Ghengis Khan (hán) (Ghinggis Khan), born in Borzhijin, was named Temujin. The Mongolian people are also outstanding politicians and military strategists in Mongolian history. In 1206 AD, he was elected as the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and unified the tribes of the Mongolian Plateau. During his reign, he launched many wars of conquest, conquering areas as far as the Black Sea coast in the west and almost all of East Asia in the east, and established one of the famous empires in world history spanning Europe and Asia. He defected to Wang Han of the Kelie tribe, gathered his late father's old tribe, and gradually regained his strength. Around the time of Dading in Jin Dynasty, a palace tent was not established and he was called Khan. He fought against Jamuka and others of the Zadala tribe and was defeated, which is known as the Battle of Thirteen Wings in history. In the first year of Jin Cheng'an (1196), he joined forces with Wang Han to help Jin intercept the Hanliza River in the Tata'er tribe (today's Ulji River in Mongolia), and Jin was awarded the officer of Cha Wuhulu. Then Wang Han fought with the Naiman tribe. After the war, various tribes came to join him and his power increased. In February of the first year of Jin Taihe (1201), he and Wang Han defeated more than ten allied troops from the Mongolian plateau headed by Jamuka. After destroying Tata'er and tearing apart four of them, they took over the Hulunbuir grassland and their strength greatly increased. Three years later, Wang Han sent troops to cover up the attack and retreated to the Banjuni River (southwest of Hulun Lake). Soon, taking advantage of Wang Han's unpreparedness, he made a surprise attack on Wang Han's Ya tent and destroyed the Kelie tribe. The following year, he fought a decisive battle with the Naiman tribe and destroyed the Naiman tribe. In the sixth year of his reign, the Khuli Tai Conference was held on the banks of the Hannan River (today's Enen River), and the Mongol Kingdom was established, which was the throne of the Great Khan. He was named Genghis, promulgated the Zhasa, built ten thousand people to fight, and enfeoffed ninety-five thousand households. Let Zhalu suddenly be in charge of all administrative and judicial matters. In the fourth year after taking the throne (1209), he invaded Xixia on a large scale and diverted rivers to flood Zhongxing Mansion (now Yinchuan, Ningxia), forcing Xixia Nanu to ask for peace. In the sixth year, he led his army south to attack Jin Dynasty and divided his troops into three groups to attack various parts of North China. In the ninth year, Emperor Xianqi of Jin requested peace, so he withdrew his troops. Ten years later, under the pretext that Emperor Jin moved the capital to Nanjing (today's Kaifeng, Henan), he captured Zhongdu (today's Beijing). He died of illness in Liupanshan. In the second year of Yuan Dynasty (1265), Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty went to the temple and was named Taizu. The following year, he was given the posthumous title Shengwu Emperor, and in the second year of his reign (1309), he was given the posthumous title Fa Tianqi Yun Shengwu Emperor.

Growth experience

Born in a noble family of the Mongolian Qiyan tribe. The sixth generation ancestor Haidu, the great ancestor Dunbinai, the great ancestor Gebulu Khan and the great ancestor Anbahai Khan were all prominent figures or leaders in the Mongolian tribe; my father Yesugei had the title of Batu (warrior). At that time, there were more than a hundred tribes on the Mobei Plateau, fighting against each other. When Temujin was born, his father captured Temujin Uge, the leader of the Tatar tribe, in battle. To commemorate his military exploits, he was named this.

Born on the north bank of the Ergun River (now Mordaoga Town, Ergun City, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia). When he was 9 years old, his father was poisoned to death by the Tata tribe. The tribe was separated and he lived hard with his widowed mother Hoelun. He was captured by other tribes and almost killed, but he escaped with his cleverness. A little later, he attached himself to Tuoli (later called Wang Han), the most powerful leader of the Kle tribe in the Mongolian Plateau, and respected him as his father, and was able to gather his father's old tribe; brothers) and gradually develop their power. In order to avenge the Mierqi tribe's robbery of their wives, Wang Han and Jamuhe were asked to send troops. Together with their own troops, tens of thousands of soldiers, they suddenly attacked the Mierqi tribe, killed many enemies and took back their wives.

In the last years of Dading in the Jin Dynasty, he moved his camp to the upper reaches of the Qinglulian River (today's Kerulun River), established an independent account, made many allies, appointed talented people, and treated others generously, attracting many Mongolian tribesmen and Qiyan clans. Nobles came to vote and were promoted to khans. Around the end of Dading in the Jin Dynasty or the beginning of Changchang in the Ming Dynasty, Jamuka turned against him and led 13 coalition forces of 30,000 people to attack. Temujin summoned 30,000 troops from various tribes and divided them into 13 wings (wings, meaning battalions or circles) to fight. They were defeated. The troops retreated, known in history as the Battle of the Thirteen Wings. Because Temujin was good at winning people's hearts, Jamuka's tribe rebelled one after another, which in turn strengthened his power.

In the first year of Cheng'an (1196), together with Wang Han, he cooperated with Jin Prime Minister Wan Yanxiang to kill many people below the minister of Tata'er Ministry, and was awarded the title of Zhawuhuli (tribal official) by the Jin Dynasty. . Then he joined forces with Wang Han and defeated 11 coalition forces including Hadjin who were meeting for an alliance.

In the first year of Taihe (1201), he led his army to break up the loose alliance of Jamuka organization. The next year, they were attacked by the Naiman coalition forces and retreated into the Phnom Penh Wall. They defeated the Naiman coalition forces in the wilderness of Kuoyitian (the upper reaches of the present-day Halaha River) and took advantage of the victory to attack and destroy the four tribes of Tata'er. The growing power aroused Wang Han's jealousy and hostility.

Three years later, he was attacked by Wang Han and fled to the Banjuni River (southwest of today's Hulun Lake). He drank turbid water and swore an oath with his followers to tide over the difficulties. Then they moved to the middle reaches of the Heluhe (Hahaha) River and collected more than 4,600 (some say 2,600) cavalry from the disbanded tribe. After resting and recuperating, they gradually regained their strength. Later, it was discovered that Wang Han was arrogant and unprepared, so he attacked Wang Han's camp at night and routed his troops. Wang Han was defeated and fled alone. He was hunted and killed by the Naiman people, and Ke Lie's tribe was killed.

In the fourth year, Yongxue (Guard Army) was established. Soon, the leader of the Naiman tribes, Taiyang Khan, came to attack. He cleverly set up a suspicious formation, captured and killed Taiyang Khan, subdued his tribe, and forced Hatajin, Duoluban and other tribes to surrender. By the first year of Genghis Khan (1206), more than a hundred large and small tribes on the Mongolian plateau had been defeated one after another, and the five major tribes of Tataer, Kelei, Merqi, Naiman and Mongolia were unified under the banner of Temujin. Temujin then held a large gathering at the source of the Onon River (today's Onon River), established Yeke Mongol Uluth (Great Mongol Kingdom), and was revered as Genghis Khan (the name has "ocean" or "powerful"). meaning of the emperor). Expand Qixue to ten thousand people and call it the Great Central Army. The people were organized into a thousand-household system with soldiers and civilians as one. When they mounted their horses, they prepared for battle, and when they dismounted, they gathered for herding. The "four heroes" Borhu, Borshu, Mu Huali and Chi Laowen were appointed as the four timid Xue leaders.

After Genghis Khan established his country, his power grew stronger and he began to launch large-scale wars of conquest. After more than twenty years of war with Xixia, he repeatedly defeated the main force of the Xixia army, forced the king of Xixia to surrender, removed the northwest barrier of the Jin Dynasty, and was able to smoothly move south to attack Jin. In the sixth year, he personally led an army to attack the Jin Dynasty and began the 24-year Mongolian-Jin Dynasty War. The first battle was at Wushabao (now northwest of Zhangbei, Hebei) and he won a victory; he then fought at Yehuling (now northwest of Wanquan, Hebei) and Huihebao (now southeast of Huai'an), annihilating a large number of elite Jin troops; and he fought again at Huailai (now in Hebei). ), Jinshan (now Yanqing, Beijing), defeated more than 100,000 Jin troops; they also severely damaged the Jin army in Tokyo (now Liaoyang, Liaoning), Xijing (now Datong, Shanxi), Juyongguan and other places. Later, he continued to change his tactics and divided his troops into three groups to attack the hinterland of the Central Plains and the western Liaoning region.

In March of the ninth year of Genghis Khan, he gathered troops under the city of Zhongdu (now Beijing). It was expected that it would be difficult to conquer the city for a while, so he sent envoys to force peace, forcing the Jin Dynasty to sacrifice the princess of Qi State, gold and silk and horses, and led the troops to withdraw from Juyong Pass. In June, under the pretext of "breach of contract" due to the Jin Dynasty moving the capital to Nanjing (today's Kaifeng, Henan), and taking advantage of the unrest in the hearts of the people of the Jin Dynasty and the mutiny of the army to subjugate Mongolia, he sent the generals Sanmo to join Batu and Shimo Ming'an to lead the army. He joined forces with the Meng Yi (乣 pronunciation jiǔ, a general name for the conquered northern tribes in the Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties) troops to attack Zhongdu, and adopted the strategy of besieging the city for reinforcements and recruiting surrender, and captured the city in May of the following year. In order to meet the needs of siege, Genghis Khan adopted the advice of his generals and gradually established an artillery army. The first priority was to attack the city with artillery and stone. Later, in siege operations, hundreds of cannons were used at one time, and the city was quickly broken. At the same time, in order to absorb the advanced technologies of various ethnic groups, craftsmen and craftsmen were plundered everywhere, tens of thousands in one city. Later, an army of craftsmen was established and factories were set up to smelt iron and make weapons. In communication and communication, the "Arrow Speed ????Transmission Cavalry" was created, with speeds of hundreds of miles per day, and the speed of military order transmission and troop deployment was accelerated. He is good at utilizing the strength of the cavalry and is known as the "Mongolian Whirlwind".

In the twelfth year of Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan appointed Mu Huali as the grand master and king, commanded the war to conquer the Jin Dynasty, and led the main force to return to Mongolia to prepare for the Western Expedition.

In the thirteenth year of Genghis Khan's reign, he sent the vanguard general Zhebie to destroy Qu Chulu's forces in the Western Liao Dynasty and clear the obstacles to the Western Expedition.

In the fourteenth year of Genghis Khan, on the pretext that the Khwarezm Kingdom in the Western Regions killed Mongolian merchants and envoys, and with the purpose of military expansion and plundering property, he personally led an army of about 200,000 in a westward expedition. In the past few years, they have successively conquered places such as Nadala (in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya River today), Bukhara and Samarkand. He sent Zhebie and Subotai to lead their troops to pursue King Mahamo of Khwarezm, forcing him to flee to a small island in the Jisi Sea (today's Caspian Sea) in Kuantian (he later died of illness). He then ordered Jebie and Subotai to continue marching westward as far as the Crimean Peninsula. He then led an army to pursue Zalandin, the son of Mahamo, to the Shen River (Indus River).

In the 19th year of Genghis Khan's reign, his master returned to Mobei.

In the twenty-first year of Genghis Khan's reign, he led an army of 100,000 to annihilate the main force of the Xixia army (Xixia was destroyed the following year). Genghis Khan was about to concentrate all his efforts on attacking gold. He died of illness in Qingshui County (now part of Gansu) under Liupan Mountain on July 12, 1227 (August 25, 1227) at the age of 66.

Last will and testament: Take advantage of the feud between the Song and Jin Dynasties, take advantage of the Song Dynasty, and unite with the Song Dynasty to destroy the Jin Dynasty. His sons Wo Kuotai and Tuo Lei followed this policy and destroyed the Jin Dynasty in the sixth year of Wo Kuotai Khan (1234).

Rise up, bend the bow and shoot the big eagle

Genghis Khan, a generation of genius, was born in the early 1260s (1162). At that time, northern China was under the rule of the Jin Dynasty of the Jurchen tribe. The northern and southern grasslands of the desert are still independent of each other and do not belong to each other. The Jin Dynasty implemented the policy of "divide and rule" and "reduction" of massacre and plunder. In 1146, the leader of the Mongolian tribe, An Bahai Khan, was brutally nailed to a wooden donkey by Jin Xizong in the name of the "law for punishing rebels." The Mongolian tribal alliance has organized many resistance struggles, and generations of their ancestors have sacrificed their blood and lives for this. Temujin, who was born in this social environment, naturally regarded the victory of the Jin Kingdom as the most important goal in his life.

He always kept this hatred in his heart. It was this hatred of generations that led to the long-term wars inside and outside the grassland. Everyone gets married. In the autumn of 1161, Yesugei, the leader of the Mongolian Qiyan tribe, was hunting on the banks of the Onan River and discovered Hoelun passing through the Mongolian tribe's garrison. With the assistance of several brothers and friends, according to the tradition of "bridal abduction" at that time, he defeated the Merggar and snatched away Mrs. Hoelun, so Hoelun became Yesugei's wife. The next year, Yesugei captured Temujin Uge, the leader of the Tatar tribe, alive, just at which time his first son was born. In order to celebrate the victory of the war, Yesugei named his newly born eldest son "Temujin". When Temujin was 9 years old, his father was poisoned to death by Zalinbuhe, the son of Temujin Uge from Tatar. After Yesu's death, Talihutai of the Taichiwu tribe, the grandson of Anbahai Khan, took the opportunity to cause trouble. He incited the Mongolian tribes to abandon Temujin's mother and son, causing their family to fall from the status of tribal leaders into the abyss of misery.

When Temujin was 18 years old, his former enemy, Minister Totuo of the Merqi tribe, took away his wife again. Temujin went to war against the Mierqi tribe and defeated the Mierqi tribe. Around 1184, Temujin was elected as the khan of the Mongolian begging tribe. Temujin's claim that Khan aroused the jealousy of the ambitious Jamukha. Jamukha gathered 13 tribes including Tatar and Taichiwu to launch the "War of Thirteen Wings" against Temujin. Among the more than 60 wars that Temujin experienced in his life, this was the only one that he did not win.

As his power continued to grow, Temujin began to attack the enemies who killed his father. The Zhuerqi tribe was defeated, its leader was killed, and the tribe's generals, Muhuali and his son, surrendered to Temujin. Later, Muhuali became Temujin's first general and was named Taishi King, allowing him to manage the Central Plains alone.

The nobles of various grassland tribes were afraid of Temujin's rise, so they elected Jamuka as "Gur Khan", the khan of all the khans, and vowed to be enemies of Temujin. They formed a coalition of 12 troops and launched the Battle of Kuoyitian against Temujin and the Kled tribe. The mob led by Jamukha could not withstand the fierce attack of Temujin and Wang Khan's coalition forces, and fell apart in less than a day. Jamukha surrendered to Wang Khan. Temujin then attacked the Tatar tribe. Its leader Zalinbuhe committed suicide by taking poison after being defeated. Another leader of the Tatar tribe also surrendered. Temujin pursued the Taichiwu tribe, but was shot in the neck by the Taichiwu tribe while commanding the battle, and his life was in danger. Early the next morning, Taichiwu's tribe surrendered to Temujin.

The destruction of the Taichiwu tribe removed a huge obstacle for Temujin to further unify the various Mongolian tribes. However, several of his subordinates, such as the sharp archer Zhebie and Naya'a, became Temujin's The right-hand man and a hero who conquered the world. They were the ones who later went on an expedition to Western Liao to eliminate Qu Chulu. In the first Western expedition, Jebie and Subotai played the most special roles. They were the ones who chased the Sultan, captured the Queen Mother Tuerhan alive, and defeated the Grand Duke Roskiev. them.

In the autumn of 1202, Temujin concentrated his forces and destroyed his old enemy the Tartar tribe. In the autumn of 1203, Temujin attacked the golden tent of Wang Khan, who had been fighting with him endlessly. Wang Khan and his son were defeated. In 1204, Genghis Khan conquered the Naiman tribe.

Wang Khan wanted to defect to the Naiman tribe alone, but was killed by a border general as a spy at the Naiman border. Wang Khan's son Sangkun also died in a foreign land.

The powerful Kle tribe was wiped out, and Temujin occupied the eastern grassland with rich water and grass - the Hulunbuir Grassland. On the Mongolian grassland, only the Naiman tribe still had the strength to fight against Temujin. The nobles of various tribes who were defeated by Temujin gathered at the Naiman Khan's court in an attempt to regain their lost cattle and sheep with the support of Taiyang Khan. and pasture. However, the people of the grassland did not want the situation of numerous tribes to repeat themselves, and Taiyang Khan, who had not fought in battle and did not know his own strength, was also vulnerable. After the Battle of Nahuya, the seemingly powerful Naiman tribe was completely wiped out.