The battle of Zhuolu refers to a great battle between Huangdi tribe, Yan Di tribe and Chiyou tribe in Dongyi group of Zhuoxian county, Hebei province about 4600 years ago. The purpose of the "war" is for both sides to compete for the Central Plains suitable for grazing and shallow farming. It is also the earliest recorded "war" in the history of our country, which has had a great influence on the transformation of ancient Huaxia nationality from barbarism to civilization.
(1) Regarding the ownership of the Chiyou tribe, the academic circles believe that it is the leader of the southern Miao Man Group (also known as Jiuyi). Mr. Xu thinks it belongs to Dongyi Group in the ancient legend era of China. The argument is sufficient, so follow today.
War is a social and political phenomenon. With the evolution of social civilization, it has gone through the stages of development from scratch, from naivety to maturity. As early as the middle and late period of primitive society, there was an armed conflict between clans and tribes based on protecting their living space and revenge by blood relatives. Because this kind of conflict is not aimed at plundering the means of production and engaging in class slavery, it is not a war in the scientific sense, but only the seeds of war. But for the convenience of narration, we still call it "war".
In the middle and late period of primitive society, three ethnic groups, Huaxia, Dongyi and Miaoman, gradually formed in the vast area at that time. Among them, Huaxia Group takes Huangdi and Yan Di as the core. They rose in Guanzhong Plain, Southwest Shanxi and West Henan respectively. After integration, it developed along the north bank of the Yellow River to the west of North China Plain. At the same time, Jiuyi tribe (a branch of Dongyi Group), which rose in the lower reaches of the Yellow River at the junction of Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui, also developed from east to west and began to enter the North China Plain under the leadership of its famous leader Chiyou. In this way, an armed conflict between Huaxia Group and Dongyi Group is inevitable. The battle of Zhuolu broke out under this historical background.
It is said that Chiyou people are good at using weapons, their bronze weapons are excellent and solid, and the people are brave and good at fighting. They defeated Yan Di by force, and then occupied the "Nine Corners" where Yan Di people lived, namely "Kyushu". In order to survive, the Yan Di people turned to the Huangdi people of the same clan for help.
In order to safeguard the overall interests of Huaxia Group, Huangdi clan agreed to the request of Yan Di clan and pushed its power to the east. In this way, the Chiyou people who pushed northwest met in Zhuolu area. At that time, Chiyou people gathered 8 1 branch (72 families), which occupied some advantages in strength. Therefore, after the contact between the two sides, the Chiyou people took the initiative to attack the Huangdi people relying on the conditions of large number and excellent weapons. The Yellow Emperor clan is headed by totems such as bear, wolf, leopard, eagle, dragon and owl. To fight against Chiyou, let the "Ying Long high water level", that is, build an earth dam on the river to store water, in order to stop Chiyou's attack.
After the "war" broke out, it coincided with dense fog and stormy weather, which was very suitable for Chiyou people from the rainy environment in the east to launch military operations. Therefore, at the beginning of the war, the Huangdi clan, which was suitable for fighting in sunny days, was at a disadvantage. Nine wars were defeated (nine is an imaginary number, described as many times).
However, it didn't take long for the rainy season to pass, which provided an important opportunity for the Huangdi family to turn defeat into victory. With the support of the Xuan Nv clan, the Huangdi clan mastered the fighter plane and launched a counterattack against the Chiyou clan. He took advantage of the special favorable weather-strong winds, dusty skies, blowing horns and drumming, took advantage of the confusion and shock of the Chiyou people, pointed out the direction with the south guide car, and led the masses to attack the Chiyou people. Finally, he defeated the enemy in one fell swoop and killed its leader alive in the wild in Jizhou (now Jizhou, Hebei Province)
The battle of Zhuolu ended with the victory of Huangdi clan. After the war, the Huangdi clan moved eastward, arrived near Mount Tai, held a ceremony to seal Mount Tai and returned home in triumph. At the same time, "order a young and upright Sima bird master", that is, choose a young and upright patriarch in Dongyi Group to continue to lead Jiuyi people and force Dongyi Group to form an alliance with its own Huaxia Group.
The general process of this "war" was revealed by myths and legends, so it is impossible to talk about more specific details. But myth is a projection of history after all, which reflects the fact itself in a tortuous way. In this sense, the battle of Zhuolu is the origin of the ancient war in China. In the battle of Zhuolu, the Huangdi nationality won the final victory because the war guidance was better than the Chiyou nationality. Specifically, it has begun to pay attention to preparing for war from both political and military aspects, as evidenced by the saying that "Xuanyuan family was a soldier in Xiu De" in history.
In the course of the war, the Huangdi clan is also good at netting allies, paying attention to choosing and preparing the battlefield, skillfully using the weather conditions that are beneficial to themselves and unfavorable to the enemy, and fighting back decisively and timely, thus defeating powerful opponents in one fell swoop and establishing their own control over the Central Plains. On the contrary, despite their powerful forces and superior weapons and equipment, Chiyou people blindly believe in force and expand abroad year after year, sowing the seeds of failure in advance. In operational guidance, the lack of adaptability to weather conditions and preparations for the large-scale counterattack of the Huangdi clan eventually led to defeat and lost the historic opportunity to control the Central Plains.
The battle of Zhuolu effectively laid the foundation for Huaxia Group to occupy the vast Central Plains, and played a catalytic role in further integrating various clans and tribes. It can be seen that the battle of Zhuolu is indeed a historic "war" for our Chinese nation to decide the basic appearance of the future.
Battle of singing
There is a famous saying in Yi Ge Hai Ci: "The revolution in the Tang and Wu Dynasties depends on the sky and the people". The "Tang" mentioned here is the founder of the second ruling dynasty in China history-Shang Tang Tianyi. He once led the Shang tribe and other allied tribes to resist the brutal rule of the Xia Dynasty, overthrew the dying and decadent Xia Dynasty by violent means of war and established a new ruling order. What he did objectively promoted the development of history and conformed to the wishes of the people, so he was affirmed and praised by later generations. In this revolutionary change, the battle of singing is a key move.
Shang is a clan tribe with a long history. In the long process of development, it gradually became stronger, and evolved from a vassal state in the summer to an opponent that could compete with it. After Shang Tang acceded to the throne, he moved the tribal ruling center to Bodi (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) and actively put forward plans to attack Xia. At that time, the ruler of Xia Dynasty was Jie. He was arrogant and extravagant, spoiled courtiers, brutally oppressed and enslaved his own people and tribes, which caused widespread hatred and opposition. Everyone cursed him indignantly: "Time is fleeting and all the women are dead." This shows that Xia's rule is tottering and has reached the end of history. Shang Tang's strategic policy of eliminating summer is formulated under such historical background.
He first adopted the policy of winning the people and the country politically, and launched a political offensive to expose the crimes of tyranny in Xia Jie, which laid a political foundation for the victory of the war. In military strategy, with the assistance of Yi Yin and Zhong Yuan, he cleverly planned "to be in an invincible position first", wiped out Xia Jie's wings one by one, isolated Xia Houshi, and finally conquered Xiayi in one fell swoop. Specifically, he achieved the following main steps.
First, creatively carry out "housing" activities. In order to thoroughly understand the internal situation of Xia Jie, Shang Tang boldly sent Yi Yin to Xia Jie to act as a spy for many times, and mastered the chaotic situation of "upside down and boiling public grievances" in the Xia Dynasty. Know yourself and yourself, and then implement your own strategic policy in a targeted manner.
Second, weaken first and then strengthen, from near to far, remove Xia Jie's wings and complete its strategic encirclement. At that time, the overall strength of Xia Dynasty was still greater than that of Shang tribe. In this case, Shang Tang did not immediately attack the Xia Dynasty directly, but adopted the correct policy of weakening first and then strengthening, and losing its wings to create conditions for the final decisive battle. He aimed his first goal at Ge, the vassal of Xia, and set out to destroy Ge in the name of revenge for the teenager. This is not only a wing of Xia Jie, but also greatly enhances its political prestige. Then we concentrated our forces, wiped out Wei and Gu successively, and attacked the last pillar that was wiped out, that is, the more powerful Kunwu. In this way, Shang Tang completed the strategic encirclement of Jieli and opened the way for the final elimination of Jieli.
Third, correctly choose and grasp the decisive battle opportunity. After completing the strategic siege of Xia Jie, Shang Tang remained very cautious about the final decisive battle. After repeated trials, a decision was finally made. As the saying goes, "Take a step forward." The Xia Dynasty, founded nearly 400 years ago, still had considerable strength even in the face of extinction. When Shang Tang stopped paying tribute to Xia Jie to test his reaction, Xia Jie mobilized the division of Jiuyi to prepare a crusade against Shang Tang. Shang Tang, according to the situation, immediately "apologize, restore the tribute", stabilize Xia Jie, continue to accumulate strength and wait for the opportunity. It was soon reported that Xia Jie had killed important officials and abandoned his relatives. Shang Tang once again stopped paying tribute to Xia Jie. This time, Xia Jie's baton completely failed, which was too much for the teachers of September 1st. There is a public boycott from Ai. Shang Tang felt that the time was ripe for cutting Jie, and decisively ordered him to arise.
About BC 1766, Shang Tang formally set out to attack the summer. Before the war, he held a solemn oath, recounting Xia Jie's crimes of destroying production and brutally exploiting and oppressing the people. He declared that he conquered Xia Jie by the will of God in order to save the people from the mire. Shang Tang also announced strict battlefield discipline. This swearing-in has greatly boosted morale. After taking an oath before the war, Shang Tang chose 70 good cars and 6,000 people who were "destined to be". He joined forces with armies of various countries, made a strategic detour to the west of Zhixia, and made a surprise attack on Xiadu. Xia Jie, heedless of the news, refused to move westward, and launched a strategic decisive battle with the Shang Tang army in Mingtiao (now near Luoyang, Henan). In the decisive battle, Shang Tang's army fought bravely and defeated Xia Jie's main force in one fell swoop. Xia Jie retreated to the Three Kingdoms (now Dingtao East, Shandong Province). Shang Tang carried forward the style of quick victory and continuous fighting, pursued the victory and eliminated the three forks. At the end of the road, Xia Jie led a few down archers to the South Nest (now south of Shouxian County, An Wei), and soon died of illness, and the Xia Dynasty was declared extinct. Shang Tang returned to Xibo (now Yanshi West, Henan Province) and held a meeting of "The Life of Jingbo" attended by many governors, which won the support of 3,000 governors and achieved the status of governors all over the world. In this way, on the ruins of the Xia Dynasty, a new and powerful ruling dynasty, Shang, was established.
Shang Tang's "revolution" was a political progress, and the war of mediation was a brilliant masterpiece in China's military history. It is the earliest successful example of China in ancient times. Through the comprehensive application of "cutting tactics", "cutting tactics" and "using tactics", it won a rapid victory in the war. It had a far-reaching impact on the development of the war and the construction of military theory.
Battle of Mu Ye
The Battle of Makino was a strategic decisive battle during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, when Zhou Wuwang, assisted by Lv Wang and others, led an army to attack Shang Song (now Qixian County, Henan Province) and defeated Shang Dynasty in Mu Ye (now south of Qixian County and north of Weihe River). The Shang Dynasty established by Shang Tang experienced initial prosperity, middle decline, revival, prosperity and weakness, and entered the abyss of comprehensive crisis when Shang Zhouwang (Di Xin) ascended the throne. Under the rule of sealing the king, Yin Shang was politically corrupt, severely punished and severely punished, and used troops overseas for years. The people were overwhelmed and miserable. There are many contradictions among nobles, which lead to the whole society's turmoil and the chaotic situation of "like cockroaches, like boiling soup". In sharp contrast to the dying Shang Dynasty, the national situation of Zhou, the western vassal state of Shang Dynasty, was prosperous as the sun. The active management of Gong Liu, Gu Gongqi and Wang Ji. , make Zhou quickly became strong, and its power extended to Jianghan Basin. After Qi Changwang ascended the throne, he appointed Lu Shang, a wise man familiar with the internal situation of Shang Dynasty, to "plot against commercial politics" and actively engage in the great cause of cutting down and destroying merchants.
King Wen laid a solid foundation for the start of the battle of Makino and the completion of the great cause of "Maoshang". Politically, he actively worked in Xiu De to do good deeds, enrich the people and enrich the country, recruit talents and develop production, resulting in a distinct political situation of "land to the tiller, legacy of officials, closed cities without expropriation, no ban on beams, and no burial of sinners". His policy of "kindness, respect for the elderly, lack of kindness and respect for the virtuous" won wide support from the people and consolidated internal unity. While clarifying his internal affairs, he launched an active political and diplomatic offensive against Shang and Zhou, demanding that Shang and Zhou "get rid of the punishment of branding", striving for cooperation with China and isolating Shang and Zhou to the maximum extent.
King Wen fairly handled the territorial disputes between Switzerland and promulgated the law of "hunting fugitive slaves" to protect the vested interests of slave owners. Through these measures, King Wen expanded his political influence, disintegrated the princes of Shang Dynasty, and won a great victory in the struggle of "breaking off diplomatic relations". When dealing with the relationship between Shang and Zhou Dynasties, King Wen showed deference to businessmen to paralyze Zhou Wang. He once led a vassal on a pilgrimage to Zhou Wang to show his so-called "loyalty". At the same time, they started a large-scale construction project, "lining up maids, beating gongs and drums", pretending to be greedy for pleasure, deceiving Zhou Wang, inducing him to relax his vigilance and ensuring that the preparations for commercial extinction can be carried out smoothly in the dark.
After all the preparations were basically ready, Wen Wang, with the assistance of Lu Shang, formulated the correct military strategic policy of attacking Zhou. The first step is to form a strategic encirclement of business songs. To this end, King Wen first fought in the northwest and southwest, and successively conquered countries such as Gourong, Ruan, and * * *, eliminating worries. Then, the military forces were organized to develop eastward and cross the Yellow River eastward, successively destroying important vassal states such as Li, Yong and Chong, opening the way for attacking merchants. At this point, Zhou has been in a favorable situation of "two thirds of the world", and it is only a matter of time before it is cut down.
King Wen died on the eve of the completion of the great cause of Shang, and his son succeeded him. After he ascended the throne, he inherited Nai's father's legacy, followed the established strategic policy and stepped up implementation: he made an alliance with the princes (now northeast of Jin Meng, Henan Province) and sent spies to prepare for an opportunity to recruit troops.
At that time, I felt that Zhou people posed a serious threat to myself and decided to fight Zhou. However, this planned military action was shattered by the rebellion of Dongyi nationality. In order to quell the rebellion in Dongyi, Zhou Wang mobilized troops to attack Dongyi with all his strength, which caused great emptiness in the western front. At the same time, the internal contradictions of the Shang dynasty ruling group became fierce. The Shang and Zhou Dynasties acted as rejecters, wantonly killing the royal family, imprisoning Ji Zi and driving away the heretics. King Wu, Lu Shang and others seized this favorable fighter plane and decided to make use of the virtual gap and cut it on a large scale to win World War I.
In the first month of BC 1027 (BC 1057), Zhou Wuwang took command of 300 chariots, 3,000 warriors and 45,000 soldiers, and was an eastern conqueror. At the end of the same month, Zhou Jun arrived and joined forces with the tribes of Yong, Lu, Peng, Pu, Shu (all in the present Hanshui River Basin), Qiang, Wei (all in the present Weishui River Basin) and Xun (all in the present Pinglu South of Shanxi Province). Taking advantage of the favorable situation of the merchants' hearts, they led their headquarters and the departments that fought against them, and marched eastward rapidly in the rain on 1 28. After crossing the Yellow River from Bidi (now Sishui Town, Xingyang, Henan Province), it went north to worship the spring (now northwest of Huixian County, Henan Province), turned east and pointed to Chao Ge. Zhou Shi didn't encounter resistance from the Shang army along the way, so he entered smoothly. After only six days' walk, he arrived at Konoha at dawn on the fourth day of February. The news of Zhou Jun's attack reached Chao Ge, and the Shang Dynasty fell into a panic. In desperation, Shang Zhouwang had to deploy defense in a hurry. But at this time, the main force of the Shang army is still far away in the southeast and cannot be transferred back immediately. So we had to arm a large number of slaves, plus merchants guarding the capital, about170,000 people (700,000 is hard to believe), led by ourselves, and went to Konoha to face Zhou Shi. In the early morning of the fifth day of February, Zhou Jun ended the fighting and solemnly swore an oath, which is known in history as "pastoral oath". Before the battle, King Wu denounced Zhou Wang's many crimes, such as listening to the slanderers of his favorite concubine, not offering sacrifices to his ancestors, luring sinners and fleeing slaves from all directions, and harming the people, which aroused the enemy's resentment and fighting spirit towards the conscripts. Then, King Wu solemnly announced the action requirements and military discipline in the battle: every six or seven steps forward, all steps to maintain formation must be stopped; Every time you stab four or five times or six or seven times, you should stop taking it and stabilize your position together. In order to disintegrate the commercial army, Shen Yan was not allowed to kill the surrenders. After being sworn in, King Wu ordered a general attack on the commercial army. First, he created "the teacher is still the father, and the centurion is the teacher", that is, Lu Shang led some elite assault troops to challenge the Shang army in order to contain, confuse the enemy and disrupt their positions. Slaves and prisoners of war in the Shang army turned their hearts to King Wu. At this time, they all revolted and turned their spears to help Zhou Shuai fight. King Wu took advantage of the situation and violently killed the enemy with "big pawn (main force) rushing to the imperial division" So hundreds of thousands of merchants collapsed in an instant. When Zhou Wang saw that the tide had ebbed, he fled back to Chao Ge in panic that night and set himself on fire on the deer platform. He attacked, captured Chao Ge and wiped out the Shang Dynasty.
Later, the king of Wu divided his troops into four parts, conquering governors from all over the Shang Dynasty and eliminating the remnants of the Shang Dynasty.
It is no accident that Zhou Jun completely won the battle of Makino. First of all, it is the result of Zhou Wenwang and Zhou Wuwang's long-term correct use of "logging" and "logging" strategies. It has played an active role in winning people's hearts, killing the enemy's wings, paralyzing opponents and establishing an anti-business United front. Secondly, the timing of the decisive battle was correct, that is, when the main expedition of the Shang division did not return to Dongyi and the Shang Dynasty fell apart, the feudal Coalition forces were decisively commanded to carry out strategic raids, thus leaving the enemy in a strategic and tactical position and passive, and there was no time for effective resistance. The third is to launch the pledge of allegiance before the war in a timely manner, take stock of the crimes committed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and announce the essentials of combat operations and battlefield discipline in order to boost morale and disintegrate the enemy. Fourth, in the battle command of Konoha's decisive battle, we should be good at using the odd and the right, and give the enemy a clever and violent blow, making it completely collapse in an instant.
Shang Zhouwang's rapid downfall was naturally due to the political corruption, rampant extortion and cruel laws of the ruling group of the Shang Dynasty, which led to the loss of popular support and betrayal of relatives and friends. Secondly, the long-term plundering war against the East weakened the strength and caused the imbalance of military deployment. Third, the rulers of Yin and Shang dynasties lacked vigilance against the strategic intentions of the Zhou people, relaxed their vigilance and took the consequences at their own risk; Fourth, passive inaction in operational command. Coupled with the sudden uprising of slaves in the army, it is inevitable that they will be defeated.
The Battle of Makino is a famous example in the early period of the ancient car war in China. It ended the 600-year rule of the Shang Dynasty, established the ruling order of the Zhou Dynasty over the Central Plains, paved the way for the all-round prosperity of slavery and ritual and music civilization in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and had a far-reaching impact on the subsequent historical development. The strategy and fighting art embodied in it are also of great significance to the development of ancient military thought.
Battle of Gege
Ge Ge (now Changgebei, Henan Province) defeated Zhou's allied forces, which is also one of the most remarkable signs in the military field after the history entered the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, when Zhou was weak and vassal States rose up, disobeyed the emperor's orders and competed for hegemony.
In the early years of the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou, who moved eastward to Luoyi, nominally retained his position as the master of the world, but in fact his power had plummeted, and the area under his direct rule was shrinking day by day, making it impossible to command other governors. In this situation, some governors took the opportunity to stand out and covet and compete for hegemony, among which Zheng, located in the hinterland of the Central Plains, rose first in this struggle and became the most powerful and prestigious country among the governors at that time.
Although Zheng began to enfeoffment in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, its founding monarch Zheng Huangong was the youngest son of Zhou Liwang, and was closely related to the Zhou royal family, so he was always dependent on the Zhou royal family and was appointed as a royal official to preside over the central affairs of the Zhou Dynasty. In addition, Zheng Huangong also moved the domestic people from Guanzhong area to Xinzheng County, Henan Province, occupying a world-famous place extending in all directions. Therefore, the country is thriving and becoming a pivotal force among vassal States and nations.
After he acceded to the throne, relying on his strong national strength and favorable conditions for being a powerful minister, he tried his best to expand his territory and invade vassals, further enhancing Zheng's strength. In military diplomacy, his main strategy and means are to win over Qi and Lu, weaken Wei, Song, Chen and Cai, and destroy Xu, resulting in a "small hegemony" situation. With the growth of political and military strength, his attitude towards the Zhou royal family became more and more arrogant and unruly, and he no longer paid attention to the king's life. In this way, the contradiction between Zhou and Zheng became a sharp tax, and the battle of Ge was the product of this contradiction. As early as the reign, there was mutual distrust between Zhou and Zheng, and there was a "Zhou Zheng hostage" incident, that is, his son stayed in Zheng as a hostage, and Zheng's son suddenly lived in Luoyi, the capital of Zhou. After Zhou Huan-wang succeeded to the throne, he was even more disgusted with his arrogance, so he gave the state political commissar to Guo Gong, and later even deprived him of his official position and took part of Zheng's land for himself.
Zheng Zhuanggong became angry from embarrassment and never went to worship King Huan of Zhou again. The contradiction between the two countries has reached the point of explosive. King Huan of Zhou could not tolerate the offensive behavior, so in the autumn of 707 BC, he personally led Zhou Jun and the armies of Chen, Cai, Wei and other vassal States to slash Zheng, and a great war finally broke out on the battlefield in the Central Plains.
When Zheng Zhuanggong heard that Zhou's multinational troops came among the people, he commanded the army to meet him. Soon, the two armies met in Gege. In order to win the decisive battle, the two sides quickly dispatched troops and deployed troops. King Huan of Zhou divided the allied forces into three armies, the father of which was the right army, and Cai and Wei Jun were the right army. Zuo Jun was under the command of Duke Zhou and Duke Qing, and Chen Jun was subordinate to it. Zhong Jun was personally commanded by Huan Wang. Zheng Jun also made necessary and sufficient arrangements according to the situation and characteristics of the allied forces around the room. They also divided Zheng Jun into three parts: Zhong Jun, Left Rejection (although it means "Force Array") and Right Rejection. Zheng Zhuanggong, Fan Yuan, Gao Qumi and others led Zhong Jun, with Jizhong commanding left refusal and Mambo commanding right refusal. Prepare to fight Zhou Jun.
Before the war, Dr. Zheng made a correct analysis of the enemy's situation in view of the composition of the Coalition forces. He pointed out that the situation in Chen Guo is turbulent, so its army has no fighting spirit. If Chen Jun's week is attacked first, Chen Jun will surely collapse soon. However, Cai Weijun's fighting capacity is not strong. At that time, under the attack of Zheng Jun, it will be difficult to compete and retreat first. In view of this actual situation, Gong Ziyuan suggested that Zheng Jun first break the weak left and right wings of the allied forces, and then concentrate his forces on attacking the main force of the allied forces commanded by Zhou himself. His suggestion was very reasonable, so it was accepted by Zheng Zhuanggong.
Gao Qumi, another doctor of the State of Zheng, in view of the lesson that in the past, when the vassal allied forces attacked the northern land, the vanguard soldiers were broken, and the subsequent chariots lost their cover, so that they could not attack and lost, he put forward the suggestion of changing the clumsy cooperative combat mode of chariots and infantry in the past and weaving them into a "fish-beautiful array" to meet the enemy. The so-called "beautiful array of fish" is characterized by "leaning first and fighting later" and "fighting each other", that is, the chariots are arranged in front, and the infantry are evacuated on both sides and rear of the chariots, forming a coordinated and flexible whole. Zheng Zhuanggong is a ruler who is good at accepting new things, so his new tactical suggestions are also adopted by him.
After the battle began, Zheng Jun took the initiative to launch a fierce attack on the allied forces in Zhou's territory in accordance with the established operational deployment: "the flag is moving and the drums are beating" and the drums are marching forward. Dr. Zheng Manbo directed Zheng Youjun's phalanx to attack Chen Jun on the left of Zhou's allied forces first. As expected, Chen's soldiers had no fighting spirit. When he fled the battlefield, the left wing of Zhou's allied forces collapsed. At the same time, Ji Zhong also directed Zheng Jun's left phalanx to attack Cai Wei Jun's Zhou right-wing troops. Cai Weijun's situation is not better than Chen Jun's. After a little confrontation, he lost one after another. Zhou was disturbed by the routed troops, and the battle immediately fell into chaos. Seeing this, he immediately waved the flag to command the original numerous attacks on Zhou. Zheng's left and right phalanxes, commanded by Ji Zhong and Mambo respectively, also attacked together.
When Zheng Jun's commander saw Zhou Shi's rout, he was very excited. Zhu Yong and others suggested to proceed immediately and expand the results, but Zheng Zhuanggong refused. His view is that "a gentleman doesn't want many people, how dare he be the son of heaven?" So the battlefield is so quiet. The implication of Zheng Zhuanggong's doing this is that although Zhou's position is not what it used to be, his prestige is still there, and he should not offend too much, which will cause hostility and opposition from other vassal States.
To this end, he also sent people to offer sacrifices to the injured King Huan of Zhou overnight to ease the sharp contradiction between the two countries. There are three main reasons why Zheng Jun won the battle.
First, the main attack direction was correctly selected and a reasonable attack procedure was formulated. Because the two wings of the Zhou Coalition are very weak, especially Chen Jun, who is the left wing, is the weakest. Zheng Jun attacked his left wing first, then his right wing, and then concentrated his forces to attack the operational headquarters of China army, which hit the weak link of Zhou's allied formation, thus winning the battle.
The second is the correct use of advanced tactics. It created a "beautiful fish array", which made the chariots and foot soldiers cooperate well, greatly improved the combat effectiveness of Zheng Jun, and was limited to the passive failure of Zhou's allied forces in the traditional car warfare tactics.
The third is to grasp the scale of advance and retreat in a timely manner, stop chasing in time to win the battle, not only strive for political initiative, but also retain the achievements of military victory. The battle of Gege had a great influence on politics and military affairs. Politically, Zhou Tianzi was discredited, and the tradition of "ritual and music conquering from the emperor" died out. Militarily, the appearance of "the array of fish and beauty" gradually made the tactics of ancient vehicles in China more rigorous and flexible, and effectively promoted the innovation and evolution of ancient tactics.
Battle of spoons
The Battle of the Long Spoon, which took place in the spring of the 13th year of King Zhouzhuang (684 BC), was a battle between the two vassal states of Qilu in the early years of the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was also a famous example of the war of defeating the strong with the weak in Chinese history.
Since Zhou Ping and Dong Wang moved their capital to Luoyi in 770 BC, the history of China has entered the Spring and Autumn Period when vassal states merged and great powers competed for hegemony. Qi and Lu were both important vassal States in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and they were adjacent to each other. In the turbulent situation at that time, various contradictions inevitably occurred, and the intensification of contradictions and conflicts will inevitably lead to the result of war between the two countries. The battle of the long spoon is the product of this special historical condition.
At that time, Lu was based in Qufu (now Qufu, Shandong Province), the capital of southwest Shandong Province. It kept the tradition of rites and music in Zhou Zong society and was in a second-class position in the country during the Spring and Autumn Period. Compared with Qi, its territory and national strength are at a relative disadvantage. As for the State of Qi, it is the fief of Lv Wang, Jiang Taigong, which governs the vast area of northeast Shandong today, with Linzi (now northeast of Zibo, Shandong) as its capital. The land there is fertile and rich in fish and salt. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Taigong has implemented a series of correct policies, such as "simplifying rituals according to customs", "developing the economy according to local conditions", "promoting talents" and "cultivating monasteries", and thus became a leading country in the East from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period. It is against this background that the battle of the long spoon broke out.
In the winter of 686 BC, there was a turmoil in the court of Qi State. Qi Xianggong's cousin, Gongsun, killed Xianggong in ignorance and made himself king. A few months later, he killed Sun Ignorant Yong, making the throne of Qi empty. At that time, Xiao Bai, the son in exile, and Gong Zijiu, the younger brother, both wanted to take the opportunity to return to China to inherit the throne, so there was a battle for the throne. As a result, his son Xiao Bai ascended the throne first and took the lead in entering this country. He is the famous Qi Huangong in history. Miyako, on the other hand, was unlucky and lost his life in this power struggle. Guan Zhong, his important adviser, was also transferred to Qi Huangong by Luo Zhi, and later became an important founder of Qi Huangong's hegemony.
Lu was on Gong Zijiu's side in this internal struggle of Qi, and once publicly sent troops to support Gong Zijiu's return to China to reign. But the result was a dry battle, and the defeat was like a mountain. What Lu did led to the further intensification of the conflict between Qilu and Qilu, and I was even more worried about it and refused to leave it at that, which eventually led to the outbreak of the battle of the long spoon.
In the spring of 684 BC, after consolidating the throne, relying on his own strength, regardless of Guan Zhong's advice, he decided to start a crusade against Lu, in retaliation for the feud that Lu supported Gong Zijiu's restoration a year ago, in an attempt to conquer Lu and expand the power of Qi. Duke Zhuang of Lu was in power at that time. When he heard that the Qi army was attacking on a large scale, he decided to mobilize the whole country to fight against the Qi army.
Just as Duke Zhuang of Lu was preparing to send troops to fight, there was a man named Cao Gui in Lu who thought that the ruler was incompetent and had no long-term plans. He couldn't bear to see his country being ravaged by the Qi army, so he went to see Zhuang Gong and asked to participate in the war. Cao Gui asked Zhuang Gong what he relied on to fight against Qi. Duke Zhuang of Lu said that clothes and food should always be given to his deputy, and he dared not enjoy them alone. Cao Gui pointed out that this is only a small favor, which cannot be applied to the whole country, and the people will not contribute to the fighting. Duke Zhuang of Lu also said that he was very devout to the gods, and he never dared to make a false report about the sacrifice to the gods of heaven and earth, and he kept his word. However, Cao Gui believes that keeping a little faith in God may not touch the gods, and God will not bless them. Duke Zhuang of Lu thought for a moment, and added: Although we can't see the civil prison proceedings clearly, we should handle them reasonably. At this time, it is the monarch's responsibility to do good for the people and have the basic conditions for a showdown with Qi. To this end, he asked to go to the battlefield with Lu Zhuanggong, and Lu Zhuanggong agreed to this request, allowing him to take a car with himself to go to Changshao.
According to the objective situation that Qi is strong and Lu is weak, the Lu army joined forces with the invading Qi car in Changshao (now north of Qufu, Shandong, northeast of Laiwu). Both armies are ready for a decisive battle. After the battle, Duke Zhuang of Lu was ready to order drums to attack the Qi army, hoping to strike first. When Cao Gui saw this, he quickly dissuaded him, suggesting that Zhuang Gong hold his ground and wait for an opportunity to break the enemy. Duke Zhuang of Lu accepted Cao Gui's suggestion and held his ground for the time being. The Qi army, eager for success, took the initiative to launch a fierce attack on the Lu army with its strong military superiority. However, its three consecutive attacks were defeated under the strict defense of the Lu army, which failed to achieve the goal of preemptive action, but led to the decline of its own combat power and low morale. When Cao Gui saw that the time had come, he suggested that Zhuang Gong fight back. Zhuanggong listened to his suggestion and ordered the Lujun to attack on all fronts. Lu Jun's morale was high, and he rushed to the enemy bravely and quickly, which dispersed the traffic of Qi Army and defeated Qi Army. Seeing that the Qi army was losing ground, Zhuang Gong was anxious to order the pursuit, but was dissuaded by Cao Gui. Cao Gui got off the bus and looked at it carefully, and found that the rut marks of the Qi army were disordered; I boarded the bus and looked far away, only to see the flag of the Qi army stagger (I can only go here because of the limitation of words, so I will continue in the comments after adopting the answer)