speed of tourism is much faster than that of other industries. It was not until after World War II that tourism became an industry. In less than half a century, it has rapidly developed into the largest industry in the world. This kind of development speed is unmatched by any industry. Singapore and Thailand, which are close to China, have developed into Asian tourism powers and world-famous tourist attractions after less than 20 years of painstaking efforts. Many tourist attractions in China minority areas have also warmed up in a short time. For example, Xishuangbanna and Dehong in Yunnan, Jiuzhaigou in Sichuan, Zhangjiajie in Hunan and Dragon Palace in Guizhou all took only a few years from development and publicity to becoming hot spots. Beihai, Guangxi, was even faster, and it became popular in just two or three years, with 1.992 tourists reaching 1.5 million. Smaller tourist attractions, such as terraced Longsheng hot springs; After one or two years of development, the section of the Beijiang River that melts water has attracted more than 10 million tourists. Due to people's strong desire to travel, the modernization of information transmission and the development of means of transportation, developed tourist areas can achieve great results in a short time and become permanent financial resources as long as they have unique landscapes and rich contents that can meet people's requirements and make propaganda work spread all over the world. Therefore, tourism is a short, flat, fast and permanent poverty alleviation and development project.
Tourism is harmless to the environment and can also create social and economic benefits, so it is praised as "smokeless industry" by all countries in the world. With the support of national policies and driven by the Olympic Games, China's tourism industry is still in the fast lane of development and is going to the world. The development in recent years is obvious to all, but the problems still exist. In addition to improving service quality, we should also increase publicity, shape brand image and create our own characteristics. Looking forward to the faster and better development of tourism in China.