Gu said that every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world. This sentence was first put forward in Gu's A Preliminary Record of Japanese Knowledge. The language pattern of eight-character writing comes from Liang Qichao. It means to protect a national system from being overthrown, which is the duty of emperors, generals and ministers of civil affairs, and has nothing to do with ordinary people; The prosperity and demise of the whole world is related to the interests of all people, so every ordinary person has an unshirkable responsibility. "Protecting the country" is different from "protecting the world" and refers to defending the old feudal dynasty. Ordinary people don't have to care about "its monarch and its ministers ask for it." "Protecting the world" means defending the nation and its culture, which is everyone's responsibility. This is the famous argument that "people who protect the world are cheap and responsible." Liang Qichao summarized his patriotic thought as "every man has a responsibility for the rise and fall of the world"

Gu Yanwu

Gu was born in Qiandeng Town, Kunshan City on May 28th, 2003 (1665438+July 15). He was originally the son of Gu Tongying, his great-grandfather Gu Zhangzhi, and his family is a prominent family in Jiangdong. Gu adopted the late Gu Tongji as his heir. My widowed mother is the daughter of Wang Wei. 16 years old, unmarried, sober, knitting during the day, reading at night, and not resting until the second watch. She raised Gu independently and taught Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang and Fang Xiaoru the Loyalty Festival.

After obtaining various student qualifications at the age of 65,438+04, Gu became like-minded friends with his classmate Gui Zhuang. At the age of eighteen, they went to Nanjing to take the provincial examination in Yingtian and joined the society together. Their personality is unique in Geng Jie, and their time code is "Return to the Stranger, Take Care of the Stranger". Gu took "being ashamed of himself" and "learning from others" as his learning purpose, and failed repeatedly. From the age of 27, I resolutely gave up the study of imperial examinations, browsed historical books, county records, anthologies and chapters, and sorted out records about farmland, water conservancy, minerals and transportation. , and began to write "World County Diseases" and "Zhao Yuzhi" according to the materials of geographical evolution. In February of the fourteenth year of Chongzhen (164 1), his grandfather Gu Shaofu died. In the summer of the sixteenth year of Chongzhen (1643), he became a student in imperial academy by donating money.

Nanming kangqing

After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, Gu stayed in the language classics for a while, and was recommended by Yang, the magistrate of Kunshan County, and placed in the Nanming court as the minister of the Ministry of War. Gu pinned his hopes of revenge on this small court. He was full of enthusiasm, "thinking about building a white paper" (chronicle of Mr. Gu and Wu Yingkui), and wrote the famous "Military System", "Situation", "Tiangong" and "Qian Fa", which made suggestions for his trip to North Korea and aimed at the military and political abolition of the Nanjing regime.

In May of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), Gu arrived in Zhenjiang, but he has not yet arrived. Nanjing was captured by the Qing army, Emperor Hong Guang was captured, the Nanming army collapsed, and the Qing army fighters pointed to Suzhou and Hangzhou. At that time, there were many anti-Qing rebels all over the south of the Yangtze River. Gu and his good friends Gui Zhuang and Wu Qiling (born in Jiading, Shanghai) joined a rebel army led by Wudu Yushi Wang Yongzuo. The rebels plotted to recapture Suzhou first, and then capture Hangzhou, Nanjing and coastal areas. At that time, "Mao Ge went overseas and moved to Jiangdong" ("Poems of Lin Ting" and "Thousand Miles"); Although it was broken, it really lost to the Eight Banners elite. The insurgents collapsed as soon as they entered Suzhou, and Songjiang and Jiading also fell one after another.

Gu Qian returned to Kunshan, guarding the city with Yang and Gui Zhuang. Within a few days, Kunshan fell, with as many as 40,000 deaths. Wu Qiling died in battle. Gu's biological mother He's right arm was cut off by Qing soldiers, and his two younger brothers were also killed. Gu himself was lucky to survive because the city had been breached before. Nine days later, Changshu fell, and her mother, Wang, learned about it and died of hunger strike. On her deathbed, she said, "Even though I am a woman, I have won the favor of the emperor and died for my country. This is also a just move. You are not a courtier of other countries. If you live up to the greatness of your country from generation to generation and don't forget the legacy of your ancestors, then I can sleep in the ground. " (Walking in Shark Wang)

After the king was buried, in June this year, Zhu Chengzu proclaimed himself emperor in Fuzhou, with the title of longwu. On the recommendation of Lu Zhenfei (Hao Yuebai Jian, a native of Quzhou, Hebei Province), Emperor Long appointed Yanwu as the Minister of War. Due to the new funeral of the heir mother, she can't go to her post for the time being, so she can only "dream of holding a discipline class in the DPRK" ("Poetry Collection, Yanping Ambassador"). At that time, the Songjiang magistrate in Qing Dynasty was at odds with the governor's national treasure. Qian Ming (a word lying son, a celebrity of Fushe, a native of Songjiang), Gu Xianzheng (a word Duanmu, a native of Kunshan), Yang (a word from Wuxian, Jiangsu) and others secretly instigated Wu Yangyi. In any case, Xian is the same clan elder of Yanwu, and Chen Zilong and others are closely related to Yanwu. Gu is also involved in this matter.

In the summer of the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), things were exposed. "I missed a few things, and it got dark again and again" (Poetry Collection, Weeping Chen Taifu). Zhao Sheng was sent to Nanjing to be beheaded, and the Qing court raided all the people in the same case. Zilong has gone to Yanwu. He has left home and died. So Zilong fled to the home of Gu Xianzheng's sons Tian Lin and Tian Kui, and they were arrested soon. Wu Yan used many methods to rescue them, but all failed. At the same time, Gu went to Xian Zheng and advised him to leave in time, but Xian Zheng wouldn't listen. As a result, Chen Zilong drowned when the police were not looking. Yang and Gu were killed successively, and the number of victims in this case reached more than 40.

While encouraging Wu anyway, he also carried out some other activities. In the third year of Shunzhi (1646), Yanwu planned to go to Fujian as the director of the housing department. When he was ready to leave, Lu Zhenfei sent someone to contact him and asked him to contact "Huai Xu Hao Jie". In the following four or five years, Gu "went to the sea in the east and Huaiyin in in Jiangsu Province in the north, and servants came and went" (Chronicle of Qing Poetry), running among various anti-Qing forces, with the intention of rectifying rebel forces in various places. However, Hong Guang, Longwu and other Nanming regimes along the Fujian-Zhejiang coast were successively destroyed, and Yanwu's anti-Qing activities were repeatedly frustrated. However, Gu was not depressed. He compared himself to the jingwei who reclaimed land from the sea: "everything is unfair, so why bother?" You will grow to an inch long and hold the wood to the end. " I would like to calm the East China Sea, but my heart remains the same. When the sea is calm, my heart will never fail. Oh! Don't you see, there are many birds in the western hills, and magpies come to nest in Yan. "("poetry jingwei ").