During the Warring States Period, the socio-economic development of the Qin State lagged behind the six major countries of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han in Shandong. The disintegration of the well-field system, the emergence of private land ownership and tax reform were all much later than those of other countries in Shandong. For example, Lu's "first taxation of acres" was in 594 BC, and Qin's "first lease of grain" was in 408 BC, which was 186 years behind. However, at this time, the Qin State had begun to use iron farm tools, and its social and economic development was rapid. This not only accelerated the disintegration of the well-field system and the emergence of private ownership of land, but also caused changes in the social order. In 384 BC, Duke Xiang of Qin came to the throne and ordered the abolition of the bad habit of human sacrifice. The following year, the capital was moved to Yueyang. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a period of great change when slavery collapsed and feudalism was established. During this period, the use of iron farm tools and the gradual promotion of ox farming led to the gradual replacement of slave owners' state ownership of land by feudal private ownership of land. As the economic power of the emerging landlord class grew, it demanded corresponding political rights. Therefore, they all called for political reforms, the development of feudal merchants, economic construction, and the establishment of landlord class rule. Various countries have launched reform movements one after another, such as Li Kui's reform in Wei State, Wu Qi's reform in Chu State, etc. It was in this context that Shang Yang's Reform took place. This kind of social change and reform movement reflects the law that production relations must adapt to the development of productive forces and that the economic base determines the superstructure. ① Two opposing classes are formed. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, due to the popularization of iron tools and cattle farming, a large amount of wasteland was reclaimed. Some slave owners turned the newly reclaimed fields into private property for rent, and two classes, landlords and farmers, emerged. ②The needs of feudal economic development. During the Warring States Period, in order to abolish the privileges of the old aristocracy Shiqing Shilu, establish feudal rule, and develop the feudal economy, the emerging landlord class launched reform movements in various countries. ③The need for countries to compete for hegemony. At that time, the competition among the vassal states was very fierce. In order to be in a favorable position in the struggle for hegemony and not to be annexed by other countries, all countries competed to carry out reforms to enrich the country and strengthen the army. ④In order to enhance the strength of the Qin State, Qin Xiaogong introduced talents and implemented reforms to strengthen the state. So Shang Yang was reused.

Edit this paragraph's reform and economic measures

Shang Yang's economic reforms focused on the abolition of the well-field system and the implementation of private ownership of land. This is the only example in the Warring States period in which the state's political and legal means were used to change land ownership nationwide. The main content is as follows:

Abandoning the well fields and opening up the Qianmo (for the purpose of opening up the Qianmo and sealing off the territory)

Shang Yang's major economic move was to "abandon the well fields and open up the Qianmo". "Historical Records" records: Shang Yang "opened roads and closed borders for fields, and the taxes were flat." "Warring States Policy" said that Shang Yang "broke the streets and taught the people to farm and fight" and abolished the principle of "no porridge in the fields ("porridge" is the same as "鬻", pronounced yù)". The so-called "Qian Mo" refers to the irrigation canal in the middle of the "well field" and the corresponding vertical and horizontal roads. The vertical ones are called "Qian" and the horizontal ones are called "Mo". "Frontier" refers to the boundary between the slave-owning nobles and their fields. "Kaiqianmo Fengjiang" means to remove the Qianmo Fengjiang that marks the state-owned land, abolish the state-owned land system of slavery, and implement private ownership of land. The well field system was legally abolished and private ownership of land was established. The law stipulates that people are allowed to open up wasteland, land can be bought and sold freely, and taxes are paid equally according to the amount of land occupied by each person. After that, although the Qin government still owned some state-owned land, such as unclaimed fields, mountains, forests, swamps, and newly occupied land from other countries, it later gradually turned to private ownership. The private ownership of land is legally recognized and land sales are allowed. This destroyed the production relations of slavery and promoted the development of feudal economy.

Emphasis on agriculture and suppression of commerce, and reward farming and weaving

Shang Yang pursued a policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce. It stipulates that those who produce a lot of grain and cloth can be exempted from labor and taxes, with agriculture as the "primary industry" and commerce as the "final industry". If a person becomes poor because he abandons his roots and pursues the end, or is idle, his whole family will be punished as an official slave. Shang Yang also recruited landless peasants to open up wasteland in Qin. In order to encourage the small-scale peasant economy, it was also stipulated that if a family had two sons, they must separate the family and make a living independently when they reach adulthood, otherwise they would have to pay double taxes. Fathers, sons and brothers (adults) are prohibited from living in the same room, and a small family policy is implemented. These policies were conducive to increasing the population, collecting corvee and household registration taxes, and developing the feudal economy. The reasons why Shang Yang implemented the policy of focusing on agriculture and suppressing commerce: 1. Agriculture is the most basic means of livelihood for people. 2. The state ensures fiscal revenue through stable land tax. 3. It is conducive to social stability and binds farmers to the land. 4. Industry and commerce will intensify the loss of labor from the land and cause various social problems. 5. Underdeveloped commodity economy is not as secure as operating land.

Unification of weights and measures

Before Shang Yang’s reform, weights and measures were not unified across the Qin State. In order to ensure the country's tax revenue, Shang Yang created standard weights and measures. The "Shang Yang Measurement" handed down to the world today has an inscription stating that it was supervised by Qin Xiaogong, "Yuanji sixteen (inches) and one fifth of the (inches)" To rise". From the "Shang Yang Quantity", we know that 1 standard foot stipulated by Shang Yang is about 0.23 meters today, and 1 standard liter is about 0.2 liters today. It can be seen from the measuring instruments and their inscriptions that the unification of weights and measures was very serious at that time. Shang Yang also unified weights and measures such as buckets, barrels, weights, weights, zhang, and rulers. Qin people are required to strictly implement it and not violate it.

The significance of the unity of weights and measures

First, the whole country has standard measurement guidelines, which provides convenient conditions for people to engage in economic and cultural exchange activities. Second, it had a positive effect on the unification of the tax system and the salary system; Third, it was helpful in eliminating the influence of local separatist forces; Fourth, it laid the foundation for the later unification of weights and measures by Qin Shihuang.

Edit this paragraph's political reform measures

Shang Yang's political reform was to completely abolish the old system of ministers and officials, establish a new centralized system of feudal absolutism, and promote counties and counties. system as the focus. His contribution in this area far exceeds that of Li Kui and Wu Qi. The main content is as follows:

Reward military merit and implement a military merit title system to establish a military organization

Shang Yang ordered that "those with military merit will each receive a title based on their leadership, fight for private interests, and be punished according to their severity." "Punishment" to reward military merit and prohibit private fighting. It is stipulated that titles are awarded based on military merit, and military merits other than those of the clan cannot be included in the public family books. That is to say, "Those who have merit will be honored, while those who have no merit will be rich but have no glory." That is to say, the children of nobles who have meritorious service can enjoy the glory and wealth; those who have no meritorious service cannot be extravagant even though their family is rich. The formulation of the military merit title system meant that Shang Yang completely abolished the old system of ministers and officials. From now on, titles will be awarded based on military merit, and officials will be selected from those with military merit. After several years of development, the military merit title system developed into the later famous twenty-level nobility: the first level is called Gongshi, the second level is called Shangzao, the 19th level is called Guannei Marquis, and the 20th level is called Chehou. According to the "Book of Han" records: "The Lord of Shang enforced the law in Qin. He killed one of his soldiers in battle and was awarded a first-level title. Those who wanted to become officials received fifty shi." This also explains the method of reward: if a general beheads an enemy in battle, he will be awarded the first level, and he can be an officer of fifty dan; if he beheads two enemies, he will be awarded the second level, and he can be an officer of 100 dan. Noble titles at all levels stipulate the number of land and houses, slaves and maidservants, and the order of clothing. The so-called private fighting does not refer to ordinary people fighting, but refers to "township fighting". "Yi" refers to general towns, occupied by slave owners. Slave owners often fought for land and property. The new law prohibited private fights, aiming to weaken the power of slave owners and strengthen feudal centralization. The method of severely punishing private fighting is: those who engage in private fighting shall be punished according to the seriousness of the circumstances. The abolition of the Shiqing and Shilu system and the reward for military merits allowed the development of the military industrial landlord forces, the attack on the slave-owning aristocratic forces, and the maintenance of the emerging landlord forces, which enabled the military power of the Qin State to develop, from "the barbarians met the Di" to "the country of tigers and wolves". Due to the high regard for military exploits, the combat effectiveness of Qin's army was greatly enhanced. Qin's national strength further increased in its foreign wars, thus reversing its long-term passive backwardness. In 355 BC, Duke Xiao of Qin and King Hui of Wei met in Duping, ending Qin's long-term passive situation of not forming an alliance with the princes of the Central Plains and improving Qin's status. The Qin State also used force to gradually occupy the Bashu region with fertile land and high agricultural development level, and the northwest region rich in cattle and horses. Social production developed rapidly, thus laying the material foundation for Qin's unification. Improved people's living standards.

In addition to the Shiqing and Shilu system, it encourages clan nobles to establish military merits

"Historical Records" records that the Qin State stipulated that "the clan must not be a vassal unless it has military merits." The hierarchy is divided into fields and houses, and the clothes of ministers and concubines are ranked according to the family. Those who have meritorious service are honored, and those who have no merit are rich but have no splendor." That is to say, the status of a noble is determined according to the size of his military achievements. This provision dealt a heavy blow to the old slave-owning aristocracy, and thus aroused their resentment. "Historical Records" records: "Shang Jun has been in Qin Dynasty for ten years, and there are many nobles and relatives in the clan who are resentful." Any reform in history is not only a re-selection of the strategy of governing the country, but also a readjustment of interest relationships. This is also the real reason why reforms are blocked.

Reform the household registration system and implement the continuous sitting method

The capitals, townships, towns, and gatherings of the Qin State were originally naturally formed large and small residential locations. In order to strengthen the feudal autocratic rule and manage the vast number of residents, Shang Yang stipulated that residents must register their household registrations. Misdemeanors are punished with severe penalties. The "Dharma Scripture" written by Li Kui of Wei State was promulgated and implemented, and the continuous sitting method was also added. The main content is: residents regard five households as "wu" and ten households as "shi", and regard "shi" and "wu" as basic administrative units. According to the establishment, registration and registration in the household registration, and ordered to supervise each other. If one family is guilty, nine families must be reported together. If they do not report, ten families will be convicted together. Those who do not report the traitor will be cut in half, those who report the "treacherous" will be rewarded with the beheading of the enemy, and those who conceal the traitor will be punished with the same penalty as surrendering the enemy. This is the same as the Baojia system of later generations. Shang Yang also stipulated that hotels could not accommodate people without official certificates, otherwise the owner would also have to stay.

Promote the county system

Shang Yang's major political reform was to "gather small capitals, villages and towns into counties", use counties as local administrative units, abolish the feudal system, and "all three counties" Eleven counties" (some historical records believe it is 41 counties or 36 counties). The county has a magistrate to take charge of county administration, a county magistrate to assist the county magistrate, and a county lieutenant to take charge of the military. The county has jurisdiction over several capitals, townships, towns and villages. Through the establishment of counties, Shang Yang transferred the political privileges of the lords to the central government. This measure effectively cooperates with the policy of "abandoning mine fields and opening up roads" and uses political means to ensure the private ownership of land. It consolidated centralized feudal rule and weakened the local power of wealthy nobles. Later, the Qin Dynasty established counties in the newly occupied areas. The counties were relatively large in scope and had the nature of border defense and military control. Therefore, the commanders of the counties were called county guards. Later, the situation in the county stabilized and it turned to civil administration. Therefore, several counties were established under the county, forming the Qin county system.

Set the laws of Qin and write poems to clarify the laws

Shang Yang’s measure was to eliminate the interference of retro ideas, was in line with Legalism, and maintained the rule of Qin to a certain extent. . However, the high-pressure policy of "burning poems and books" initiated by Shang Yang not only extremely suppressed people's thoughts, but also devastated Chinese cultural classics.

Edit this paragraph about social customs

Shang Yang enforced the policy of monogamy and small families: it was forbidden for fathers, sons and adult brothers to live in the same room: it was stipulated that any household with more than two sons should If the household registration age is not separated, the household registration tax will be doubled.

Edit the purpose and effect of the reform in this paragraph

Purpose: To enrich the country and strengthen the army: There is a prosperous scene of "every family has enough people", and people all over the country are ashamed of fighting in private and think that The country is proud of its military exploits, and its combat effectiveness continues to increase. The Qin State, which has a rich country and strong military, has become the most powerful country in the late Warring States Period. The old system was abolished, agricultural production was promoted, the combat effectiveness of the army was improved, and the national power increased sharply, making Qin the most prosperous and powerful vassal state in the late Warring States Period, laying the foundation for the ultimate unification.

Edit the process of this reform

Shang Yang’s reform was carried out in two steps. The first began in 356 BC and the second in 350 BC.

Edit this paragraph: Moving wood as a letter

Original text: Shang Yang's reform decree has been completed but has not been published. He was afraid that the people would not believe in him, so he erected a tree three feet tall at the south gate of the capital city. Those who recruit people who can relocate to the north will be given ten gold coins. The people are so strange that no one dares to move. He said again: "Anyone who can move will be given fifty gold coins." There was a person who moved and was given fifty gold coins to show his clearness and not to deceive. The emperor ordered Shang Yang's reform

to be implemented by the people. Translation: The decree for Shang Yang's reform has been prepared, but it has not been announced. He was worried that the people would not believe him, so he erected a three-foot-high log outside the south gate of the capital market and announced: Whoever can move this stick to the north gate of the market will be given ten gold coins. The people were surprised that no one dared to move it. Shang Yang then produced a notice and said: "Anyone who can move it will be given fifty gold coins." One man had the courage to move the wood to the north gate of the market, and Shang Yang immediately ordered him to be given fifty gold coins to show that he did what he said. Then Shang Yang ordered a reform, and the new law was quickly implemented throughout the country. When Mao Zedong commented on the story of "Moving Wood to Lixin" in his early years, he pointed out: "Shang Yang's law is a good law. ... His law punishes rape to protect the people's rights, cultivates and weaves to increase the wealth of the people, and promotes military merit. To establish the country's prestige, to eliminate poverty and waste. This is a great policy that has never been seen in our country. Why should the people not believe it? It is necessary to move trees to establish trust. So I know how hard it is for those in power." Moving a piece of wood is not difficult, the key is to establish the integrity that is worth a lot of money.

Edit this paragraph Shang Yang's struggle with the old aristocratic forces

Shang Yang's reform violated the interests of the aristocrats, and was strongly opposed by them. Prince Fu, Ziqian, and Grandmaster Sun Jia also instigated Prince Si to come out in public opposition. With the support of Duke Xiao, Shang Yang strengthened his ideological rule and the new law was implemented. However, in 338 BC, Duke Xiao died and Prince Si succeeded him as King Hui of Qin. Prince Qian and others took the opportunity to launch a counterattack, falsely accusing Shang Yang of "treason", arresting him and having his car broken up. Although Shang Yang died, King Hui of Qin and his descendants continued to implement Shang Yang's new laws, so Qin's national power continued to develop, laying the foundation for Qin to destroy the six countries and unify China. Shang Yang's Reform

Shang Yang's Reform was an important political and social reform during the Warring States Period. Through this reform, the old system was abolished, a new system was established, and Qin State underwent fundamental changes. Qin's combat effectiveness has been greatly improved. The poor supported it because the reform improved their social status.

Edit this paragraph The reasons for the success of Shang Yang's reform

1. It complied with the development trend of historical trends. 2. A series of specific and effective measures have been formulated. 3. Dare to fight against the old forces. 4. Win the trust of the people and gain their trust. 5. The support of the monarch. 6. The Jin State, which had restrained the Qin State for a long time, was divided into three kingdoms: Han, Zhao and Wei. 7. Magi from the Central Plains lobbied the Qin State. In 356 BC, when Shang Yang was assisting Duke Xiao of Qin in brewing a reform, representatives of the old aristocracy, Qianlong and Du Zhi, rose up to oppose the reform. They believe that if the benefits are not enough, the method will not change, and if the merits are not enough, the tools will not change. "There is nothing wrong with the ancient laws, and there is nothing wrong with following the rituals." Shang Yang pointed out tit for tat: "In the past, there were different religions, so how can we follow the ancient laws? If the emperors do not follow each other, how can we follow the rituals?" "If there is no one way to govern the world, the country will not follow the ancient laws, so Tang Wu was king without following the rituals, and Xia and Yin were destroyed by not following the rituals. Those who rebelled against the ancients were indispensable, but there were not many who followed the rituals." Therefore, he advocated "legislation at the time, and rituals according to the situation" ("Shang Jun Shu·Geng Fa Chapter"). "Historical Records: Biography of Shang Jun"). This used the idea of ??historical evolution to refute the old aristocrats' so-called "old laws" and "follow the rituals" of retrospection, and prepared public opinion for the implementation of the reform. The illustration of "Shang Yang's Confrontation" in the textbook is a portrayal of the great debate at that time. "The people of Qin have no mercy." Any reform and reform in history is not only a re-selection of the strategy of governing the country, but also a readjustment of interest relationships. This is the real reason why reforms will encounter resistance. Because Shang Yang's reform measures such as abolishing well fields and rewarding farming wars violated the monopoly privileges of the aristocracy over land and official positions, he encountered strong opposition from vested interest groups headed by the prince.

However, Shang Yang was not intimidated by these powerful people. He believed that the enactment of laws was not only used to punish ordinary people. Since ancient times, "if the law does not work, the superiors will violate it", so he advocated punishing those two people first. The teacher who instigated the prince to disobey the new law. As a result, Gongsun Jia's face was carved with ink characters, and Gongzi Qian's nose was cut off because he refused to change despite repeated admonitions. Shang Yang's move indeed played the role of "killing the chicken to show the monkey". People saw that even the prince's teacher could not escape the punishment of the law, so they no longer dared to take any chances. After Shang Yang's efforts, the new law "has been in effect for ten years, and the people of Qin are very happy. There are no scavengers on the road, there are no thieves in the mountains, and there are enough people at home. The people are brave in public wars and timid in private fights, and the countryside is well governed." However, any social practice has to pay a price, especially reforms and reforms. The death of Qin Xiaogong caused Shang Yang to lose his power base. The prince who ascended the throne made a comeback with the support of conservatives and carried out crazy revenge on Shang Yang. They not only forced Shang Yang to rebel by false accusations, but also cut him into pieces with the most cruel atrocities. Although Shang Yang suffered a tragic misfortune, the great reform cause he initiated became irreversible because it followed the historical trend, and ultimately had a profound impact on the unification of the Qin Dynasty. Of course, from today's perspective, Shang Yang's ideas of "making swords and saws inside, and armor and soldiers outside", superstitious about violence and despising education, also have obvious historical limitations. He used simple and crude political means to deal with ideological issues, burning "Poems" and "Books", implementing policies of obscuring the people and cultural despotism, and even promoting the punishment of innocent people under the law, etc., which all caused a certain degree of chaos. negative impact. It was precisely because of this influence that he died in the revenge of the nobles and "the people of Qin did not pity him." Enlightenment: ① Reform can promote social and economic development, enhance the country's strength, and enhance its status. Reform is the driving force for development and the path to a strong country. ②Reform is not smooth sailing, and sometimes it even requires a bloody price. ③Reforms that conform to the trend of history will eventually win. ④Today we must speed up the construction of a harmonious socialist society, which cannot be separated from deepening reforms and having the courage to innovate.

Edit the details of the reform in this paragraph

1 Reasons and background: (1) To develop the feudal economy and establish the rule of the landlord class (main reason); to realize the desire of various countries to become prosperous and powerful. (2) Warring States Period. 2 Start time: 356 BC 3 Reigning monarch: Qin Xiaogong 4 Reform content: (1) Establish household registration, strengthen penalties (conducive to strengthening centralization) (2) Encourage the development of agriculture, reward production ( Conducive to the economic development of the Qin State) (3) Reward military merits and cancel the Shiqing Shilu system (conducive to the improvement of the army's combat effectiveness, but at the same time, it offends the interests of the old slave-owning nobles) (4) Abolition of well fields, opening of roads, and recognition of land Private ownership (the most critical aspect in establishing the rule of the landlord class) (5) Promote the county system (6) Unify weights and measures, unify currency, and unify vehicle tracks (7) Rectify Qin's social customs, enforce the monogamous small family system, and It stipulates that fathers, sons and adult brothers are not allowed to live in the same room. If the family does not separate when they reach adulthood, the household registration tax will be doubled. (8) The twenty-level nobility system will be implemented. 5 Impacts: (1) The hereditary privileges of the slave-owning nobles will be abolished and the feudal economy will be promoted. The development of the country strengthened the centralized system of the emerging landlord class. (2) It laid the foundation for the subsequent unification of the six kingdoms by Qin. (3) However, the harsh punishments and cultural repression policies implemented by Shang Yang also had a negative impact on the subsequent Qin Dynasty. Information: "If there is no way to govern the world, the country will not follow the ancient laws." -----Shang Yang 6 Nature: It is a relatively thorough reform of the nature of the landlord class. 7 Role: It was the Qin State's economy that developed, the military's combat effectiveness was strengthened, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country in the late Warring States Period. At the same time, it also established the mode of production in feudal society in which landlords exploited farmers by occupying land, and established the mode of production in feudal society. . 8 Conditions for the success of the reform: (1) Reform must be in the interests of the people. "Those who win the hearts of the people win the world." (2) Reform must conform to the trend of social development and keep pace with the development of the times. (3) Reform must have a good environment. 9 Enlightenment: (1) Reform is the driving force for social progress. Only through reform can a country be prosperous and strong. (2) We must follow the trend of history, be brave in reform and innovation, like Shang Yang.

Edit this paragraph about Shang Yang

Shang Yang (about 390 BC - 338 BC) was a native of Weiguo (now Anyang City, Henan Province), a politician during the Warring States Period, and a famous lawman. House representative. The descendants of the king of Wei were the Gongsun family, so they were called Wei Yang, also known as Gongsun Yang. They were later granted the title of Shang, and later generations called them Shang Yang. After reigning for 19 years, the Qin State was in great power, known as Shang Yang's Reform in history. When Shang Yang was young, he was interested in the study of punishment and naming, and served as the middle concubine (or "imperial concubine") under the uncle Cuo family of Wei Xianggong. Before his death, Gongshu Cuo recommended it to King Hui of Wei, but King Hui could not use it. Later, when Shang Yang went to Qin, he met with Duke Xiao and expressed his views on reform. Duke Xiao was greatly appreciated. However, his theory was opposed by Qian Long, Du Zhi and other important ministers. They created public opinion and believed that "a wise man governs without changing the law" and that "the law has no fault in ancient times, and there is no evil in following etiquette." However, Qin Xiaogong remained unmoved. With Shang Yang as the chief of Zuo Shu, he ordered reforms. After the reform decree was issued, Shang Yang placed a three-foot-long tree at the south gate of the capital, and offered a reward of ten gold to anyone who could move the tree to the north gate, but no one responded.

He also increased the reward to fifty gold. If one person applied, he would receive fifty gold to win the trust of the people. At that time, the prince violated the law, and Shang Yang punished his masters, Gongzi Qian and Gongsun Jia. "Warring States Policy" comments on this matter: "The Shang ruler governed the Qin Dynasty, and the laws were enforced. He was fair and selfless. He did not deny the powerful in punishments, and did not reward personal intimacy. The law reached the prince, and he tattooed his master. After the period, the Tao did not pick up the lost things. The people do not take anything rashly, the military revolution is strong, and the princes are afraid. "Shang Yang's courage to enforce the law without avoiding the power of the nobles caused a great shock in the Qin State. This is an important reason for everyone to obey the law. A few years after the new law was implemented, the people of the Qin State had enough food at home, and the subjects were brave in public battles but timid in private fights. Therefore, the country was prosperous, and the filial piety was made by Shang Yang. Two years later, Qin Congyong (today's Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province) moved the capital to Xianyang and issued a reform decree for the second time. In the twentieth year of Duke Xiao (342 BC), Qin became prosperous and powerful. The emperor of Zhou and the princes sent people to congratulate Qin. The following year, Qin took advantage of Wei's defeat in the Battle of Maling and attacked Wei. Wei Gongzi Ang led his army to resist. Shang Yang used a deception to capture Ang and defeated his army. Wei cut Hexi (today's eastern Shaanxi) and asked Qin for peace. . For his military exploits, Shang Yang was granted the title of Fifteen Towns in Shang and Shang (today's Shang County, Shaanxi Province and Xixia, Henan Province), and he was known as Shang Jun. During the period when Shang Yang was Prime Minister of Qin, Shang Yang aroused the resentment of Qin nobles because of his strict law enforcement. After the death of Duke Xiao, the crown prince Qin Hui became king. In order to avenge their old grudges, the disciples of Gongzi Qian accused Shang Yang of plotting rebellion and sent officials to arrest him. Shang Yang planned to flee to the Wei State, but the Wei people refused to accept him because their son Ang had fallen into his trap and lost his army. Shang Yang had no choice but to return to Qin, so he and his followers sent troops to attack Zheng (now Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province), but were defeated and killed. When he was brought back to the capital, he was torn apart by King Hui's chariot and his clan was destroyed. In order to adapt to the requirements of social, political and economic changes, Shang Yang started from his argument that "governing the world without one's own way will lead to the country's failure to follow the ancient laws", emphasizing educational reform and believing that the foundation of governing the country is agrarian warfare. To enrich the country and strengthen the army, legal propaganda must be carried out. Cultivate legal talents. Shang Yang criticized Confucianism, which advocated poetry, calligraphy, etiquette, and music as the content of education, and advocated "burning poems to write down laws and regulations" and replacing the "teachings of the previous kings" with legal education that encouraged farming and warfare; he believed that the rule of law is the rule of virtue. As the basis, laws must be "clear and easy to understand"; judges should be used as teachers to explain laws to the people, so that "all people know what they have learned", and education should be used as a tool to promote the legal system and cultivate legal talents. Shang Yang's "Book of Shang Jun" has been handed down from generation to generation.

Edit the original text of this paragraph

Since Duke Xiao used the martingale of Wei, the martingale wanted to reform, but he was afraid that the world would judge him. The order was given but had not yet been issued. In order to fear that the people would not believe it, a three-foot-long tree was erected at the south gate of the capital city. Anyone who could recruit people to move to the north gate would be given ten gold coins. The people are so strange that no one dares to move. He said again: "Anyone who can move will be given fifty gold coins!" There was a person who moved to the country, and he was willing to give fifty gold coins to show his understanding and not to deceive. Pawn gave the order. ——Excerpted from "Historical Records·Volume 68·Biographies of Shang Jun"

Edit the translation of this paragraph

Wei Yang quickly formulated a reform plan. Duke Xiao completely agreed. Wei Yang was afraid that the new law would not have prestige and the people would not believe it and would not be implemented, so he thought of a way. He asked someone to erect a three-foot-long log at the south gate of the capital, and posted a notice next to it saying: "Whoever can carry this log to the north gate will be rewarded ten gold pieces." After a while, The wood was surrounded by people. Everyone murmured in their hearts: This piece of wood weighs hundreds of kilograms, and it is not difficult to carry it for several miles. Why do you give it so much gold? Maybe there was a trap set? As a result, no one dared to carry it. Seeing that there was no one to carry it, Wei Yang raised the reward to fifty gold pieces. As a result, people became even more confused, and they couldn't figure out what kind of medicine the newly appointed Zuo Shuchang was selling in his gourd. At this time, a strong man separated from the crowd, stepped forward, and said, "I'll give it a try." He picked up the wood and left. Many people watching the excitement followed curiously until they reached the north gate. I saw the newly appointed Chief Zuo waiting there. He praised the big man and said, "Well, you can trust and carry out my orders. You are really a good citizen." Then he gave him the fifty gold medal he had prepared.

Edit this paragraph’s comments:

1. Xiaogong: Qin Xiaogong. 2. Wei Yang: a person’s name, namely Shang Yang. 3. Tools: complete. 4. Already: soon, soon. 5. 脄(zhé): Just. 6. Death: Finally. 7. Order: issue a decree. Introduction: This article tells an example of Shang Yang trying to win the trust of the people in order to implement a new law.

Edit this paragraph on Shang Yang’s migration of trees to establish trust

When I read the history of Shang Yang’s migration of trees to establish trust, I lamented the stupidity of the people of our country, and lamented the painstaking efforts of the rulers, and I lament that over the past thousands of years, the people have not developed their wisdom, and the country has suffered from many misfortunes. If you don't believe me, please tell me more. Those who make laws are tools for seeking happiness. If the law is good, the happiness of our people will be much greater. Our people are afraid that the law will not be promulgated, or that it will not be effective if it is promulgated, so we will do our best to protect it and maintain it until the purpose of perfection is achieved. The government and the people are dependent on each other. Is there any reason not to believe it? If the law is not good, not only will there be no happiness at all, but there will be dangers, and our people will do their best to prevent this law. Even if you want me to believe it, how can you really believe it? But if Shang Yangzhi and the people of Qin oppose each other in this proportion, so what? Shang Yang's method is a good method. Now let's take a look at the records of our country for more than 4,000 years, and among the great politicians who seek to benefit the country and benefit the people, isn't Shang Yang one of the best? During the reign of Duke Xiao, the Central Plains was abuzz, the war was raging, and the whole country was exhausted beyond description. So if you want to defeat the other countries and unify the Central Plains, is it not difficult? Therefore, the reform order was issued, which punished rape and rape to protect the rights of the people, cultivated and weaved to increase the wealth of the people, promoted military merit to build the country's prestige, and eradicated poverty and idleness to eliminate consumption.

This is a great policy that our country has never had before. Why should the people be afraid and not believe it? It is necessary to move trees to establish trust. Then I know the painstaking efforts of the politicians. I know then the foolishness of the people of my country. I know the reason why the people's wisdom has been darkened for thousands of years and the country has been in the tragic situation of collapse several times. Although, the people are afraid of the extraordinary situation. The people are this people, and the law is that law. Why should I blame you? I am particularly afraid that if the civilized people of other countries in the east and west hear about this matter of moving trees to establish trust, they will burst into laughter and ridicule. Woohoo! I want to be speechless. ---------Mao Zedong

Edit this paragraph's idiom "The practice will kill you"

Shang Yang was originally named Wei Yang. After the success of the reform, the Qin Dynasty became rich and powerful, and the merchants were enfeoffed. land. However, because the reform touched upon the interests of many old nobles, the book reads: "During Shang Yang's prime ministership in Qin, Shang Yang aroused the resentment of the Qin nobles because of his strict law enforcement. After the death of Duke Xiao, the crown prince Qin Hui was established. In order to avenge their old grudges, the Qian princes They reported that Shang Yang was planning to rebel, and sent officials to arrest him. Shang Yang planned to flee to Wei, but the Wei people refused to accept him because his son Ang had fallen into his trap, so he had no choice but to return to Qin. Instead, he sent troops to attack the city with his followers. Zheng (now Huaxian County, Shaanxi), was defeated and killed. When he was brought back to the capital, he was killed by King Hui's chariot and his clan was destroyed." This means that Shang Yang offended Gongzi Qian and others during the reform, and King Hui of Qin ordered them to hunt him down. Shang Yang. After the defeat, he fled to Shangdi and stayed in a hotel. The waiter said: "Shang Jun has ordered the hotel not to accommodate people without official certificates, otherwise the owner will have to stay with him." Shang Yang had no choice but to continue on his way. He was arrested on the way and escorted to Xianyang where he drove. To put it simply, in order to facilitate the flow of management personnel during Shang Yang's reform, a decree was issued requiring hoteliers to have credentials. But in the end, it was because of this law that his car broke apart and died. Later generations said, "Shang Yang's reforms will lead to self-destruction."