Du Fu: Hope of Spring
Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested.
Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate.
The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold.
Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin.
The Artistic Charm of Du Fu's Sense of Worry in Spring Hope
Du Fu is a great poet, who was born in the historical turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline. He insisted on the creative principles of "learning from many teachers" and "language is not surprising and endless", and pushed "modern poetry" (new poetry style in Tang Dynasty, that is, regular poetry and quatrains) to the extreme. He personally experienced the eight-year Anshi War, so social unrest, the sufferings of the middle and lower classes, worries about state affairs, and his own misfortunes are all intertwined and fused in his representative works. Later generations evaluated Du Fu's poems as "the history of poetry", and summarized their style characteristics with Du Fu's own "gloomy and frustrated" words (see Biography of Fu in the New Tang Dynasty). "depressed" refers to the content of poetry, that is, the deep meaning of thoughts and feelings, which has a strong sense of the times; "frustration" refers to the form, that is, changing the composition of songs and melodious language. This feature can be clearly seen in the five-character poem "Spring Hope".
In 755 AD, 1 1, An Lushan launched a mutiny in Fanyang (now southwest of Beijing) and attacked Chang 'an in June the following year. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled to West Shu. Du Fu escorted his family to take refuge in the countryside. When he heard that Prince Hengli ascended the throne in Lingwu (now Lingwu, Ningxia) in July, he immediately left Qiang Village in Zhangzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) and went to the new court. He was captured by rebels and sent to occupied Chang 'an. It was not until April 757 that he fled to the Suzong court in Fengxiang (now Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province). During this period, he was deeply touched by the scene and deeply touched by the state affairs, and wrote such famous articles as Moonlit Night, Day of Mourning for the King, Mourning for Qingban, Racing Deer, Mourning for the Head of the River, Snowing, Spring Hope, etc. Spring Hope was written in 65438+757 10, on the eve of his escape from Chang 'an. This poem focuses on the poet's grief over the broken country, his thoughts about his loved ones and his uncertainty about life and death.
The word "Wang" runs through the whole poem. The poem "Looking at Spring" means looking at spring. The author is moved by the return of spring to the natural season and hopes to restore the stability and prosperity of the country.
The first two sentences bear the title and write the general impression you saw from afar in spring. The fall of the capital, the mountains and rivers remain the same, and the personnel are completely different. "Spring in the city" and "Mountains and rivers are here" ushered in the annual spring in Beijing. After "the vegetation is deep", it is "the country breaks down and the family dies". The people fled, and the vegetation was allowed to grow wild and desolate. Both of these sentences use the turning point method, but the upper sentence is reversed and the lower sentence is straight, showing the change of composition. The ruins of "national destruction" are in sharp contrast with the vitality of "urban spring". This contrast highlights the dilapidated scene after the fall of Chang 'an and reflects the poet's deep concern for the country and the people. Sima Guang appreciated this couplet very much in the Song Dynasty: "The ancients were poems, which were more valuable than words, making people think and get it ... Du Zimei was the most famous poet in modern times. For example, this sentence' where the mountains and rivers are' means that there is nothing; The vegetation is deep and there is no one. " (See Wen Gong's Continued Poems)
Couplets are received from a distance, pushing the panorama to a close-up. There are differences in understanding these two sentences in various notes. The point is who is "throwing tears" and who is "shocking". One explanation is that the poet himself shed tears at the flowers and was shocked by the smell of birds. Another explanation is that the subject in the sentence is "flower", not "bird". Flowers cry because of "feeling time", and birds are frightened because of "hating farewell". This seems unreasonable, but it actually takes advantage of empathy. Flowers and birds are natural things, but now because of the poet's special mood, I place my feelings on them and think they are human beings. The flowers are full of dew, which means the sad time is crying and the birds are jumping. That's because of where will you go. It is more meaningful and effective to write like this than to express your inner feelings directly. As the saying goes, "Heaven and earth share the same sorrow, and vegetation share the same sorrow", which is not only about personal feelings, but also about the feelings of many people who suffered from war at that time. It is difficult to describe it properly without using special expression skills.
Because from a distance to a close look, the neckline changes from looking up to looking down, and the feelings naturally change from mourning for the country to missing relatives. In the way of expression, from the feelings in the scene, it has become a direct expression of one's own mind. "March in a row" means that the war disaster lasted until March, that is, the time to write poetry. Some notes say "refers to the first month, February and March of that year". Or all spring. In fact, the Anshi Rebellion began in November last year, and Du Fu was trapped in Chang 'an for seven or eight months. He once said: "Tongguan was broken last year, but his wife and children were separated for a long time" ("Shu Huai"), and "news of several States was broken, so I was worried about books" ("Snow"). The poet was trapped in Chang 'an, and the life and death of his wife and children were unknown, which led him to lament that "a letter from home is worth a ton of gold". The interpretation of poetry is too solid, and the original intention is often misinterpreted.
This poem first describes two kinds of scenery: national ruin and spring coming, and then two kinds of feelings: "feeling of time" and "hating farewell". Here, bonfires are used to inherit the sense of time, and letters from home are used to inherit the hatred of parting, and the parting of relatives is precisely caused by the time of war. This is a link, and the composition is very rigorous. Belinsky once said: "Any great poet is great because his pain and happiness are deeply rooted in the soil of society and history, so he has become the representative and spokesman of society, times and mankind." (See "belinsky Literature") Du Fu interweaves family worries and national worries in his poems, which profoundly shows that the personal fate of honest intellectuals is closely related to the fate of the country and the nation, with a high degree of generality and typical significance, and is the spiritual essence of "depression and frustration".
The last two sentences of this poem are the pen of genius. A few crosses make the image of a sad white-haired old man stand in front of readers. The author looked forward to spring, but he didn't get any pleasure. Instead, he was trapped by "feeling the time" and "hating parting", and finally he fidgeted and scratched his head frequently. Although the poet is only forty-five years old at this time, his hair is getting less and less because he is worried all the time, and he can't even insert a hair clasp. From the point of view of composition, this couplet unifies the two feelings of "feeling of time" and "hating farewell" expressed in front of it, and closes the whole article. The author chooses the subconscious action of scratching his hair, which turns the full sadness into a vivid image that can be seen and touched, naturally guides the reader into the artistic conception of the poem and produces a * * * sound.
The metrical form of this poem belongs to five-character style. The two antithetical couplets in the middle are antithetical sentences, and their parts of speech, structure and tone are even, very neat. Rhyme, depth, heart, gold and hairpin all belong to the Pingsheng invasion department. It is not harmonious to read in modern Mandarin, but the ancient sounds preserved from dialects are very harmonious to read. For example, in Hakka dialect, the word "Shen" is pronounced qim, "Xin" is pronounced sim, "Jin" is pronounced gim, "Chai" is pronounced zim, and the vowel is "-im", which shows that it is because of the sound change in ancient and modern times. The "Guo" in the first sentence of this poem is an ancient sound. Rushing "short and urgent episodes" is suitable for expressing anger and sadness. Therefore, the beginning of this poem sets the tone of depression, which is in tune with the sadness of "feeling the time" and "hating parting", and then produces a deep power to knock people's hearts.
Our generation of intellectuals is also full of turmoil and ups and downs, and their personal destiny is linked to the rise and fall of the motherland, so it is easy to cause * * * to sing this poem. It does not show the suffering of a person or a generation, but summarizes the sense of hardship of China intellectuals. That is to love the motherland, love our own nation, and link our destiny with the rise and fall of our country and nation. Therefore, countless people of insight in ancient and modern times, in order to revitalize China and benefit the people, were worried and resentful until they gave everything. In my opinion, this is the fundamental reason why "Spring Watch" has become a masterpiece that has been told for ages and has the artistic charm of "depression and frustration";
Chang 'an fell into the country, leaving only mountains and rivers.
Spring has come, the city is empty, sparsely populated and the vegetation is dense and deep.
Affectionate state affairs face flowers, and tears are hard to stop.
The separation of parents and birds is thrilling and only increases hatred.
Since the beginning of spring, wars have been frequent and spread in March.
Home? There is little news from the country, and a letter is worth thousands of dollars.
Sorrow is entangled in scratching my head and thinking, and my white hair is getting shorter and shorter.
Hair loss is so short that it can hardly be inserted.
The whole article revolves around the word "Wang", and the first four sentences are lyrical by taking advantage of the scenery. The poet set off the ruin of the country by describing Chang 'an, which is lush and sparsely populated. The first song "Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers live forever" is shocking and has a sense of historical vicissitudes. The phrase "Where the petals have fallen like tears, and the lonely bird has sang mourning" personifies the flowers and birds, feeling that the country is divided and the national affairs are difficult, and the flowers and birds in Chang 'an are all shocked by tears. The poet's cross-conversion of feelings and scenery implicitly conveys the poet's sigh, anxiety and anger from climbing to farsightedness, from far and near, from weak to strong. The country is in turmoil, the war has been going on for years, the people are in poverty, and Le Shu is impassable. At this time, it is particularly valuable to receive a letter from home. The poet reflects from the side the great pain brought by the war to the people, and the urgent mood of people wanting to know whether their loved ones are safe during the turbulent period. At the same time, it also shows the poet's deep concern for the country through hard-won letters from home. In the last two sentences, the poet's increasingly sparse white hair can't even be inserted into the hair clasp, and the poet's anxiety and indignation are deeply and widely expressed by action. The whole poem is full of scenes, deep feelings, implicit and concise, which fully embodies the poet's artistic style of "depression and frustration"
In July (756), in the fifteenth year of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, the Anshi Rebellion captured Chang 'an, and Su Zong ascended the throne in Lingwu, changing Yuan to virtue. On his way to Lingwu, Du Fu was captured by the rebels to Chang 'an, and wrote this poem the following year (the second year of Zhide). The poet witnessed Chang 'an's flute falling and homesickness in adversity, and he couldn't help feeling deeply. One or two couplets of poetry, writing about the defeat of Spring City, are full of sighs; Three or four couplets are about relatives, full of feelings of separation.
The whole poem is calm, sincere and natural, which embodies the poet's feelings of loving the motherland and caring for his family. Modern people such as Xu Yingpei and Zhou Rongquan commented on this poem: "The meaning is straightforward, the scenery is not free, the feelings are strong but not floating, the things are rich but not miscellaneous, and the meter is rigorous but not rigid." This theory is quite appropriate. "A letter from home is worth a thousand pounds of gold" is also a famous saying that has been passed down through the ages.
From Tang Suzong to Deyuanzai (756), in June, An Shi Rebellion captured Chang 'an, Tang Dou. In July, Du Fu heard the news of Tang Suzong's accession to the throne in Lingwu, and made his home in Qiang Village, Zhangzhou, and went to Su Zong. On the way, he was captured by rebels and taken to Chang 'an. He was not imprisoned because of his humble position. Hope in Spring was written in March of the following year.
The first four sentences of the poem are about the defeat of the spring city, full of sighs; The last four sentences are about the situation of relatives, full of feelings of separation. The whole poem is calm, sincere and natural.
"Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers remain forever, and the vegetation turns green in spring." At the beginning, I wrote what I saw in spring: the capital fell and the city was broken. Although the mountains and rivers are still there, there are grass everywhere and the trees are gray. A word "broken" makes people stunned, and another word "deep" makes people sad. Sima Guang said: "The mountains and rivers are all there, and there is nothing in the Ming Dynasty." : the vegetation is deep and no one is there. "("Wen Gong Xu Shi ") The poet here clearly wrote about scenery, but in fact he expressed his feelings. He entrusted his feelings to things and scenery, creating an atmosphere for the whole poem. This couplet is ingenious, mature, natural and poetic. "The destruction of the country" is opposite to "the spring of the city". The ruins of "National Destruction and Death" are in sharp contrast with the wealthy businessmen in "Spring in the City". "The country is broken" followed by "there are mountains and rivers", which means the opposite and is unexpected; "Spring in the City" was originally a beautiful scenery, but the suffix "deeply planted" is ridiculous and contradictory, one after another. In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Zhenheng spoke highly of this couplet, saying that "duality is not implicit, but it changes vertically and horizontally, making it more stereotyped, more implicit and deeper, and taking justice from nature." ("Tang Yin Gui Qian" Volume 9)
"Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sorrows." The general explanation of these two sentences is that flowers and birds are originally recreational things, but they hate parting because of their feelings, which makes the poet cry. Another explanation is that flowers and birds personify people and feel sad when they leave. Flowers also splash tears and birds are heartbroken. Although their theories are different, their spirit can be interlinked, one is touching the scene and the other is feeling deeply, which shows the richness of good poetry.
The first four sentences of the poem are all in the word "Wang". Poets look at it from near to far, from far to near, from cities to mountains and rivers, and from cities to flowers and birds. Feelings are from hidden to obvious, from weak to strong, step by step. In the change of scenery and emotion, it seems that the poet gradually turned from longing for the scenery to overlooking and thinking about the scenery, and naturally transitioned to the second half-missing his loved ones.
"After three months of war, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold." From the Anshi Rebellion, "the war was fierce and the countryside was broken", and the war continues until the end of March and spring. How I look forward to hearing from my relatives at home. At this moment, a letter from home is really better than "tiger balm"! "A letter from home is worth a ton of gold" wrote the long-awaited urgency of news isolation. This is the idea in everyone's mind, which naturally makes people * * * sound, thus becoming a famous sentence that has been told through the ages.
"I stroked my white hair. It has become so thin that it can no longer hold hairpins. "There are bonfires everywhere, and my family doesn't trust me. I miss the tragic image in the distance, and I look at the scene of decline in front of me. I don't feel bored and hesitant, but my hair is sparse and short. "White hair" is caused by worry, "scratching" is an action to relieve worry, and "shorter" indicates the degree of worry. In this way, in addition to the grief of national demise and death, sighing and aging will add another layer of sadness.
This poem reflects the poet's good sentiment of loving his country and his family. The meaning is not straight, the scenery is not free, the emotion is strong but not superficial, the content is rich but not miscellaneous, the meter is rigorous but not rigid, and it is written clearly, so it has been circulated for more than 1,200 years.
The antithesis in the poem "Hope in Spring" is: petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness.
The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold.
Artistic conception appreciation
In June 756, An Shi Rebellion captured Chang 'an. In July, Tang Suzong ascended the throne in Lingwu, and Du Fu went to see Su Zong after hearing the news. On the way, he was captured by rebels and taken to Chang 'an. Hope in Spring was written in March of the following year. It is a concentrated expression of the poet's feelings of worrying about the country and the people and hurting himself, which is touching.
"Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers remain forever, and the vegetation turns green in spring." At the beginning, I wrote what I saw in spring: the capital fell and the city was broken. Although the mountains and rivers are still there, there are grass everywhere and the trees are gray. A word "broken" is shocking, and another word "deep" is sad. The poets here clearly describe the scenery, but in fact they express their feelings, pinning their feelings on things and scenery, creating an atmosphere for the whole poem. At the same time, this couplet is neat, mature, natural and poetic. The meaning of "national break" is opposite, which is in strong contrast with "city spring". The meaning of "national break" is opposite and unexpected. "Spring in the city" should be a beautiful scene, but the suffix "deep planting" is ridiculous and contrary.
"Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sorrows." These two sentences are usually interpreted as: Flowers and birds are originally entertainment, but they hate parting because of their feelings, which makes the poet cry. Another explanation is that flowers and birds personify people and feel sad when they leave. Flowers also splash tears and birds are heartbroken. Although their theories are different, their spirits can be interlinked. One is touched by the scene, and the other is empathetic. Both of them express their feelings that are harmful to nature. This Federation is inherited by the word "feeling of time" and opened by the word "hate farewell", with clear rules and regulations.
The first four sentences of the poem are all in the word "Wang". In the change of scenery and emotion, it seems that the poet gradually turned from eagerly watching the scenery to bowing his head and meditating, and naturally transitioned to the second half-missing his loved ones.
"After three months of war, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold." From the Anshi Rebellion, "the war was fierce and the countryside was broken", and the war continues until the end of March and spring. The poet's wife and children are in Zhangzhou, and his family's safety haunts him. How can he rest assured that there is no letter at home? Arriving at Wanjin is about the preciousness of family letters, the isolation of news and the long-awaited urgency, and the strong yearning for his wife and children. This is the idea in everyone's mind, which naturally makes people sing * * *, thus becoming a famous sentence that has been passed down through the ages.
"I stroked my white hair. It has become so thin that it can no longer hold hairpins. "There are bonfires everywhere, and my family doesn't trust me. I miss the tragic images in the distance, and when I am bored, I can't help scratching my head, feeling that my hair is sparse and short. "White hair" is caused by worry, "scratching" is an action to relieve worry, and "shorter" indicates the degree of worry. In this way, in addition to the grief of national demise and death, sighing and aging will add another layer of sadness. And his age is so fast, which is caused by worrying about the country and the people and homesickness when he is hurt.
Throughout the poem, the first four sentences are all about the defeat of Spring City, full of sighs; The last four sentences are about the situation of relatives, full of feelings of separation. The whole poem is profound, sincere and natural, which embodies the poet's beautiful sentiment of patriotism and love for his family, so it has been well-known for thousands of years and lasts forever.
Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, was a great poet in the Tang Dynasty and was known as the "poet saint". He lived in an era when the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline, and most of his works described the situation of the motherland at that time, so his poems were called "poets". Originally from Xiangyang, Hubei Province, Gong County, Henan Province. Du Zhisun, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Tang Suzong, Official Left Addendum. After he entered Shu, he was recommended by his friends as a staff officer of Ren Jiannan Drug Rehabilitation Center, and Yuan Wailang was appointed as the school's engineering department. Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu.
Du Fu is as famous as Li Bai and is known as "Du Li" in the world. The core of his thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government. He has a great ambition of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior first, and then making the customs pure". He loves life, people and the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hated evil, criticized and exposed the corruption of the imperial court and the dark phenomenon in social life. He sympathized with the people and even fantasized that he was willing to make self-sacrifice to save their suffering.
Du Fu is a great realistic poet, who wrote 1400 poems in his life. He lived in the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline. An Shi Rebellion broke out in 755 AD. In the second year, the poet Du Fu learned that Tang Suzong ascended the throne in Lingwu and went to Tang Suzong regardless of safety, hoping to make a difference. The result was detained in Chang 'an by An Lushan rebels. Spring is coming again, the poet climbs high and looks far, and the mountains and rivers remain the same. However, the country is divided, the people are displaced, and Chang 'an is in ruins. The poet was filled with emotion, and wrote this five-character poem "Spring Hope", leaving with emotion and worrying about the country and the people.