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2015-05-14

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Tai Shigong said: I was reading the book "Mencius" when King Hui of Liang asked " "How can it be beneficial to my country?" I couldn't help but sigh. I thought: Alas, utilitarianism is indeed the root of all troubles. The reason why Confucius rarely talked about utilitarianism was to prevent the root causes of trouble at all times. Therefore, his old man said: "Acting blindly in accordance with one's own interests will lead to resentment from many aspects." From the emperor to ordinary people. What’s the difference between the consequences of pursuing utilitarianism!

Meng Ke, a native of Zou, studied with Kong Ji’s students. After he became familiar with Confucianism, he went to persuade King Xuan of Qi, but King Xuan did not appoint him. He went to Wei State, but King Hui of Wei did not believe his words and thought his words were roundabout, empty and unrealistic. At that time, the State of Qin appointed Shang Yang, who made the country rich and powerful; the States of Chu and Wei appointed Wu Qi, who defeated the enemy and weakened the enemy; King Wei of Qi and King Xuan of Qi appointed Sun Bin, Tian Ji and others, so that all the vassal states came east to pay homage to the King of Qi . All countries in the world are working hard to unite vertically and horizontally, and regard war as a virtue. However, Meng Ke praised the virtues of Tang Yao, Yu Shun, Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, so he could not get along with any country he went to. So he retired and compiled the "Book of Songs" and "Book of Books" with Wan Zhang and others, expounded Confucius's teachings, and wrote seven chapters of "Mencius". After him, there were scholars such as Mr. Zou.

There are three Mr. Zou in Qi State. The first one was Zou Ji. He used the opportunity of playing the piano to lobby King Qi Wei, so he was able to participate in state affairs, was named Chenghou, and was in charge of the prime minister's seal. He lived before Mencius. Followed by Zou Yan, followed by Mencius. Zou Yan saw that the monarchs of various countries were more arrogant and extravagant and did not advocate virtue and governance. He believed that if he could cultivate himself with noble virtues, he could spread them among the common people. So he deeply observed the changes in yin and yang of all things in the world, explored all kinds of weird and tortuous changes, and wrote chapters such as "The End and the Beginning" and "The Great Sage", which are about 100,000 words. His words are vast and unreasonable. He insists on starting from the small things and then generalizing to the boundless. He first narrates from the present to the ancient Yellow Emperor, which is described by scholars in the same name. It generally rises and falls with the world, so he records the various systems of praying to gods for blessings, bringing good fortune and avoiding misfortune, and then goes further. , until the time when heaven and earth were not formed, it was so vague and mysterious that it was impossible to study its beginning. He first listed China's famous mountains and rivers, the animals in the deep mountains and valleys, the creatures that breed on land and water, the treasures of various species, and so on, talking about things that people in foreign lands overseas cannot see. It is said that since the division of heaven and earth, the five virtues have been mutually reinforcing and interfering with each other, and have circulated in cycles. Each era should adopt a political system corresponding to the five virtues. This is how destiny and human affairs interact with each other. He thought that the China mentioned by Confucian scholars only accounted for one eighty-one percent of the world. China calls it Chixian Shenzhou. There are also nine states in Chixian Shenzhou, which are the nine states designated by Dayu, but these states cannot be included in the number of great states. There are nine states outside China like Chixian, and these are the so-called Kyushu. In this land, there is a small sea surrounding it, and people and animals are not connected with the outside world. It is like being within a region, which is a state. There are nine states like this. Beyond the nine states are surrounded by the sea, which is the edge of heaven and earth. Such is his doctrine. But in summary, the purpose of his theory must be attributed to benevolence, justice and frugality. This theory seems empty when applied to the relationship between monarch and minister, superior and subordinate, and six relatives. When the princes and lords first came into contact with his teachings, they were surprised and wanted to put it into practice, but later they were unable to put it into practice.

Therefore, Zou Yan was valued in Qi State. When he went to the Kingdom of Wei, King Wei Hui personally went to the outskirts to greet him and received him as a distinguished guest. Going to the Kingdom of Zhao, Lord Pingyuan walked sideways and wiped his seat. When he came to Yan State, King Zhao of Yan held a broom in front of him to clear the way for him. He asked to sit among the students and asked him for advice. He built a Jieshi Palace for him and went to ask for advice in person. At this time he wrote the "Main Movement" chapter.

He lobbied other countries and was so respected. How could he be the same as Confucius who endured hunger in Chen and Cai and Mencius who suffered hardship in Qi and Liang? Therefore, King Wu of Zhou accomplished his royal career by promoting benevolence and righteousness in attacking Shang Zhou. , Boyi starved to death and refused to eat the food of the Zhou Dynasty; Duke Ling of Wei asked Confucius for military advice, but Confucius avoided answering; King Hui of Wei planned to attack Zhao, and Mencius responded by saying that King Tai of Zhou avoided the enemy and left Ping. Do these have the meaning of catering to the world and seeking harmony! If you put a square tenon against a round hole, can it be put in? Some people say that Yi Yin got close to Shang Tang with his cooking skills and encouraged him to achieve the king's career; Baili Xi is here The Qin State fed cattle under the chariot, and Duke Mu of Qin used him to achieve hegemony. He first catered to him, and then guided the other party to implement the king's way. Although Zou Yan's remarks were out of the norm, perhaps they had the intention of Baili Xifanniu and Yiyin Cooking!

From Zou Yan to the scholars of Jixia Academy in Qi State, such as Chunyu Gong, Shen Dao, Huanyuan, Jiezi, Tian Pian, Zou Shi and others each wrote books to explore the causes of the chaos and used them to persuade the kings of the day. How can they be fully recorded!

Chun Yujun, He is from the state of Qi. He is knowledgeable and has a strong memory. He is not an expert in academics. He satirized and persuaded the monarch, and admired Yan Ying's behavior, but he focused on observing the monarch's appearance and guessing the other party's thoughts. A guest introduced Chunyu Kun to King Hui of Wei. King Hui dismissed the people who were serving him and summoned him twice alone, but he never said a word. King Hui felt strange and scolded the guests he introduced, saying: "You praise Mr. Chunyu Kun, saying that Guan Zhong and Yan Ying are not as good as him, but when you see me, I get nothing. Do you think I am not worthy of being with him?" Want to talk? What's the reason?" The guest told Chun Yujun. Chun Yujun said: "This is how it should be. The last time I saw the king, the king's thoughts were on the carriage and horse hunting; the next time I saw the king, the king's heart was on the sensuality of the women, so I responded silently." The guest asked Chunyu. Zhu told King Hui exactly what he said. King Hui was shocked when he heard it and said: "Oh, Mr. Chunyu is really a saint! The last time Mr. Chunyu came to see me, someone donated a good horse to me. I haven't had a chance to see it. , coincided with the arrival of Mr. The last time Mr. came to see me, someone presented me with kabuki. Before I had time to interview, Mr. Chunyu arrived. Although I dismissed the people waiting around, I was thinking about horses and kabuki. That's really what happened." Later, when Chunyu Jin met him, we talked for three days and three nights without feeling tired. King Hui of Wei wanted to appoint him as prime minister, but Chunyu Kun declined and left Wei. So King Hui of Wei gave him a four-horse sedan, bundles of silk fabrics, a heavy jade, and a hundred yi of gold. Chunyu Kun never became an official in his life.

Shen Dao is from Zhao. Tian Pian and Jiezi were from Qi State. Huanyuan is from the Chu state. They all studied Huang Lao's Taoist teachings and thus exerted their purpose of elaborating Taoist teachings. Therefore, Shen Dao wrote twelve treatises, Huan Yuan wrote the first and second chapters, and Tian Pian and Jie Zi also wrote.

Zou Shi was one of the Zou teachers in Qi State. He also adopted and absorbed Zou Yan's teachings and wrote articles.

Then the King of Qi commended all the scholars, and appointed them all as senior officials from Chunyu Jun to the following. He built mansions and tall houses for them next to the streets extending in all directions, in order to honor and favor them. This is used to show guests from all over the world that Qi can attract talented people from all over the world.

Xun Qing is from Zhao. When he was fifty years old, he came to Qi to give lectures. Zou Yan's teachings are exaggerated and full of eloquence; Zou Shi's writings are empty words and difficult to implement; as for Chunyu Kui, if you stay with him for a long time, you can often hear some useful remarks. Therefore, the people of Qi praised him and said: "Zou Yan is as numerous as Zou Yan in talking about heaven and earth, Zou Shi is as numerous as in beautiful articles, and Chun Yu is more intelligent than others." At that time, Tian Pian and others had all passed away. During the reign of King Xiang of Qi, Xunqing was the most senior teacher at that time. The state of Qi was filling the vacancy of the senior officials, and Xun Qing served as academic leader three times. Some people in Qi State slandered Xun Qing, so Xun Qing went to Chu State, and Chun Shenjun appointed him as the magistrate of Lanling County. After the death of Lord Chun Shen, Xun Qing was deposed and settled in Lanling. Li Si was once a student of Xun Qing, and later became the prime minister of Qin. Xunqing was jealous of the chaotic politics of the world. The country was destroyed and the monarch was separated one after another. He did not follow the royal road, but was deceived by gods and ghosts, and was superstitious about good and bad omens.

Despicable Confucian scholars stick to minutiae, such as Zhuang Zhou and others who confuse the world with their eloquence and eloquence. So he investigated the actions and successes and failures of Confucianism, Mohism, and Taoism, compiled and discussed them, and wrote tens of thousands of words before his death. So he was buried in Lanling.

In the State of Zhao, Gongsun Long appeared again, provoking the debates about "li Jianbai" and "different contracts", as well as the relevant remarks of the drama. Li Kui, the leader of Wei State, advocated giving full play to the potential of the land. In the state of Chu, there were corpses and Changlu, and in the state of Qi, Ayi had Yuying. Since Mencius and Yu Ying, their works have been widely circulated in the world, so the content of their doctrines will not be discussed here.

Mo Zhai was a doctor in the Song Dynasty. He was proficient in defensive tactics and advocated cost-saving. Some people say that he was at the same time as Confucius, and some people said that he was after Confucius.