First, put people as the focus of management. Second, take organization and division of work as the basis of management. Third, it emphasizes the idea of ??consolidating the country in the late Shang Dynasty, which was based on agriculture. Fourth, it highlights the value of righteousness and emotion in management. Fifth, appreciate the use of strategies to achieve management goals. Sixth, use moderation as the benchmark for management behavior. Seventh, consider seeking common ground as an important value of management.

Confucianism

1. Overview of Confucianism ②

Confucianism basically adheres to the legislative principles of "kinship with relatives" and "respect for respect" and maintains "rule by etiquette" ”, advocating “Government by virtue” and attaching importance to “Government by people”. Confucianism had a great influence on feudal society and was regarded as orthodox by feudal rulers for a long time.

The fundamental meaning of Confucianism's "ritual rule" is "difference", that is, noble and humble, superior and inferior, elder and younger each have their own special behavioral norms. Only when there are proper etiquette for nobility, inferiority, elder and younger, relatives and strangers, can we achieve the ideal society of monarch, minister, father, son, elder brother, younger brother, husband and wife in the Confucian mind. The governance of a country depends on the stability of the hierarchical order. Confucian "ritual" is also a form of law. Its core is to maintain the patriarchal hierarchy. If you violate the norms of "ritual", you will be punished by "penalty".

The Confucian doctrine of "Government by Virtue" advocates the use of morality to influence and educate people. Confucianism believes that regardless of whether human nature is good or evil, morality can be used to influence and educate people. This kind of education method is a kind of psychological transformation, making people kind-hearted, aware of shame and without evil intentions. This is the most thorough, fundamental and positive approach and cannot be achieved by legal sanctions.

Confucianism's "Government of Man" doctrine is to value the specialization of people, value people's possible moral development, value people's sympathy, and treat people as capable of change and complex choices, initiative and "People" with ethical nature manage the idea of ??domination. From this perspective, the doctrine of "rule by virtue" and the doctrine of "rule by man" are closely related. "Government by virtue" emphasizes the process of enlightenment, while "rule by man" focuses on the moralizer himself, which is a kind of meritocratic politics. Because Confucianism believes that "personality" has great appeal, it has developed on this basis into extreme "government by people" doctrines such as "government depends on people" and "there is no way to rule people," etc.

2. The rule of law in the ancient sense ③

It can be said that the legal thought of Legalism is the "new learning" of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The so-called "new learning" is relative to the "old learning" of "ritual rule" represented by Confucianism. The differences between "new learning" and "old learning" can be attributed to the differences between the "rule of law" doctrine and the doctrine of "rule by etiquette", "rule by virtue" and "rule by man".

Legalism's "rule of law" doctrine has its own characteristics: it advocates intervention and opposes laissez-faire; it rejects the doctrine of "rule by man" and only advocates the doctrine of "rule of law"; it rejects "rule by etiquette" and does not recognize the existence of natural law; it advocates The country is supreme, and the interests of social groups and even blood relatives must be subordinated to the national interests of the monarch; opposition is nothing more than "rule by force." Legalist thinking is based on "materialism" as its starting point. It often pays attention to the environment here and now, and is convinced that the government is omnipotent, but does not recognize the sanctity of human personality. Its politics advocates strict intervention, but intervention must use objective "material standards" as a tool. This "material standard" is regarded as the law of "rules and balances", which does not allow rulers to arbitrarily judge people based on their opinions. People can only obtain freedom and equality within the scope allowed by the law. The spiritual essence of the "rule of law" doctrine is the "rule of things", so the "rule of law" doctrine is also called "the rule of things". ④On the one hand, it uses objective standards such as rules, weighings, measures, dimensions, etc. to measure all people in an objective, personal, and unchanging way; on the other hand, it treats people as objects. Governance. That is to say, people are treated as things that can be measured accurately and without hindrance using fixed, objective rules, dimensions and other "material standards", without considering people's special agency.

Compared with Confucianism's "rule by etiquette", Legalism's "rule of law" opposes patriarchal hierarchy and hereditary system, requires equality and abides by the law, and advocates the formulation and promulgation of written laws. One breaks with the law. Therefore, the main difference between "rule by etiquette" and "rule by law" lies not in the means of sanctions, but in the content of the behavioral norms themselves.

In today's terms, Confucianism was understood as the core of human civilization in ancient China. As a result, at least in China, Confucianism is seen as an integral part of civilization or culture.

Confucianism provides modern people with rich resources. Faced with these resources, modern people have the freedom of choice. They can absorb some components of the resources and discard some components.

But no matter what choice you make, Confucianism belongs to the treasure house of cultural heritage of all mankind. Preserving and interpreting Confucian literature and enhancing people's understanding of it is an important task for us as scholars interested in Confucianism. Whatever your opinion of Confucianism, understanding this incredibly rich and colorful tradition will surely enrich your life.