Understanding some psychological knowledge can help us become stronger

1. Archimedes and the brewing effect

In ancient Greece, the king made people He made a crown of pure gold, but he suspected that the craftsman had mixed silver into the crown. But the problem is that this crown is as heavy as the one that was originally given to the goldsmith. No one knows whether the goldsmith did something wrong or not. The king gave this problem to Archimedes. Archimedes thought hard to solve this problem. He tried many ideas at first, but they all failed. One day he went to take a bath and sat in the tub so that he could see the water overflowing and feel his body being gently lifted. He suddenly realized that he could solve the problem by using the principle of buoyancy. Whether we are scientists or ordinary people, in the process of solving problems, we can all find the phenomenon of "putting the problem aside for a period of time before we can get a satisfactory answer." Psychologists call this the "incubation effect." Archimedes' discovery of the law of buoyancy is the classic story of the brewing effect.

In daily life, we are often at a loss when it comes to a problem and don’t know where to start. At this time, our thinking enters the “brewing stage”. Until one day, when we put aside the problem in front of us to do other things, the puzzling answer suddenly appeared in front of us, and we couldn't help but exclaim like Archimedes. At this time, " "The brewing effect" will bloom the "flower of thinking" and bear the "fruit of answers". Ancient poems say, "There are mountains and rivers, and there is no way out, and there is a village with dark willows and bright flowers." This is a portrayal of this psychology. Psychologists believe that during the brewing process, there is underlying reasoning at the conscious level, and relevant information stored in memory is combined subconsciously. The reason why people suddenly find the answer while resting is because the individual has eliminated the early psychological tension and forgotten The individual's previous incorrect ideas that led to deadlock have been eliminated, and a creative thinking state has been achieved. Therefore, if you are faced with a difficult problem, you might as well put it aside and go for a walk or drink tea with your friends. Maybe the answer will really be "you can't find it anywhere without wearing iron shoes, and it takes no effort to get it."

2. Aronson effect

It means that people like people or things whose likes, rewards, and praises for themselves are increasing continuously, and they dislike people who appear to be decreasing. or things.

The experiment divided four groups of people into giving different evaluations to a certain person to observe which group a person has the most favorable impression of. The first group always praised it, the second group always devalued it, the third group praised it first and then criticized it, and the fourth group first demoted it and then praised it.

Results: After this experiment was conducted on dozens of people, it was found that the vast majority of people had the most favorable impressions of the fourth group and the most disgusted with the third group.

The application of the Aronson effect reminds people that in daily work and life, they should try their best to avoid the reversal of the negative impression of others caused by their improper performance. Similarly, it also reminds us to avoid being influenced by it and forming wrong attitudes in the process of forming impressions of others.

Examples

(1) Effective use

Behind the dormitory building, there is a broken car parked. The children in the compound use it every night At 7 o'clock, he climbed onto the carriage and started jumping. The banging sound was deafening. The more adults took care of him, the more children jumped for fun. Those who saw it were helpless. On this day, a person said to the children: "Children, today we have a competition, and the winner with the loudest bounce will be a toy pistol." The children cheered and jumped, and the winner actually won the prize. The next day, the friend came to the car again and said: "The competition will continue today, and the prize is two toffee." When the children saw the prize plummeting, they were all unhappy. No one jumped hard, and their voices were sparse and weak. On the third day, the friend said to the children again: "Today's prize is two peanuts." All the children jumped out of the car and said, "No more jumping, no more jumping. It's really boring. Let's go home and watch TV."

Analysis: In the case of "difficult to attack from the front", using the "diminishing reward method" can have a wonderful psychological effect.

(2) Counterexample

After graduating from university, Xiaogang was assigned to work in a unit. As soon as he entered the unit, he was determined to perform well and actively to impress his leaders and colleagues. Make a very good first impression. Therefore, he went to the unit in advance every day to collect water and sweep the floor, and took the initiative to work overtime during holidays. He also took on all the tasks assigned by the leader, which he clearly had great difficulties with.

Originally, it is understandable for young people who have just entered the workplace to actively express themselves. But the problem is that Xiaogang's performance at this time is far from his true ideological awareness, consistent attitude and behavior pattern, and is mixed with elements of "excessive performance". Therefore, it is difficult to have long-term persistence. Before long, Xiaogang stopped pumping water and mopping the floor. He was often late and was even more picky about the tasks assigned by his leader. As a result, the impression of his leaders and colleagues changed from good to worse, and was even worse than the impression of young people who had not performed well when they first arrived. Because everyone already has "high expectations and high standards" for him. In addition, everyone thinks that his initial positive performance was "pretending", and "honesty" is the "core quality" used by our society to evaluate a person.

3. Suggestion effect

Suggestion effect refers to the indirect method of implicit and abstract induction to influence people's psychology and behavior under non-confrontational conditions, thereby inducing people to follow the instructions. Act in a certain way or accept certain opinions so that their thoughts and behaviors are consistent with the goals expected by the suggester. Generally speaking, children are more receptive to suggestions than XXXXX. Language cues are commonly used in management. For example, if the class teacher praises good behavior in a group setting, it will serve as a hint to other students. You can also use gestures, winks, table taps, pauses, increase or decrease the volume, etc. Experienced class teachers often target certain shortcomings and mistakes of students by selecting appropriate movies, TV shows, and literary works for students to watch and discuss, or telling students targeted stories, which can produce better results.

4. Antai Effect

Antai is the Hercules in ancient Greek mythology. He is infinitely powerful and invincible. Because as long as he leans on the earth, he can draw infinite power from Mother Earth. His rivals discovered the secret, lured him off the ground, and killed him in the air. Therefore, we must learn to rely on everyone and the collective.

5. Suggestion effect

The so-called "suggestion effect" is to influence the psychology and behavior of others in an implicit and indirect way, so that the person being suggested unconsciously Act according to the hinter's wishes... This is called the "suggestion effect". Teenagers and children are more receptive to suggestions than XXXXX. In the process of music classroom teaching, teachers can improve the teaching effect through language hints, movement hints, facial expression hints, self-suggestion and other methods.

Language hints - Positive language can make people have positive emotions and change negative mentality. Therefore, teachers can consciously use words such as "You are so smart" and "You can do it" to encourage children, and also Students can encourage each other, such as:

Leader: I am great! (X X) Audience: You are great! (X X)

Leader: You can do it too! (XX X) Audience: Me too! (XX It's important. Teachers can use body movements to hint students so that students can understand musical works faster. For example, in expressing music emotions, teachers can gently swing their bodies left and right to express soft and relaxing music, and use small nods to express cheerful and lively music.

Expression hints - There are many performance links in primary school low-level music teaching, including singing performances, rhythm performances, instrumental performances, and the forms include collective performances, group performances, individual performances, etc. In these links, teachers must give full play to the role of facial expression cues. When students are performing, if the teacher looks at them with a smile, it is a great encouragement to the students. They can see the affirmation and approval in the teacher's eyes. In the process of training students' pitch, the movement cues of Kodaly gestures can be used to allow students to have a more intuitive understanding of abstract pitch. When one class was learning the third sentence of the song "Lovely Flock", "The water and grass are abundant and the sheep are strong", they always missed the last sound "5". So when I sang these few bars, I used hand gestures to make the direction of the melody. When it came to the last note "5", I moved my hand upwards, and the students naturally sang in place, and they could fully master it after a few times.

Self-suggestion - Teachers should also educate students to learn self-suggestion, so that students can better exert their autonomy in music learning experience.

Some students will have self-suggestions such as "It's terrible! It's terrible!" and "It's so difficult!" whenever they encounter listening and speaking exercises, maintaining a state of anxiety in learning, thus interfering with normal performance. Once this kind of thinking habit is formed, it will seriously hinder the effectiveness of teaching. Therefore, teachers should let students learn positive self-suggestion and think that they can definitely do it.

In addition, the teacher's classroom presentation is also an objective and realistic attitude hint, which is specifically reflected in the teacher's mental state and the degree of investment in the performance of musical works.

6. Placebo effect

The so-called placebo refers to a drug-like preparation composed of neutral substances that have neither medicinal effect nor toxic side effects. Placebos are mostly composed of inert substances such as glucose and starch that have no pharmacological effects. Placebo can produce a good positive response to patients who are eager for treatment and have full trust in medical staff, and the desired drug effect will appear. This response is called the placebo effect. People who are prone to corresponding psychological and physiological reactions when taking placebos are called "placebo responders." The characteristics of this kind of person are: easy to interact with others, dependent, easily suggestible, low in self-confidence, often paying attention to various physiological changes and discomforts in themselves, and prone to hypochondriasis and neurosis.

7. Barnum effect (suggestion effect)

A friend once asked me what is the most difficult thing in the world. I said making money is the hardest, and he shook his head. Goldbach's conjecture? He shook his head again. I said I give up, just tell me. He mysteriously said to know yourself. Indeed, thoughtful philosophers have said so.

Who am I, where do I come from, and where am I going? These questions have been asked by people since ancient Greece, but they have not come to satisfactory results.

However, even so, people have never stopped pursuing themselves.

Because of this, people are often lost in themselves, are easily prompted by the information around them, and use the words and deeds of others as a reference for their own actions. The herd mentality is a typical proof.

In fact, people are influenced and hinted by others all the time in their lives. For example, on a bus, you will find this phenomenon: when a person opens his mouth wide and yawns, there will be several people around him who can't help but yawn as well. Some people don't yawn because they are less suggestible. Who are highly suggestible? This can be checked with a simple test.

Have one person extend their hands horizontally, palms up, and close their eyes. Tell him that there is now a hydrogen balloon tied to his left hand, which keeps floating upward; and a big stone is tied to his right hand, falling downward. Three minutes later, look at the gap between his hands. The larger the distance, the stronger the suggestion.

Knowing yourself, called self-perception in psychology, is the process of individuals understanding themselves. In this process, people are more susceptible to cues from external information, leading to deviations in self-perception.

In daily life, it is impossible for people to reflect on themselves all the time, nor can they always observe themselves as an outsider. Because of this, individuals rely on external information to understand themselves. When individuals understand themselves, they are easily influenced by external information and often fail to perceive themselves correctly.

Psychological research reveals that people easily believe that a general, general personality description is particularly suitable for them. Even if this description is very empty, he still believes that it reflects his personality. A psychologist once asked college students to judge whether it is suitable for them with a general statement that can be applied to almost anyone. As a result, the vast majority of college students thought that this passage described themselves in a nuanced and accurate way. The following paragraph is material used by psychologists. Do you think it is also suitable for you?

You have a strong need for others to like and respect you. You have a tendency to be self-critical. You have many untapped abilities that can be used to your advantage, and you also have some shortcomings, but you can generally overcome them. You have some difficulty interacting with someone of the opposite sex. Although you appear calm on the outside, you are actually anxious and restless on the inside. You sometimes doubt whether you have made the right decision or done the right thing. You like some changes in your life and hate being restricted. You pride yourself on being an independent thinker and will not accept the advice of others without sufficient evidence. You think it would be unwise to reveal yourself too openly in front of others. Sometimes you are outgoing, affectionate, and sociable, and sometimes you are introverted, cautious, and silent. Some of your ambitions are often unrealistic.

This is actually a hat that fits anyone’s head.

A famous acrobat named Shawman Barnum said when evaluating his performance that he was very popular because the show contained ingredients that everyone liked, so He caused "people to be deceived every minute." People often believe that a general and general personality description reveals their own characteristics very accurately. In psychology, this tendency is called the "Barnum effect."

After a psychologist gave a group of people the Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI), he took out two results and asked the participants to judge which one was their own. In fact, one is the result of the participant himself, and the other is the average result of the responses of the majority of people. Participants actually believed that the latter more accurately expressed their personality traits.

The Barnum effect is very common in life. Take fortune telling as an example. After consulting a fortune teller, many people think that the fortune teller's predictions are "very accurate". In fact, those who seek help from fortune tellers are inherently suggestible. When people are depressed and frustrated, they lose control over their lives, and their sense of security is also affected. A person who lacks a sense of security has greatly enhanced psychological dependence and is more suggestible than usual. In addition, fortune tellers are good at figuring out people's inner feelings and can slightly understand the feelings of the seeker, and the seeker will immediately feel a kind of spiritual comfort. The fortune teller will then say something ordinary and innocuous, which will make the seeker convinced

8. The Balin Effect

Originated from the circus Manager Mr. Balin's famous saying: A fool is born every minute. The "Ba Lin Effect" explains to some extent why some zodiac signs or zodiac books can "accurately" point out someone's personality. The reason is that those words and phrases used to describe personality are actually "human nature" or basically applicable to most people. In other words, the scope of application of those words and phrases is so vague that they are often "said but not said". For example: Aquarius is rational and freedom-loving, Cancer is emotional and loving; however, Cancer people are never rational, and Aquarius people are Lack of love? We don’t deny the value of zodiac signs. After all, they are based on statistics. But if you want to be a smart person and not be superstitious about zodiac signs, I have to tell you that you are wrong again! "The sky is intoxicating and everyone is intoxicated"? Since more than half of the people around you believe in astrology, why bother trying to overturn the concept that is deeply rooted in your heart (actually it is unlikely)? If a couple is in astrology, If they are not well matched, even if neither of them is superstitious, their psychology will inevitably bear a lot of pressure. In the future, if there is conflict and friction in their relationship, the existing "it turns out to be really inappropriate" in their hearts will The presupposition of "suitable" will be forced to be established, and it is impossible to escape the fate of breakup in the end!

9. Half-way effect

The half-way effect refers to the psychological factors that occur when the motivation process reaches the halfway point. A negative impact on target behavior caused by the interaction of environmental factors. A large number of facts show that the suspension period of people's target behavior often occurs near the "halfway", and there is a period near the midpoint of the person's target behavior process. There are two main reasons for the extremely sensitive and fragile active area. One is the rationality of the target selection. The more unreasonable the target selection is, the more likely it is to have the halfway effect; the other is personal willpower. The weaker the willpower. The more likely people are to have the halfway effect. This requires class teachers to pay more attention to learning all aspects of knowledge, cultivating various abilities, and at the same time paying more attention to the training of willpower when educating students. The "small steps" method has positive significance in preventing the occurrence of the halfway effect.

10. Bell Effect

British scholar Bell is extremely talented. Some people have estimated that if he studies after graduation In crystallography and biochemistry, he was bound to win many Nobel Prizes, but he willingly took another path to propose pioneering topics one after another and guide others to reach the peak of science. This move is called the Bell Effect. This effect requires leaders to have the spirit of Bole, the spirit of human ladder, and the spirit of green space. In talent cultivation, they must focus on the great cause of the country and the nation, put the unit and collective first, have a keen eye to recognize talents, let go of talents, and dare to promote and appoint People who are more capable than themselves actively create opportunities for talented subordinates to stand out.

11. Bernard Effect

British scholar Bernard is hard-working and very talented. If he had spent his life studying crystallography or biochemistry, he might well have won a Nobel Prize. But he was willing to take another path - to make a ladder for others, propose pioneering topics one after another, and guide others to reach the peak of science. This move is called the "Bernard effect" by scientists. ". As a class teacher, you may not necessarily have Bernard's talent, nor may you be an expert or scholar in a certain subject, but compared with students, you always have certain advantages in some aspects. As long as the class teacher conscientiously brings into play and utilizes his own advantages, he can gradually cultivate students' wide range of interests and hobbies, further stimulate students' thirst for knowledge, thereby promoting students to progress faster, producing the effect of "a student is better than a master".