We can answer this question from two aspects: for the first paragraph, structurally speaking, it is to write down the topic, point out the center of the article, get straight to the point, get the full text, or play a role in causing the following; In terms of content, it is the foreshadowing and foil for the following, paving the way for the description of the following content. The problem in the middle part plays a bridge role in the structure. The function of the last paragraph or sentence is to summarize the full text, point out the main idea of the article, make people remember deeply and take care of the theme.
2. What thoughts and feelings does the article express?
This needs to be answered according to the specific content of the article. Common ones are singing, praising, loving, admiring, moving, happy, longing, shock, missing, melancholy, faint sadness, regret, missing relatives at home, or boredom, hatred, pain, shame, guilt, hatred, sadness, grief, regret and so on. Between the lines of the article, we can see the feelings of the general author, some of them may be written more implicitly, and some of them are directly expressed.
3. Summarize the main idea of the article.
For this kind of topic, you must read the full text carefully several times before answering, and then you can answer with such key words: "The story of crossing ..., you praised (praised) the author's thoughts and feelings and revealed profound truth ...". We can also find from the article that in every paragraph of the article, especially the first or last sentence of the first or last paragraph, the philosophical sentences in the article are often the theme that the author wants to express.
4. What expressions are used in underlined sentences? What's the role?
When we see this type of topic, we must first look at the expression used in this sentence, which is narrative, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism. Specifically, description is divided into character description, scenery description and comprehensive scene description. Character description can also be subdivided into language description, action description, psychological description, portrait description and detail description. The function of description is to make the article vivid, vivid and touching. The use of lyricism can enhance the appeal of the article and highlight the center of the article. If there are some fairy tales, folklore and descriptions of magical scenes in nature, its function is to increase the mystery of what is written and arouse readers' interest.
5. What rhetorical devices are used in a sentence in the text? What's the role?
There are many kinds of rhetoric, and eight kinds are commonly used: metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question and rhetorical question. Among them, metaphor, personification, exaggeration and parallelism are the most tested. Metaphor has three functions: first, it simplifies profound truths and helps people deepen their body odor; The second is to make abstract things concrete and easy to accept; The third is to visualize the summary and give a vivid impression. The role of personification is to make readers not only have a vivid impression on the things expressed, but also feel the author's strong feelings about things. Using personification to express things you like can make them vivid and make people feel more intimate and natural. Things that show hatred can be ugly and give people a strong sense of disgust. The function of exaggeration is to deeply express the author's distinct emotional attitude towards things, thus causing readers to scream strongly; Rendering the image of things can arouse people's rich imagination and help highlight the essence and characteristics of things. The function of parallelism lies in highlighting the center of the article, expressing strong and unrestrained emotions and enhancing the momentum of language; It is an important link to improve the expression effect. There are also overlapping words and short sentences, which make the article full of rhythm, beautiful rhyme and catchy to read.
Another rhetoric is quotation. Sometimes, in reading comprehension, poems, celebrity stories and related contents in celebrity language or celebrity works will be quoted. The question will be "What is the function of the quoted content in the article?" When answering this question, we should pay attention to two key words. One is "to contrast the quality of the narrative object and highlight the spirit of the protagonist".
The above questions must be answered in combination with the specific content of the article.
6. What does a sentence in the text mean? Or tell us something profound? Please tell me your understanding.
The answer to this kind of question is not simply to find ready-made sentences from the text. This requires our students to read more and accumulate more at ordinary times, read more and remember some philosophical quotes, so as to truly understand the meaning of the article, enrich the answers and accurately express their understanding of the article in their own language.
7. Compare reading comprehension.
Sometimes exams compare articles in class with articles with similar content outside class. For this kind of topic, we can compare the content, writing characteristics and emotional tone of the article.
The above is the answer of the standard question to the narrative. Let's look at the reading comprehension of narrative.
8. Reading comprehension of explanatory texts.
For the reading comprehension of expository texts, we can grasp three points: the explanatory object, the explanatory sequence and the explanatory method. There are three interpretation orders: chronological order, spatial order and logical order. The most important thing is to explain the method and its function. Commonly used interpretation methods include classification, example, analogy, enumeration of data, comparison, definition, interpretation, drawing charts, citing data and so on. Among them, classification, example, analogy, data list, comparison and so on are involved. The function of classification is to clarify complex things. Examples can make the content concrete and convincing. The explanation of analogy is consistent with the metaphor in figures of speech. This method can highlight the characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of interpretation. Column data can make what is explained more specific and make it easier for readers to understand the relevant content. Comparison is similar to rhetorical comparison. When explaining some abstract or unfamiliar things, we can compare them with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression in comparison, and the characteristics of things often appear in comparison. When answering questions about expository language, we should pay attention to the accuracy of the language, and the language style can be divided into plain and vivid.
Narrative and expository texts are common in the reading of senior high school entrance examination, and there are few argumentative papers, so I won't go into details because of the limited space. I hope it will be helpful to your study and exam.
Skills and methods of solving modern Chinese reading problems
1, the basic essentials: grasp the whole, grasp the key sentences, and find the answers in the text. 2. Steps: (Read the article twice)
The first time: read the whole article and get a general understanding. First, read the full text roughly to understand the main idea of the article; When reading, underline the words and sentences that you feel are important; [Can be faster]
The second time: review the meaning of the question and read back the original text. Look at the topic, determine the reading range of the answer, then find the relevant paragraphs and sentences combined with the test questions (Shun Teng), and intercept the keywords; Find out or summarize the answer (picking melons). [Should be slow and careful, read it back and check it]
Finally: clear up the main points and answer the questions carefully. According to the requirements of answering questions, process and transform, summarize and refine. (Try to use the keywords in the original text to answer the questions) Three steps to solve the reading questions in modern Chinese:
The first step is to read the whole article and get a general understanding.
For the first time, take a general look at the full text, get a general idea of the article, and be aware of it. So what do we need to know about this article?
1, understand the general content of the article. who the hell are all these people？ What's the matter? What scene? What is this? What topic? How to write? Why do you want to write like this? what do you think? 2. Understand the general structure and main ideas of the article. What are the basic elements of the narrative (who, what, when and where)? What is the author's emotional change? What is the material? What's the arrangement? How did the article transition? Find clues, sequences, levels, etc. The article. 3. Understand the thoughts, feelings and themes of the article.
Note: The above objectives can be achieved in the following ways:
First, grasp the key words in the article. Key words in the article: title, opening sentence, closing sentence, independent paragraph sentence, central sentence, epigram, figurative sentence, serial sentence, turning sentence, lyric sentence, argument sentence, recurring words, key related words (such as words at the beginning of a paragraph: not only …… but also …… because of this), etc. , we should pay special attention to those who reflect the author's position and view, and reflect the deep level of the article. Note that the main idea of the article is often hidden in these sentences. Some essays are rather obscure by expressing their ambitions and symbols, and we can also find clues from these words.
Second, clarify the structure of the article.
It is easier to grasp the ideological content of the article from the structural form, that is to say, it is easier to understand the central idea of the article if the structural level is clear. From this perspective, understanding structure is the basis of narrative reading.
Understanding the narrative structure can be carried out from the following aspects.
Look for clues to the article. The clue forms of narrative are: taking time and space transfer as the clue, taking a person, an event and an event as the clue.
When reading an article, try to find out the clues of the article, so as to understand the hierarchical structure of the paragraph along the clues.
(2) Clear the order of articles. The order of narration requires us to master three sequential methods: direct narration, flashback and insertion.
Sequential narration refers to writing in the chronological order of occurrence, development and ending when narrating. Such as the emperor's new clothes. Flashback refers to writing what happened later in front and what happened first in the back. Interpolation: such as "antelope woodcarving"
When reading, paying attention to the starting and ending points of flashback and interpolation will help to find narrative clues and grasp the structure of the article.
(3) Clarify the level of the article. Clarifying the level of the article is an important part of clarifying the structure of the article.
(4) Grasp the details of the article. When selecting and using materials, the article should be primary and secondary, and it should be detailed and rough.
The second step is to review the questions and read back the original text.
After grasping the article as a whole, we will read the stem carefully, find out the points of each question, read back the original text and correspond the stem with the article. What are the methods and steps to read back the original text?
1. Find the relevant area of the corresponding topic in the original text. See which paragraphs or fields the topic involves and which sentences are related to it. 2. Contact the context and grasp the key words. As long as we find the relevant fields in the original text and carefully try to figure out the context, we can accurately grasp the keywords, and the answers to most questions can be found in the original text. 3, comprehensive analysis, ultimately. Find the relevant key paragraphs and sentences in combination with the test questions (Shun Teng), deeply understand the article, analyze and synthesize, and summarize the answers (picking melons).
The third step is to clarify the main points and answer the questions carefully.
1, quote the original text. If the topic requires quoting the original answer, find the answer directly and write it carefully.
2. Grasp the corresponding keywords. If you don't explicitly ask to quote the original answer, you can't copy the original sentence mechanically. Generally speaking, some key words and sentences involved in the answer are in the original text, so we should seize these important words and phrases and extract, edit, summarize, reorganize and summarize them effectively.
3. Organize language answers. Answer a few points according to the score first, then answer. When answering questions, we should stick to the meaning of the questions, try to include corresponding keywords in the text, choose appropriate sentence patterns, choose appropriate angles to answer, that is, how to answer the questions, and rearrange the known information in the text according to the requirements of the stem of the questions to make the answers full, in place, accurate and organized. But there are still some questions that can't be answered simply by reorganizing the language of the article. You need to organize your own understanding and express it in your own language.
4. Some questions are in the form of multiple-choice questions. It is necessary to understand the rules of setting the wrong options in this kind of questions (such as taking them out of context, stealing concepts, unclear scope, making them out of nothing, imposing causality, and intentionally or unintentionally confusing them), and make a one-on-one comparison between the options and the relevant sentences in the original text to make an accurate judgment and choice.
The answer mode of modern Chinese reading questions
First, the general topic:
(1) Summarize the content of the article: according to the basic elements of narration (behavior and experience) or the plot of the novel or the words and deeds of the characters or the emotional changes of the author, select materials and combine the answers.
Example:
Please take Dani's speech and behavior development as a clue to summarize the main plot of the novel. (No more than 80 words) (5 points)
Please sum up my strange experience. (No more than 60 words)
The general operation idea is:
1. Summarize according to the central sentence. The concretization of the content of an article is usually manifested in narration, discussion or explanation around a certain center. So if you grasp the central sentence, you grasp the specific theme.
2. Summarize key points and keywords by refining. In some articles, it is difficult to find the central sentence that prompts the specific content, so it is necessary to extract the relevant points.
3. Summarize by identifying the correlation. The specific content of any article is a whole composed of parts. Starting with the relationship between parts, that is, identifying the correlation between sentences or paragraphs, is an important way to summarize. For example, in Zhu Ziqing's Spring, there are 10 natural paragraphs, except ① ② natural paragraphs are "thinking about spring", ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ natural paragraphs are "seeing off spring" and ③ to ⑦ natural paragraphs are "painting spring". Why do you say that the natural paragraphs from ③ to ⑦ are "painting spring"? ③ Natural spring grass, natural spring flowers, natural spring breeze, natural spring rain and natural Spring Festival. On the whole, we can easily find that the author describes spring from all directions, so we can summarize the contents of paragraphs 3 to 7 as "painting spring"
4. Take the lead in summing up. Taking the lead is to grasp the beginning of specific content; Trailing is the end point of connecting specific content. By taking the lead in summing up, the essence of its content surfaced. Please see paragraph 10 of Wei Wei's My Teacher. To sum up the content of this passage, we can link the first sentence with the last sentence and summarize the main idea of its content. The essence of its content is that the loving, great and just teacher Cai occupied my heart at that time.
If you ask the general idea of a paragraph: find the central sentence and pay attention to the first and last sentences of the paragraph. Summary paragraph meaning: this paragraph (summary or concrete) is written "who-what" (or "how")
(2) The method of summarizing the central meaning problem 1 and the central meaning.
(1) Grasp the topic. The title is the "eye" of the article, and the title of the article can always convey the theme of the article explicitly or implicitly. Praise of poplar
⑵ Grasp the materials in the text and tell the readers the sentences with the central meaning directly. Like one side.
(3) Grasp the topic sentences and key sentences that indicate the central meaning in the opening and closing paragraphs of the article, which are generally lyric and argumentative sentences. For example, "Who is the cutest person" and "Pear Blossom in the Post Road"
⑷ Summarize the central idea through structural analysis. Connect the main ideas of each part of the article, summarize them comprehensively, and then point out the thoughts, feelings and attitudes expressed by the author. Like litchi honey.
5] Starting from the background of the times, good articles are branded with the times and the author's writing background is analyzed. Like kites.
2. The center of the summary narrative has a general format:
This paper narrates (describes) the story (deeds, process, events and scenery) of …, shows (reflects, praises, exposes and criticizes) the thoughts (personality, spirit and essence) of …, and expresses the author's feelings for ….
(C) the structure of the article
1, ask the structure of the article and paragraph:
Pay attention to the total score formula (a total score, b total score, c total score); Step by step; Parallel type; Contrast.
2. Seek clues to the article: pay attention to the words that appear many times in the article.
3. Ask the order of the articles. (1) The sequence of narration requires us to master three sequential methods: direct narration, flashback and interpolation.
Sequential narration refers to writing in the chronological order of occurrence, development and ending when narrating. Such as the emperor's new clothes. Flashback refers to writing what happened later in front and what happened first in the back. The flashback method tells the end of the matter first, attracting readers to be eager to understand the cause and process of the matter, and the contrast is more obvious and impressive. For example, in Zhu De's article ("Remembering My Mother"), flashback is adopted. Write your grades first, then bow! Recalling my mother, the topic is natural and attractive. Flashback method, suitable for those touching and distinctive endings, must arouse readers' interest and follow the thinking of reading and writing. Interpolation: such as "antelope woodcarving"
When reading, paying attention to the starting and ending points of flashback and interpolation will help to find narrative clues and grasp the structure of the article.
(2) Interpretation order:
Time sequence, spatial order, logical sequence (phenomenon-essence, cause-result, whole-part, generalization-concreteness, feature-use, subject-times, total points).
4 ask the level of the article. Analysis of the structure level, there are generally the following methods:
Articles focusing on writing: 1. Analyze according to the time when things happen and develop; 2. Make change analysis according to the place where things happen and develop;
3. Analyze according to the development stage.
Focus on writing people's articles: 1 According to the analysis of personality growth stage; 2. Analyze the characters according to their different places;
3. According to the different personality characteristics of people with different conditions; 4. According to the change of characters' feelings.
Scenery-oriented articles: 1. According to the characters, the changes of the observation points of the scenery are observed, that is, the spatial change analysis;
2. According to the changes of different scenes at different times, that is, time change analysis.
5 ask the details of the article. In the choice and application of materials, the narrative should be primary and secondary, detailed and brief. Detail writing refers to the processing of articles and materials. When we write an article, after determining the topic, we should choose the composition materials around the central idea of determining the topic, and then carefully deal with these materials to make them fit in their proper places and make the best use of them. Whether the article is written well or not depends largely on the arrangement of material handling. Proper handling of materials means reasonable arrangement in structure, including weight, lightness, fineness and length.
Materials written in detail and fully used must closely follow the central idea of the article in order to clearly and fully highlight the central idea. If these materials are written in detail, concretely and vividly, readers will be deeply impressed by the article. When reading the narrative, we must make clear what the article is written in detail and briefly, and understand the author's writing intention from it, so as to grasp the focus and center of the article.
Second, understand and taste words and phrases.
1. Pronunciation and explanation questions: "Accumulation and application" generally examines the phonetic notation and interpretation of words, and the memory of idioms and famous sayings. This kind of questions need to accumulate more words and little knowledge, and unfamiliar words can be combined with context analysis.
2. Ask what the demonstrative pronoun "this, that" refers to: look for the answer from the words before the pronoun.
3, you can get rid of a question, or change to another question solving mode:
A. answer yes or no; Not ordinary, especially in the original text of the book.
B, explain the meaning of words, compare the differences between two words, and analyze why words should be used in combination with sentences (emphasize or limit the specific expression effect+or modification of sentences, which expression effect is better and can express something more vividly or appropriately)
C. What changes have taken place in the context after not using or changing it? (No, it can't reflect the accuracy, rigor, vividness and image of the language, or it doesn't conform to the facts, or it is too absolute. If used, it reflects the accuracy, vividness, vividness or rigor of the language. )
4. Tasting words:
A, analyze what rhetorical devices are used, such as metaphor and personification. If not, don't write this.
B, superficial meaning (superficial meaning) and expressive effect (vividly written. . . . . . Function)
C, deep meaning (related to context, theme, the author's intention, what are the reasons, ideas, feelings, etc. ) Affirm/praise/praise/criticism/irony/denial/refutation, or give it to us. . . . . . . Impression, enlightenment, truth, etc.
5. Ask if the key words and sentences in the text can be changed:
Can you?
B, words: explain two words respectively, sentences: briefly summarize the contents of these two paragraphs or two parts
C. Words: Why are they arranged in this order (emphasize that one of them is consistent with the previous order or conforms to the collocation habit and internal order)
Sentence: point out the relationship between these two sentences, so they cannot be interchanged (if it is explanatory text, it depends on the chronological order or spatial order or logical order; If it is other styles, it is parallel or layered or total score)
Third, understand and taste sentence paragraphs 1, and understand the functions of sentences and paragraphs:
(Considering from three aspects)
First, from the structural point of view, it often plays the role of A connecting the preceding with the following, transition, B quoting the full text, opening the following or C summarizing the above;
Secondly, from the writing technique, there are often some characteristics, such as A's opening, B's paving for the following, C's paving, D's deepening center, E's prominent theme (the finishing touch) F, setting off G, rendering H's echo, taking care of the contrast between I and J, symbolizing K's first suppression and then promotion, and L's predictive function.
Third, from the content (symbolic meaning, figurative meaning, the ideological character of the characters, and the ideological significance of the full text)
2. Talking about writing skills and functions
① Environmental description: the function of social environmental description: to explain the background of the times, social customs, ideas and the relationship between people.
Natural environment (including location, season, climate, time, scenery and scene) functions: explain the background of the times, render the atmosphere, show the character's personality, set off the mood, promote the plot development and deepen the theme.
② Character description: (language, action, appearance, expression, psychology) shows some thoughts, feelings or personality characteristics of a character.
③ Contrast, rhetorical question, parallelism, etc. Highlight or emphasize the xx characteristics of the object. Parallelism: enhance the momentum.
4 the role of metaphor, personification and exaggeration. Similarity between metaphor and personification; B. vividly express (describe) the xx characteristics of the object.
⑤ The function of symbols symbolizes a certain spirit (quality, thought) of things.
Example:
◆ The following is a description of the protagonist Dani, and points out its expressive function according to the context. (4 points)
Dressed in black brocade, he seems to be tied tightly to a plum tree. (Suggesting Dani's deep condolences to the victims of the Nanjing Massacre)
Carefully took out his wooden flute from the velvet sleeve. (Cautiously show Dani's love for folk music)
The Expression and Function of Three Questions Narration
Narration is the main way of expression, including description, discussion, explanation and lyricism. ① Narrative has direct lyric and indirect lyric. Direct lyric is to express one's thoughts and feelings about things directly on the basis of narration. Indirect lyricism includes expressing feelings for people, things and things through scenery, which naturally permeates the author's feelings between the lines of narrative description.
(2) Proper narration can often make the article icing on the cake, especially at the end of the article. Even if one or two sentences are used between paragraphs, it can play a wonderful role in connecting the preceding with the following.
Fourth, ask the writing characteristics of the article: you can consider it from the perspectives of material selection, structural layout, language and conception, and combine the writing techniques of the article.
1, material selection: materials are typical, authentic, detailed and appropriate, showing and highlighting the center.
2. Structural layout: the layout is reasonable, ingenious and rigorous.
Language: simple or vivid, accurate image; Or bold or graceful; Or fresh or dignified; Or straightforward or implicit or fluent, the use of rhetorical devices, etc.
Idea: profound and novel, seeing the big from the small, full of philosophy, etc.
5. Evaluate and appreciate the characters and themes of the article (talk about your own understanding of the characters and themes)
Read through the full text, filter important information, and analyze the spirit or quality contained in the words and deeds of the characters. The answer can be made up as follows: ×× (words or actions) in the text expresses the spirit (quality, character, thought and personality) of the character ××.
Generally speaking, the answer consists of three parts. The first half of A briefly summarizes the content of the article, which can be expressed as follows: ① The article is narrated by …; (2) This article was written by … (something) and used …
The second part summarizes the ideological significance of the content of the article, which is embodied in: showing, revealing, criticizing, praising, persuading ... (some kind of ideological truth). Sometimes the topic can be a part of the answer and a necessary content.
C. state which view you agree with and explain the reasons. On the basis of the overall perception of the text, find out the sentences that can express the author's feelings and the theme of the article, and answer them with specific materials. (The Mystery of Oak Numbers in 2003)
6. Ask about your feelings, experiences and practices in a specific situation in the text.
A pointed out the ideological significance and truth contained in this specific situation;
B talk about your feelings, experiences and practices with specific examples in the article, and explain the reasons.
Summarize your point of view
Seven, ask the feeling after reading, experience, enlightenment, views: pay attention to the correct and healthy views, pay attention to rationality.
Answer the questions in the order of total scores: A You can find out the sentence answers that can express the author's feelings and the theme of the article from the gains, experiences and understandings you get from the article.
B illustrate with specific examples and materials in the text and life, and explain the reasons.
So what should we do?