Author: wuyurenshen posted a post on the cat's eye to see people in Kaidi Network. net
In fact, Chongzhen never said this sentence, which was summarized by later generations according to his will. His will content is: I am cool and respectful, but I blame heaven. I have no face to see my ancestors when I die, and I have to go to the crown to cover my face. Let thieves split, and no one will be hurt. It means: I died because of my lack of virtue and God's opposition (natural disasters lasted for more than ten years at that time), but these ministers also harmed me.
why did chongzhen say that? It can be said that Chongzhen was an emperor who was very conscious of the situation at that time. He deeply understood the great crisis of the Ming Dynasty. When the minister accused him of seeking treatment too quickly, he replied: If you don't overdo it at this time, when can peace be expected? He intends to face the reality and mobilize his ministers to find out the disadvantages together, even he himself is the most fierce critic of reality. In the fourth year of Chongzhen, he used the drought as a topic to urge him to reflect on the DPRK, and listed eleven kinds of serious unhealthy tendencies in one breath: first, his lieutenants were "blinded by many things" and did not tell the truth; Second, "improper employment", talented and capable people can not use it; Third, "the person who is in charge is shirking", and the corpse is vegetarian, and it is wise to stay alive; Fourth, "the penalty is missed, but there are many wrongs at the bottom of the prison", and judicial corruption; Five, "the ink collectors are vertical and horizontal, while the small people are lost", and the grassroots officials do evil and oppress the people; Sixth, "Zun Yong's reinforcements will disturb the indigenous people", and the troops sent to the front lines of Zunhua and Yongping will disturb the people; Seven, "Qin, Jin's husband, innocent", in the process of recruiting husbands in Shanxi and Shaanxi, killing people at will; Eight, "the official's participation in the discussion, repairing grievances and favoritism", the official responsible for picketing the political discipline, not exercising his powers impartially, but doping personal purposes; Nine, "the move of caressing and pressing is disintegrated, depending on the bribe", local officials decide on the recommendation or participation of subordinates according to the bribe; Ten, "the province, the direct call to buy, secretly send poor Lebanon", the provinces and the north and south Zhili, the burden of the tax is mainly imposed on the poor; Eleven, "the people in the frontier fortress paste, pocketing more", the state's grain used for border defense and military affairs was embezzled in large quantities.
If Chongzhen had been born decades earlier and had been an emperor at that time, he would have stood out from the crowd and would definitely go down in history as an accomplished and extraordinary emperor. Unfortunately, by the time of the Ming Dynasty in 1627, all this was useless, and history demanded more from Zhu Youjian than this. As usual, it is rare to be so brave in breaking bad politics; But now, he must not only be able to break, but also be able to stand. The country is riddled with holes and is in danger, and something must be done. In terms of "breaking", Chongzhen did a good job, but for "standing", he couldn't come up with any way.
subjectively speaking, he really worked hard. He once said: "Since Yuji, I have been working hard all night, calling the platform repeatedly, and the antique merchants who are diligent in words are really confused, and they are lazy, weak, lazy, empty and so on ... I am eager to Jing Dialect:" Jing, thinking also. " Zi Lin: "Jing, Shen Ye." Being sincere means your sincere thoughts. * * * You, my officials, have washed away the habit of bullying and playing with decadent habits, and * * * have earned great achievements. "{174} This is a fact, not to cry roast meat. The "calling platform" mentioned in it means that the emperor personally met with his ministers and handled daily government affairs. This situation has basically disappeared since the sixth generation of Emperor Wu Zong. Zhu Youjian not only restored it, but also persisted. He solemnly promised that, except for the extreme weather such as the extreme heat and cold, "I played all the chapters in the Royal Wenhua Hall at that time, and I added details to the assistant minister's face, so that I could do it properly."
his understanding of such a bad situation lies in the point of official management. He wants to focus on official management.
does that make sense? That makes sense. After the four dynasties of Zhengde, Jiajing, Wanli and Apocalypse, it was the "scholar" class that was most thoroughly destroyed. Faith is completely lost, and ethics and professional ethics also fall apart. Everyone is cheating and cheating at the expense of the public and private interests.
However, although Chongzhen knew where the problem was, he couldn't come up with a solution.
[repost] Super national subjugator: the bureaucratic clown in the tragedy of the late Ming Dynasty
Author: liyu3455 posted a post on the cat's eye to see people in Kaidi Network. net
In the first half of the 17th century, the last Han Dynasty in Chinese history was dying, just waiting for the last bell to ring.
Ironically, at that time, China had the most complete and tall moral system, the most complete and full civil service mechanism, the most "advanced" talent promotion reserve system (imperial examination), the largest bureaucratic team and the most advanced military system following the Tang Dynasty.
When Li Zicheng's army had occupied Taiyuan and was about to arrive in Beijing via Xuanbing, Emperor Chongzhen asked Zhang Jinyan, the minister of the Ministry of War, why he didn't know the military situation and didn't send reconnaissance cavalry.
the defense minister replied: riding a detective needs work and food, and I have no money, so I can't investigate riding.
Twenty-one days later, Chongzhen ended his life in jingshan park.
In the first half of this month, Chongzhen told a group of speechless senior bureaucrats his last famous words:
"I am not the king of subjugation, but all ministers are ministers of subjugation!"
he woke up too late.
In the late Ming Dynasty, the officialdom in China had a super-subjugated minister, who could stand out in history. Many historians love to explain the origin of the tragedy from the character tragedy of Chongzhen, and many people regard Chongzhen's killing of Yuan Chonghuan as the cause of the defeat of the whole era, but we have all forgotten that under the guidance of Confucius, Mencius, Cheng Zhu's brilliant thoughts, Chongzhen was just the sacrifice and sacrifice of a group of shameless, incompetent and unscrupulous clowns; Of course, together with the end, there is a ray of dawn of our entire nation and civilization.
Chongzhen's death was a slap in the face of all bureaucrats who falsely and hypocritically clamored for morality, Taoism, propriety, benevolence and filial piety, and always shouted for people's livelihood.
The ethical code that started from Dong Zhongshu collapsed on the day when he died in Chongzhen. Today, more than 3 years later, we may be understanding what all the grandiose and false things are in the clown system and what kind of tools are in our hands.
1. Xiong Wencan
A native of Guizhou, he was a scholar in the thirty-fifth year of Wanli. In the early years of Chongzhen, he captured the famous pirate Zheng Zhilong, Zheng Chenggong's father (who was killed during the reign of Emperor Kangxi).
In the last years of Chongzhen, he was the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and the governor of Guangdong. His ambition was to be a Taiping official in the south of Fujian and Guangdong. For this reason, he kept close contacts with the DPRK authorities and paid bribes constantly, and gained a good reputation for being able to understand the military and being clean.
On this day, a eunuch came to the palace. It is said that he went to Guangxi to buy pearls for the emperor. How could Governor Xiong miss such a good opportunity? He immediately paid tribute to the marquis, and after ten days of feasting, he accidentally mentioned the Liaodong crisis in the Central Plains. The eunuch lamented the incompetence of the country and made the Lord very worried.
Xiong immediately patted his chest and made a statement. He shouted at the courtiers for their mistakes in the country. If I was asked to go by the divine will, how could the war be ruined here? !
However, I don't want the eunuch to stand up in surprise and show his attitude: shopping is fake, and I want to find out your attitude and talents for the emperor. Based on my observation of you these days, you have a great talent and a rough idea, and you are the only one who can swing around in the plain.
Xiong Wencan ate Rhizoma Coptidis dumb.
Chongzhen was skeptical about him, but he was very satisfied with the report of this trial. Coupled with Yang Sichang's strong recommendation, he was quickly appointed as the military affairs prime minister of five provinces with the title of Minister of War. Xiong Wencan, who regretted it, first wrote a letter about "five difficulties and four impossibilities" and was rejected. He had to recruit 2, firearms soldiers as guards in Guangdong. Before he left, he went to the monk to ask for divination. The monk said, "It is best to ask for help." So I have a little backbone.
Just after taking over the military plane, Zuo Liangyu was forced to disband the guards, so he complained to Chongzhen, hoping to send more border troops to himself. After getting 5, men, he was afraid of shortage. He also wrote to the emperor, saying: I passed through Hunan and Hubei, and saw that rice was rich, which was too attractive for thieves. The emperor should order all the property and grain in the farm to be moved to the city. When the bandits saw that there was nothing to rob, they naturally withdrew without fighting.
when the paper was handed over, it immediately became a political joke at that time.
After years of operation in Yang Sichang, the peasant army finally improved. The famous soldier Zuo Liangyu defeated Zhang Xianzhong in Nanyang, and Xiong Wencan immediately appealed. Even the eunuchs in the prison saw that Zhang Xianzhong could not be appeased, and Yang Sichang was determined to suppress it. However, Zhang Xianzhong saw how much the mediocre Xiong Wencan wanted to make great achievements without bloodshed, and sent someone to send two pieces of jasper with a long foot and two pearls with an inch, begging for surrender. Without thinking, Xiong Wencan agreed in Lima, and promised to pay 1, people six months' salary immediately. (It cost two million and two thousand dollars before and after) He sneered at the suggestion that his generals should take advantage of surrender to kill Zhang Xianzhong.
As a result, Zhang Xianzhong did not leave a single soldier, but also occupied the officially designated rest and recuperation place.
In September of the 11th year of Chongzhen, Manchu crossed the Great Wall and attacked Shandong, resulting in Lu Xiangsheng's death, Sun Chuanting's imprisonment and Hong Chengchou's transfer to Liaodong. The premise of this transfer was that Chongzhen thought that Zhang Xianzhong and others were no longer a threat on Anne's issue (Li Zicheng had been defeated by Hong and Sun).
So in the winter of this year, the famous "Double Heroes' Meeting" took place in history. Li Zicheng went to Gucheng to pay a visit to Zhang Xianzhong, and was sent to fight for more troops, and his vitality began to recover.
At the beginning of the twelfth year of Chongzhen, Zhang Xianzhong finished his self-cultivation, and posted notices everywhere, announcing to the local people that Xiong Wencan "blamed the golden beads" and "was forced by rebellion!" Even the details of the bribery of officials such as Xiong were posted ... Why officials should give priority to zhaofu finally came to light!
Xiong Wencan was ashamed, but at the same time he complained to the wicked first, saying that the emperor shirked his responsibility and prevented Zuo Liangyu from sending troops. After the imperial edict of Chongzhen ordered him to be removed from office and "redeem himself by meritorious service", he forced Zuo Liangyu to rush out in disregard of the military situation. As a result, he was ambushed by Zhang Xianzhong and lost all his elite.
under the leadership and influence of Zhang Xianzhong, the peasant armies of all walks of life who were recruited before rebelled in an all-round way. Since then, the civil strife in the Ming Dynasty has been out of control. Xiong Wencan's recommender and mentor, Yang Sichang, also died of anxiety and illness because of Zhang Xianzhong's attack on Xiangyang.
Although Xiong Wencan was arrested and imprisoned in Beijing, his stupidity and incompetence directly led to the re-erosion of the domestic war. It was through his hands that the two great rivals of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zicheng, were able to recuperate and make a comeback, but the results were ruined in the first ten years.
why do you want to say that the national subjugator does not approve the national subjugator?
I've read a lot of words denouncing the Ming dynasty's kings' ignorance and violence, but excluding the slander of the later dynasties, since Yongle in the Ming dynasty, many monarchs and emperors have been deeply involved in wrestling with civilian groups, and it's hard to get rid of them. Chongzhen once said, "I and the scholar-officials * * * run the world." (Zhou Yanru, the first official of Dangting, was introduced into the teacher's seat and addressed as Sir. The same thing can also be found in Wanli and Zhang Juzheng), a huge and extremely complex and energetic bureaucratic group, which often avoids talking about the restriction of imperial power in historical research, but in fact, the stable ruling power of the cabinet system in the Ming Dynasty is unmatched by all dynasties. Although Chongzhen is a powerful emperor who has been in power for 17 years, he has changed 5 records like a lantern. On the one hand, he can't believe the character defect, but it is always difficult to reconcile the relationship with civilian groups and find full support.
In the last days, Emperor Chongzhen, who had to give up the plan of moving south because of the insistence of the cabinet minister (which had a great influence on later generations, which will be described in detail later), once said to Chen Yan, the records,
"I don't want to do it, my husband insists on it, but I don't want to do it."
This is probably another little-known aspect of the Ming emperors who were opinionated, suspicious and dogmatic in general historical theories.
What is a clown? Besides Xiong Wencan, I want to clarify my own point of view: the country is responsible for its own duties and its meaning, and the emperor can never bear it alone. All along, people like to blame all kinds of emperors for the festering side of national history. Excuse me, does this reflect some brands and things in our bones? The nation is strong, we are attributed to the wise emperor, the country is declining, and we are attributed to the incompetence of the tyrant. Then, whether this nation is advanced or not depends only on more than 4 individuals of all kinds! ?
We can see in history that, as the actual ruling class of that society, the scholar-officials in the late Ming Dynasty played an extremely important and disgraceful role in the process of the country's downfall, so that a border official wrote a letter to Chongzhen in his last days, saying sharply: auxiliary ministers are not enough, and state affairs cannot be blamed!
Let's look at how the literati and bureaucrats trained by Cheng Zhu, Confucius and Mencius performed their own farce in those days.
Second, Wu Xiang
This Ningyuan company commander is the father of Wu Sangui, the famous king of the day in the future. Ten days before Li Zicheng's attack on Beijing, Chen Yan and Wei Zaode, the cabinet ministers' records, repeatedly blocked Chongzhen's transfer of Ning Guan fighters, the front line of Ningyuan, to Beijing Qinwang in order not to be suspected of "betraying the country" and "because of honor". Under the circumstance that Wu Sangui had already indicated that they could withdraw, a group of senior officials still pushed the Committee, and no one refused to write a plan to bear the blame in the future. As a last resort, they put forward the best compromise plan to avoid responsibility:
By this time, Li Zicheng's army was approaching the capital.
Chongzhen asked Wu Xiang what he thought of asking Ning Guan's fighters to be diligent.
"The land of our ancestors should not be abandoned."
Chongzhen consoled that this was his own idea, which had nothing to do with his father and son. At the same time, he asked: Do you think your son can retreat from the enemy?
Wu Xiang boasted impudently that if Li Chuang dared to attack, Sangui, a courtier, would be able to capture him alive. At the same time, he explained that the defeat of Zuo Liangyu and Sun Chuanting in the past was due to the lack of superiority in the number of soldiers, which was not a problem for Liaodong soldiers.