(2) Shang Yang Reform (1)

(3) Measures: move the capital to Luoyang; Sinicization: change to wear Hanfu, speak Chinese, adopt Han surname, marry Han people and adopt Han people.

Official system, laws and regulations, learn the etiquette of the Han nationality, respect Confucius and govern the country with filial piety. (2 points)

Significance: It promoted the social development of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and unprecedented prosperity appeared in the North, which accelerated the process of integration of people of all ethnic groups. (2 points)

Test analysis: The question (1) mainly examines Guan Zhong's reform in Qi State. Looking back on what he knew, we can see that in the early Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Huangong (reigning from 685 to 643) appointed Guan Zhong as the prime minister to carry out reforms, making Qi the first to become the overlord of the Central Plains in the hegemony.

Question (2) mainly investigates the historical facts related to Shang Yang's political reform. Qin Xiaogong acceded to the throne, determined to reform, ordered the recruitment of talents. Shang Yang entered Qin State from Wei State, and put forward a set of development strategies of reform and innovation, such as abandoning mining fields, emphasizing agriculture and mulberry, rewarding military exploits, and implementing the system of unified counties and counties, which won his trust, made him a leader, and began to reform. After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin's economy developed, and the fighting capacity of the army continued to strengthen, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period.

Question (3): This paper mainly investigates the historical facts related to Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty. According to the knowledge learned, Emperor Xiaowen's reform measures in the Northern Wei Dynasty included moving the capital to Luoyang, learning the culture of the Han nationality, rectifying the official administration, and promulgating the order of land equalization. His reform not only eased ethnic contradictions and consolidated feudal rule, but also promoted the great integration of all ethnic groups, laying the foundation for ending long-term division and moving towards national unity again.