Since the emergence of the ancient supervision system in China, rulers of all previous dynasties have realized the importance of clarifying the official management to maintain the long-term stability of the ruling, and attached great importance to the construction of the supervision system and supervision institutions. The ancient supervisory system in China played a very good role.
These system norms have important reference significance for power supervision and clean government construction in contemporary China. History has proved that unrestricted power will inevitably lead to corruption. Establishing and perfecting the supervision system, making government actions transparent, open, procedural and standardized, and making officials never want to be greedy, is the fundamental guarantee to keep clean and honest. Comrade Deng Xiaoping once said, "There should be a mass supervision system. Let the masses and party member supervise cadres, especially leading cadres. Anyone who engages in privileges and refuses to change them after criticism and education has the right to report, accuse, impeach, replace or recall according to law. Of course, all kinds of mistakes we made in the past were related to the thoughts and styles of some leaders, but more importantly, the organizational system and work system.
A good system in these aspects can make it impossible for bad people to do anything at will. A bad system will make good people unable to do good things completely, or even go to the opposite side. ""The leadership system and organizational system are more fundamental, overall, stable and long-term. This kind of institutional problem is related to whether the party and the country change color and must be highly valued by the whole party. " (Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, Volume 2, pp. 332-333) At present, although we have made some achievements in building a clean government, we still need to further strengthen it on the whole. We should learn from the reasonable components of China's ancient supervision system, which will play a positive role in establishing and perfecting a series of clean government systems, such as the system of avoiding exchange of cadres, the system of joint responsibility for recommending and appointing cadres, and the system of making government affairs public, so as to urge governments at all levels to administer according to law and enhance the transparency of government actions.
From the founding of New China to the mid-1950s, China initially established a set of administrative supervision system, which played a positive role in ensuring the smooth progress of socialist revolution and construction. Since the reform and opening up and China's accession to the WTO, the increasingly developed and open socialist market economy has put forward higher requirements for China's administrative organs and their staff to administer efficiently according to law, which is also a realistic challenge to contemporary administrative supervision. In order to ensure the smooth progress of China's socialist market economy construction, it is necessary to further strengthen and improve the existing administrative supervision system.
Therefore, first of all, we should fully understand the importance and urgency of strengthening and perfecting the construction of China's administrative supervision system. In a sense, the quality of supervision is directly related to the success or failure of national system construction.
2 in the construction of administrative supervision organs, we should pay attention to ensuring the independence of administrative supervision organs and strengthen social supervision and public opinion supervision of administrative supervision organs.
From the historical evolution of China's ancient supervision system, we can see that although the supervision system of each dynasty has changed, it has implemented an independent and vertical management system to ensure the independence and authority of the supervisory organs, thus achieving effective supervision of officials at all levels. China's current supervision institutions implement a dual leadership system: the central government sets up the Ministry of Supervision and accepts the direct leadership of the State Council; Local governments shall set up administrative supervision organs at all levels according to law and accept the leadership of superior supervision organs and local people's governments. This dual leadership system is conducive to ensuring the unity of the socialist legal system and the leadership of governments at all levels on administrative supervision. However, people have raised many questions about this system, mainly because of the lack of supervision independence. This dual leadership system is likely to provide opportunities for local governments at all levels to interfere too much with the independent exercise of supervision functions by administrative supervision organs within their respective jurisdictions and erode the independence of administrative supervision organs. The loss of independence will inevitably affect the prestige of the supervisory organ and damage its authority. Therefore, many scholars have suggested that vertical leadership can be implemented like the vertical management of industry and commerce, taxation and other departments, and the independence of administrative supervision organs specializing in power supervision can be strengthened. The improvement of China's current administrative supervision system needs to proceed from China's national conditions, and the independence of administrative supervision organs must also be paid more attention.
On September 9, 2005, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the Ministry of Supervision jointly issued the "Implementation Opinions on the Unified Management of Discipline Inspection and Supervision Institutions Dispatched by the Ministry of Supervision of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection" (hereinafter referred to as the "Opinions"), which began to implement the unified management of personnel, finance and materials for dispatched institutions, and more initially reflected the central government's future reform intention. However, through the analysis of the ancient administrative supervision system, we find that if it is under the independent supervision system of supervisors' self-supervision, the supervision effect will be unsatisfactory. On June 12, 2007, Window of the South magazine reported that the secretary of Jianli County Committee of Hubei Province denounced the corruption of the County Commission for Discipline Inspection. "A county commission for discipline inspection has 40 cadres and workers. The total annual expenditure actually reached 365,438+10,000 yuan, with a per capita income of nearly 80,000 yuan, of which the expenditure for entertainment was nearly one million yuan. " As a supervisory organ co-located with and actually led by the Commission for Discipline Inspection, the Commission for Discipline Inspection can also imagine what it will be like. The facts have sounded the alarm. Under the dual leadership system, so do our supervisory organs. Then, under the vertical leadership, without the anger of the county party secretary, who will supervise our supervisory organs? History has proved that it is impossible for us to return to the system of self-supervision.
Therefore, although strengthening independence is the direction of our reform, this independence must be based on external supervision and guarantee. Otherwise, history will repeat itself.
3. Establish the authority of supervision institutions according to law and give full play to their supervisory functions.
The ancient supervisory system in China was in an extremely unique position in the feudal bureaucracy. It exercised its functions and powers, supervised hundreds of officials, and remonstrated with the emperor on the gains and losses of state affairs, so it was a check and balance and adjustment device on the feudal state machine. In this way, the role of supervision depends not only on the perfection of the supervision system and the best use of people, but also on the constraints of the emperor. In the feudal bureaucratic system, the emperor is a crucial factor, and "everything depends on it" has absolute authority. In essence, the feudal supervision system is an accessory of the emperor, and it exercises supervision power on behalf of the emperor. It is precisely because of this "sword on the side" that supervisory officials can avoid powerful people, "respect with inferiority", and supervisory organs can truly become institutions that "correct the evils of hundreds of officials" and truly play the role of honest official management and maintaining the feudal system. From this, we can draw a conclusion that the supervision system must have absolute authority if it wants to play its role. Of course, the "absolute authority" that our current supervisory organs have is not "feudal struggle for power" (or similar personal authority or group authority), but "legal authority". Because, only in accordance with the law, supervision organizations and supervision officials can obtain "absolute authority", supervision organizations can not be affected by other unfavorable factors, and can be truly independent; Only the Ombudsman can really perform the supervisory function. Therefore, only by establishing the supremacy of law and making the law that embodies democracy the only basis for the legitimacy of supervision can we ensure that the principle of equality established by the Constitution and laws will not be destroyed and that the implementation of the supervision system will not be interfered by leaders.
4. Mutual cooperation between regular supervision and temporary supervision and mutual inspection of supervisors.
In ancient China, not only fixed supervision areas and supervision institutions were set up in the central and local governments to realize the efficiency of supervision by sitting in the town, but also the supervision mode of irregular or special inspections by supervisors was implemented to overcome the passivity of relying solely on supervision by sitting in the town, reduce the bureaucratic phenomenon of false supervision and lack of supervision, and make some illegal local officials punished in time and some major injustice cases concluded in time.
This combination of fixed and temporary supervision mode has become a long-term model in past dynasties, which has strengthened the supervision of the central government on local governments and maintained the rule of autocratic centralization. Since the Han Dynasty, multiple supervision systems have been implemented for central officials. On the basis of inheriting the Han system, the Tang Dynasty extended the pluralistic supervision system to local governments. However, in order to prevent the phenomenon that supervisors are unsupervised, the mutual inspection method has been implemented since the Song Dynasty, which has stopped the supervisors from abusing their powers and committing crimes.
5, strict selection and assessment of administrative supervision personnel.
The ancient supervisory system in China played a very important role in every dynasty. Supervisory officials are in a disadvantageous position, such as "respecting the inferior", "correcting laws and regulations", "breaking the law and discipline", "enforcing discipline" and "correcting everything from the crown prince". Because of the great responsibility, the quality of supervisory officials is directly related to whether the supervisory system can play its role effectively, and their selection and assessment have strict procedures. Looking at the supervision system of the whole feudal society, there is an extremely strict and complete system for the selection and appointment of supervisors. In order to ensure the good cultural quality of supervisory officials, feudal rulers attached great importance to selecting knowledgeable people as officials, such as the Northern Wei Empire, and gave them the highest priority in countermeasures. "The Ming dynasty stipulated that the inspector must be a scholar and a juren.
Now China is a country under the people's democratic dictatorship. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the purpose of our administrative work, which is fundamentally different from any previous dynasty. In order to play its due role, China's current administrative supervision system must still attach great importance to the requirements of the comprehensive quality of the system executor-administrative supervision staff, and strictly select and evaluate administrative supervision staff. Various ancient regulations have played an important role in encouraging honesty and preventing supervisors from knowing the law and breaking the law and practicing favoritism. China's current supervision system should learn from its beneficial experience and improve our administrative supervision system. It is suggested that the national legislature should revise the supervision laws and regulations, strictly standardize the selection procedures of supervision officials, unify the selection criteria of supervision officials, change the traditional administrative mode of selection of supervision officials, and gradually implement the selection of supervision officials at higher levels mainly from lower levels, thus forming an orderly flow mechanism of supervision officials from top to bottom.
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