Albert Einstein is one of the top ten outstanding physicists in the world, a pioneer, master and founder of modern physics, and a famous thinker and philosopher. Einstein graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 1900 and became a Swiss citizen. 1905 received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Zurich. He worked in Berne Patent Office and served as a university professor at Zurich University of Technology and Prague, Germany. 19 13 returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin, a professor at Humboldt University in Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. 1933 persecuted by Nazi regime, moved to the United States, became a professor at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies, engaged in theoretical physics research, 1940 became an American citizen. There is a well-known proverb: "Everything is relative." But Einstein's theory is not a repetition of this philosophical cliche, but an accurate mathematical expression. In this method, scientific measurement is relative. Obviously, the subjective feeling of time and space depends on the observer himself. When Einstein was young, one day the German imperial army passed through the streets of Munich, and curious people flocked to the window to cheer. The children longed for the soldiers' shining helmets and neat steps, but Einstein hid in fear. He despised and feared these "monsters in war" and asked his mother to take him to the country, where he would never be such a monster. In middle school, Einstein gave up German citizenship, but did not apply for Italian citizenship. He wants to be an independent citizen of the world ... After World War II, Einstein tried to build his dream of world peace on the basis of reality and delivered a series of "peace" speeches in "enemy countries". His thoughts and actions led to his death: a Russian aristocratic female assassin with imperialist ambitions secretly pointed the gun at him; Albert Einstein's name also appeared on the blacklist of German right-wing assassins; Hitler offered a reward of twenty thousand marks for his head. In order to keep himself in harmony with the world, Einstein had to move from Italy to the Netherlands and from the Netherlands to the United States. He became an American citizen. He believes that in the United States, people from all walks of life can survive in a barely passable friendship. (Excerpted from Einstein's Reflection, Journal of Applied Writing, No.5-6,1985)1The late 9th century is a period of great changes in physics. Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics from the experimental facts and made a fundamental breakthrough in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His general theory of relativity has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. 1March, 879 165438+ At 0: 30 in the morning, Einstein was born atNo. 135, Ulmbanhof Street, Wü rttemberg, Germany. Both parents are Jewish. My father's name is Herman Einstein and my mother is Pauline. 188 1 year1month 18. Einstein's sister Maya was born in Munich. From 65438 to 0884, Einstein was fascinated by the pocket compass. From 65438 to 0885, Einstein began to learn the violin. 1886, Einstein, 5 years old, sister, 3 years old.

Tan attended the Parliamentary School in Munich; Studying Jewish canon at home. From 65438 to 0888, Einstein entered Louis Polder High School. Continue to receive religious education at school and accept the rite of passage. Friedman is the instructor. From 65438 to 0889, he read popular science books and philosophical works under the guidance of medical college student Talme. 189 1 year, I taught myself Euclidean geometry, and I was crazy about it. At the same time, I began to teach myself advanced mathematics. Einstein began to doubt Euclid's hypothesis. 1892, I started reading Emanuel Kant's works. From 65438 to 0894, the Einstein family moved to Italy. 1895, taught himself calculus. In the same year, Einstein failed in the entrance examination of Swiss Institute of Technology (abbreviated as ETH in German). 1896, graduated from Arau Middle School. 10 year 10 On October 29th, Einstein moved to Zurich and studied at Swiss Institute of Technology. [Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

189910 June 19, Einstein formally applied for Swiss citizenship. 1900 In August, Einstein graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland; In February, 65438, he completed his thesis "Inference of Capillary Phenomenon", which was published in the Journal of Physics in Leipzig the following year and incorporated into Swiss nationality. 1901March 2 1 day, and obtained Swiss nationality. From May to July this year, I finished my thesis on the thermodynamic theory of potential difference. 1June, 902 16, employed by the patent office in Bern, Switzerland. 1903 married mileva Malik, a college classmate. They had their first child before they got married. 1September, 904, the trainee of the patent office became a formal third-class technician. 1March, 905, the quantum theory was published, and the light quantum hypothesis was put forward, which solved the photoelectric effect problem. In April, he submitted his paper "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size" to the University of Zurich, and received his doctorate. In May, he finished the paper "On Electrodynamics of Moving Objects", and put forward the principle of special relativity independently and completely, which initiated a new era of physics. 1906 was promoted to the second-class technician of the patent office in April. 165438+ 10, the paper on specific heat of solids was completed, which is the first paper on solid quantum theory.

Einstein in life (8 photos) 1907, promoted to the first-class technician of the patent office. 1908 10 is a part-time lecturer at the University of Bern. 1909 10, left the Berne patent office as an associate professor of theoretical physics. [Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

19 10 10, and finished the paper on critical opalescence. 19 1 1 year, he moved from Switzerland to Prague. 19 12 put forward the photochemical equivalence law. 19 13 returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin and a professor at Humboldt University in Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. 1914 In April, Einstein accepted the invitation of the German scientific community and moved to Berlin. In August, World War I broke out. Although he lived in the birthplace of war and was surrounded by war advocates, he firmly showed his anti-war attitude. In September, Einstein participated in launching the anti-war group "New Motherland Alliance". Although the organization was declared illegal and a large number of its members were arrested and persecuted and went underground, Einstein resolutely participated in the secret activities of the organization. On June+10, 5438, under the manipulation and instigation of militarists, the German scientific and cultural circles published the Declaration of Civilized World, defending the aggressive war launched by Germany, arguing that Germany is above all else and the whole world should accept the "true German spirit". Ninety-three people signed the declaration, all of whom were prestigious scientists, artists and priests in Germany at that time. Even Nernst, Roentgen, ostwald and Planck signed it. When asked for Einstein's autograph, he flatly refused, but at the same time resolutely signed his name on the anti-war letter to Europeans. This move shocked the whole world. 191511month, and put forward the complete form of the general relativity gravity equation, which successfully explained the motion of Mercury's perihelion. [Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

19 16 In March, I finished my summary paper "The Basis of General Relativity". In May, the hypothesis that the universe is finite and unbounded was put forward. In August, he completed the quantum theory of radiation, summarized the development of quantum theory and put forward the theory of stimulated radiation. 19 17, after the victory of the Soviet socialist revolution led by Lenin, Einstein enthusiastically supported this great revolution, praised it as a great social experiment of decisive significance to the whole world, and said: "I respect Lenin because he is a man with complete self-sacrifice spirit and devoted himself wholeheartedly to realizing social justice. I don't think his method is practical, but one thing is certain: people like him are defenders and reconstructors of human conscience. " 19 19, Einstein divorced mileva and married his cousin Elsa in the same year. 192 1 year, Einstein won the nobel prize in physics for his research on photoelectric effect, which promoted the development of quantum mechanics. Visit Prague and Vienna on June 5438+ 10. On October 27th, 65438/KLOC-0, he gave a report on geometry and experience at the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In February, I went to Amsterdam to attend the meeting of the International Federation of Trade Unions. From April 5 to May 30, Weizmann and I visited the United States for the first time to raise funds for the establishment of Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Jerusalem. Won the Barnard medal at Columbia University. President Harding received him at the White House. During his visit to Chicago, Boston and Princeton, he gave four lectures on relativity. In June, he visited England and visited Newton's cemetery. 1922 1 completed the first paper of unified field theory. Visit France in March and April, and strive for the normalization of France-Germany relations. Give a speech criticizing Mach's philosophy. In April, he participated in the knowledge cooperation committee of the League of Nations. In July, he was threatened with murder and temporarily left Berlin. On October 8th, 65438/KLOC-0, Einstein and Elsa went to Japan by boat in Marseille. Visit Colombo, Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai along the way. 1October 9th 165438+ On the way to Japan-Shanghai, Einstein learned by telegraph that he was awarded the 192 1 Nobel Prize in Physics. 165438+ 10/7-65438+February 29th, visiting Japan. 1On February 2, 923, I visited Palestine on my way back from Japan and stayed for 12 days. On February 8, he became the first honorary citizen of Tel Aviv. On my way back to Germany from Palestine, I went to Spain. In March, Einstein was disappointed with the ability of the League of Nations and submitted his resignation to the League of Nations. From June to July, he helped create the "Friends of New Russia Association" and became a member of its executive committee. Go to Gothenburg in July to receive the Nobel Prize 192 1. Give a lecture on relativity as a thank you for winning the Nobel Prize. The Compton effect was discovered and the long-standing contradiction in the concept of photon was solved. In February 65438, it was first speculated that the quantum effect might come from the overconstrained field equation of general relativity. 1924 joined the Jewish organization in Berlin and became a member who paid membership fees. In June, reconsider joining the League of Nations. In February, 65438, the last major discovery obtained an independent demonstration of the relationship between waves and matter from statistical fluctuation analysis. Bose-Einstein condensation was also discovered at this time. 1925 was hired as the director of the German-Soviet cooperative group "Oriental Culture and Technology Association". From May to June, I visited South America. Together with Gandhi and others, he signed a statement refusing to perform military service. Accept the Copley medal. Working for the board of directors of Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Published non-Euclidean geometry and physics. 1in the spring of 926, he and Heisenberg discussed the philosophical problems about quantum mechanics. Accept the gold medal of the Royal Astronomer. Was admitted as an academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. 1927 February, signed the anti-fascist declaration drafted by Barbiser. Participated in the international anti-imperialist alliance and was elected honorary chairman. 10 In June, he attended the 5th Solvay Physics Seminar in Brussels and started a heated debate with Copenhagen School on the interpretation of quantum mechanics. Newtonian mechanics and its influence on the development of theoretical physics. 1928 1 was elected as the director of "German Human Rights League" (Germany was originally named "New Motherland League"). In spring, due to overwork and poor health, I went to Davos to recuperate and give lectures to convalescent youth. Published "Basic Concepts of Physics to Recent Changes". In April, Helen Ducas began to serve as Einstein's lifelong private secretary. 1929 February, unified field theory was published. March, 50th birthday, hiding in the suburbs to avoid birthday celebrations. I visited the Belgian royal family for the first time, forged a friendship with Queen Elizabeth, and corresponded with the Queen of Belgium until my death. On June 28th, he won the Planck Medal. After September, he argued with the French mathematician Adama about war and peace and insisted on unconditionally opposing all wars. 1930 dissatisfied with the inaction of the League of Nations in improving international relations, he resigned. In May, he signed the World Disarmament Statement of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. In July, I argued with Tagore about the objectivity of truth. 65438+February11-1931March 4th, Einstein visited the United States for the second time, mainly giving a speech at California Institute of Technology. 65438+February 65438+March, Mayor Walker presented Einstein with the golden key of new york City. 65438+February 19-20, visited Cuba. He has published articles such as My World View, Religion and Science. 193 1 returned to Berlin from America in March. He visited England in May and gave a speech at Oxford University. 165438+ 10 called on all countries to block the Japanese economy and prevent its military aggression against China. 65438+gave another lecture in California in February. In order to participate in the 1932 international disarmament conference, a series of articles and speeches were specially published. Maxwell's influence on the development of the concept of physical reality was published. 1932 In February, the German pacifist Ossietzky was convicted of treason and protested in Pasadena. Return to Berlin from America in March. I went to Cambridge and Oxford to give lectures in May, and then rushed to Geneva to attend the disarmament conference, feeling extremely disappointed. In June, Murphy and I had a talk about causality. Correspond with Freud in July to discuss the psychological problems of war. Call on the German people to stand up and defend the Weimar Republic and oppose fascism with all their strength. 65438+February 10 My wife and I left Germany for America. However, they originally planned to visit the United States, but never set foot on German soil. 193365438+1October 30th, the Nazis came to power. On March 10, I made a statement in Pasadena that I would not return to Germany and set off for Europe the next day. On March 20th, the Nazis searched his house, and he protested. After that, his property in Germany was confiscated and his works were burned. Arrived in Belgium from the United States on March 28th, and took refuge in the seaside countryside. April 2 1 announced his resignation from Prussian Academy of Sciences. The letter to Laue on May 26th pointed out that scientists should not remain silent on major political issues. Return to Belgium after giving a speech at Oxford in June. In July, he changed his absolute pacifist attitude and called on young people from all over the world to arm themselves and prepare for a desperate struggle against Nazi Germany. In early September, the Nazis offered a reward of 20,000 marks to kill him. On September 9th, I came to England and left Europe forever. On October 3rd, 65438/KLOC-0, he gave a speech "Life and Science" in London. 65438+ 10/0 left Britain, 65438+10/7 arrived in the United States, settled in Princeton, and applied to become a professor at the Institute of Advanced Studies. My world view, an anthology from 65438 to 0934, was edited and published by his stepson Rudolf Cather. A short trip to Bermuda in May 1935. A formal application for permanent residence in Bermuda in the United States. This is also the last time he left the United States. Won the Franklin medal. In cooperation with Podolski and Rosen, he published a paper challenging Copenhagen School, claiming that the description of reality in quantum mechanics is incomplete. Running for the Nobel Prize (Peace Prize) to Ausier Tszky in Nazi concentration camps. 1936 began to cooperate with infeld and Hoffman to study the movement of general relativity. On February 20th, 65438, his wife Elsa died. Published Physics and Reality and On Education. 1From March to September, 1937, I participated in the compilation of the popular booklet Evolution of Physics written by infield. In March, we supported China's "Seven Gentlemen". In June, I cooperated with infield and Hoffman to complete the paper "Gravity Equation and Motion Problem", and deduced the motion equation from the field equation of general relativity. 1938 Co-authored with Bergman the paper "Extension of Kalucha's Electricity Theory". In September, I wrote to the descendants after 5000 years, expressing my dissatisfaction with the present situation of capitalist society. On August 2, 0939, under the impetus of szilard, he wrote to President Roosevelt, suggesting that the United States should pay close attention to atomic energy research and prevent the Germans from mastering the atomic bomb first. My sister Maya came to America from Europe and lived in Einstein's house for a long time. In May, 1940 and 15 published Investigation on the Basis of Theoretical Physics. On May 22nd, I called Roosevelt to oppose the neutral policy of the United States. 65438+1 October1obtained American citizenship. Published articles on science and religion in 194 1. 1942 10 warmly praised the achievements of the Soviet Union in various aspects at the gathering of Jewish aid to the Soviet Union. 1May, 943, joined the work of the United States Admiralty as a scientific consultant. 1944, in order to support the anti-fascist war, 1905 manuscript of special relativity was auctioned for $6 million. A review of Russell's epistemology. In February 65438, he discussed atomic weapons and post-war peace with Stern and Bohr, followed Bohr's advice and remained silent for the time being. 1945 in March, he discussed the dangers of atomic armament with szilard, and wrote to introduce szilard to Roosevelt, but without success. Retired from the Institute of Advanced Studies in April (in fact, I still continue to work as usual). After September, he made a series of remarks about atomic war and world government. 1946 In May, he initiated the organization of "Special Committee of Atomic Scientists" and served as its chairman. In May, he received an honorary doctorate from Lincoln University. Write a long "self-report" and review the road of scientific exploration in my life. My sister Maya was paralyzed by a stroke in May. She reads to her every night. In June+10, 5438, he wrote an open letter to the United Nations General Assembly, urging the establishment of a world government. 1947 continues to make a lot of remarks about world government. In September, an open letter was published, suggesting that the United Nations be reorganized into a world government. 1from April to June, 1948, he cooperated with astronomer Sharp Linli and opposed the United States' preparation for a "preventive war" against the Soviet Union. Protest against the United States for general military training. Published in quantum mechanics and reality. His ex-wife mileva died in Zurich. A laparotomy was performed from June to February in 5438, and a large aneurysm was found in the abdominal aorta. 1949 65438+1October 13, Einstein was discharged from the hospital. In June+10, 5438, he wrote "Answers to Criticism" in the collection Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist to counter the criticism of Copenhagen School. Why Socialism was published in May. 165438+ 10 "Special Committee of Atomic Scientists" ceased its activities. In February 1950, 13, he made a televised speech against American-made hydrogen bombs. In April, he published an article on the theory of generalized gravity. The Collection of Old People was published. Signed and sealed the will on March 65438, 2008. Dr. Nathan was appointed as the sole executor. The legacy is held by Dr Nathan and Ducas. The final storage place of letters and manuscripts is Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Among other things, the violin was presented to his grandson bernhard Caesar. 195 1 year, he published articles and letters one after another, pointing out that the U.S. policy of armament expansion is a serious obstacle to world peace. In June, my sister Maya died after a long period of paralysis. In September, the Special Committee of Atomic Energy Scientists was dissolved. 1952, he published Relativity and Space Problems and Introduction of Some Basic Outlines. 165438+ 10 After the death of Israeli President weismann in October, the Israeli government asked him to be the second president, but he was rejected. 1On April 3rd, 953, I wrote "Ode to the Olympia Academy" to my old friends in Bern to remember my youth. /kloc-In May of 0/6, he wrote a letter to the persecuted teacher, Flawn Glass, calling on American intellectuals to rise up against fascist persecution, which caused great repercussions at home. In order to read Born's retirement, he published a paper on the explanation of quantum mechanics, which caused a heated debate between them. The Preface to the Concept of Space was published. 1954 On its 75th birthday in March, the Special Committee on Civil Liberties called on the American people to rise up against the fascist forces. In March, he was publicly denounced by US Senator McCarthy as "the enemy of the United States". A statement was issued in May to protest the political persecution in Oppenheimer. Qiu stayed in bed for several days because of hemolytic anemia. 165438+1October 18, published a statement in a reporter's magazine, preferring to be a craftsman or peddler in the United States rather than a scientist. Complete asymmetric relativity. 1955 From February to April, I communicated with Russell to discuss the peace declaration, and signed the declaration in April of 1 1. In March, I wrote a "self-report clip", recalling the road of learning and scientific exploration in my youth. On March 15, my best friend Besso passed away. On April 3, Cohen and I talked about the history of science and other issues. On April 5, he refuted American fascism and branded him a "subversive". On April 13, he developed severe abdominal pain while drafting a TV speech, and was later diagnosed as arterial bleeding. I was admitted to Princeton Hospital on April 15. On April 8th, 65438+ 1: 25 died in the hospital. .