Copernicus1February 473 19 was born in a wealthy family in Torun-sur-Visva, Poland. 18 years old, studying at the University of Klaikau, the old capital of Poland, became interested in astronomy while studying medicine. 1496, 23-year-old Copernicus came to Italy, the birthplace of the Renaissance, and studied law, medicine and theology at the University of Bologna and the University of Padua. Novara, an astronomer at the University of Bologna (1454- 1540), had a great influence on Copernicus, from whom he learned astronomical observation techniques and. Later, he received a doctorate in religious law in university of ferrara. Copernicus, as a doctor, is known as the "imperial doctor" because of his brilliant medical skills. Copernicus spent most of his adult life as a priest in Flawn Translation Cathedral. Copernicus was not a professional astronomer. His famous masterpieces were finished in his spare time. During his stay in Italy, Copernicus became familiar with the theory of the Greek philosopher Aristakes (the third century before), and he was convinced that the Heliocentrism of the earth and other planets revolving around the sun was correct. When he was about 40 years old, he began to distribute a short manuscript among his friends, initially expounding his views on Heliocentrism. After years of observation and calculation, Copernicus finally completed his masterpiece "The Theory of the Operation of Celestial Bodies". The numerical accuracy of his observation and calculation in De Revolution ibus orbium coelestium is amazing. For example, he got the sidereal year in 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 40 seconds, which is about 30 seconds more than the exact value now, and the error is only one in a million; The average distance from the moon to the earth he got is 60.30 times that of radius of the earth, and the error is only five ten thousandths compared with the current 60.27 times. 1533, 60-year-old Copernicus made a series of speeches in Rome and put forward the main points of his theory, which was not opposed by the Pope. But he was afraid of church opposition, and even after his book was finished, he still dared not publish it. It was not until he was nearly 70 years old that he finally decided to publish it. 1543 On the day of his death on May 24th, I received a book written by him from the publishing house. Historical background Copernicus's scientific achievements are the product of his time, which in turn promoted the development of the times. 15 to the 6th century, Europe was in a critical period of transition from a feudal society to a capitalist society. During these two hundred years, great changes have taken place in society. /kloc-Before 0/4th century, Europe was full of small divided city-states. Later, with the rise of urban industry and commerce, especially the development of mining and metallurgy, many emerging big cities appeared, and small city-states tended to unite to form a country. By the end of 15, many countries are basically centralized monarchies. At that time, there were not only big cities like Krakow and Poznan in Poland, but also many cities with prosperous handicrafts. Warsaw, 1526 merged into Poland and became an important commercial, political, cultural and geographical center. 16 became the capital of Poland. Consistent with this political and economic change, it has also begun to be reflected in culture and science. At that time, Europe was "the unity of politics and religion", the Vatican controlled many countries, the Bible was declared as the supreme truth, all doctrines that violated the Bible were denounced as "heresies", and all those who opposed theocracy were burned at the stake. For their own survival and development, the emerging bourgeoisie set off a struggle against feudalism and church superstition, and humanism came into being. The fighting weapons they used were ancient Greek philosophy, science, literature and art that were not polluted by theology. This is the Renaissance that shocked Europe. The Renaissance first took place in Italy and soon spread to Poland and other European countries. At the same time, commercial activities also promote the development of foreign trade. Driven by the "golden" spell, many European adventurers sailed to Africa, India and the whole Far East. Ocean voyage needs rich knowledge of astronomy and geography, and the observation data accumulated in practice makes people think that the popular "static and dynamic" cosmology at that time is doubtful, which requires people to further explore the mysteries of the universe, thus promoting the development of astronomy and geography. 1492, the famous Italian navigator Columbus discovered the new continent, and Magellan and his companions circled the earth once, which proved that the earth was round and made people really understand it. Under the strict control of the church, a vigorous religious revolution also took place in the Middle Ages. Because many Catholic doctrines do not conform to the teaching of the Bible, plus too many popes' personal wishes and the achievements of various theologians, many believers began to question the Catholic doctrines and organizations and launched the action of returning to the Bible. Jan Huss (1369 ~ 14 15), a Czech patriot and president of Prague University, publicly condemned the oppression and exploitation of the Czech Republic by German feudal lords and the Catholic Church at the religious conference in Constantinople. Although he was burned at the stake by the reactionary church, his revolutionary activities aroused strong repercussions in society. Czech farmers held an uprising under the banner of Hus, and this movement also spread to Poland. 15 17. In Germany, Martin Luther (1483 ~ 1546) opposed the sale of atonement symbols by the church and publicly broke with the Pope. 152 1 year, Luther exposed the sins of the holy see in Vorm's parliament and put forward the idea of establishing Protestantism. Protestantism is supported by many countries, and Poland is also deeply influenced. In such an era of great change and turmoil, Copernicus was born in Torun City on the Vistula River on February 9, 473. His father is a wealthy businessman and a member of parliament. He has a brother and two sisters. When Copernicus/Kloc-0 was 0/0 years old, his father died, and he was sent to the home of his uncle and archbishop Kasch to raise him. Wukash is a humanitarian. He was closely related to the progressive Polish intelligentsia at that time, and was close friends with the outstanding Italian revolutionary and humanist Filippo BuOnac. When Copernicus was in middle school, Vukash took him to a humanist party. 149 1 year, Copernicus went to Cracow University to study astronomy and mathematics according to his uncle's arrangement. At that time, Poland had produced some famous astronomers, such as Ma Qing Klohr, who wrote the book 1450 Revised Catalogue of alfons and gave speeches in many countries. Another example is the famous astronomer Wojciech, who compiled an astronomical calendar. He lectured at Krakow University and was a professor of mathematics and astronomy while studying in Copernicus. Copernicus's "Heliocentrism" was conceived when he was studying in Krakow University. Although the Bible does not cover all kinds of astronomical knowledge such as "the earth is the center of the universe" and "the sky is round and the earth is round". But in the Middle Ages, astronomy also had an official argument, which extended to ancient Greece and was framed by scholastic theologians. In order to consolidate feudal rule, the inquisition of the Catholic Church burned many precious scientific works, sometimes burning 20 cars a day. 1327, Italian astronomer Tseko Dascori was burned alive. His "crime" is against the teaching of the Bible, proving that the earth is spherical and there are people in the other hemisphere. The historical position of Copernicus Copernicus's "Heliocentrism" dealt a heavy blow to the world outlook of the church and was a great victory in the struggle between materialism and idealism. Therefore, astronomy has been liberated from the bondage of religious theology and natural science has been reborn, which is of epoch-making significance in the development of modern science. Copernicus was a giant in the European Renaissance. He devoted his whole life to astronomical research, leaving a valuable legacy to future generations. Due to the limitation of the times, Copernicus only moved the center of the universe from the earth to the sun, and did not give up the theory of cosmocentrism and cosmofinity. After Kepler in Germany summed up the three laws of planetary motion and Newton in Britain discovered the law of gravity, Copernicus' theory of the sun center became more stable. From the later research results, it is proved that space is infinite, it has no boundary, no shape and therefore no center. Although Copernicus's viewpoint is not completely correct, his theory has brought great changes to the world outlook of mankind. Engels spoke highly of Copernicus' theory of celestial motion in Dialectics of Nature. He said: "The publication of Copernicus' immortal works, which was used by natural science to declare its independence, seems to repeat Luther's revolutionary action of burning the Oracle, challenge the authority of the church on natural things (although timid, and only at his deathbed), and natural science began to be liberated from theology." Celebrities say that it is a man's duty to be brave in exploring the truth. Copernicus was persecuted by the church for putting forward "Heliocentrism". He was a great scientist.