A collection of essential Chinese terminology and poetry appreciation methods for the College Entrance Examination, and examples of common images

1. The stem of the College Entrance Examination question is the "clue" for solving the problem. It indicates the direction and scope of the answer to the candidate. , requirements, etc.

Only by understanding the question stem can you easily score points.

Looking at the college entrance examination Chinese test papers across the country over the past few years, it is not difficult to find that there are some similar "common terms" hidden in the question stems.

The summary is as follows:

Expression methods: Commonly used expression methods in Chinese include narrative, description, discussion, lyricism, explanation, etc.

Writing technique: Writing technique in the narrow sense is "expression", and in the broad sense it refers to all techniques of writing articles, such as expression, rhetorical techniques, suppression first and then promotion, symbolism, straight to the point, and supporting things to express one's ambitions. wait.

Rhetorical techniques: Commonly used ones include metaphor, personification, repetition, exaggeration, parallelism, antithesis, contrast, question, rhetorical question, etc.

Language characteristics: Generally speaking, it refers to the easy-to-understand spoken language, the rigorous and elegant written language, and the bright, vivid, vivid, vivid and emotional characteristics of literary language.

When analyzing, it is usually analyzed rhetorically.

Types of expository essays: expository essays on things and events (from a content perspective); plain and vivid expository essays (from a language expression perspective).

Explanation methods: Generally include giving examples, classifying, listing data, making comparisons, defining, explaining, making analogies, drawing charts, describing situations, etc. (usually three words).

Explain the order: time order (program order), space order, logical order.

When answering the questions, you can be more specific, such as: spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, etc.), logical order (first effect, then cause, layer by layer, etc.).

Description object: refers to the main person or thing described in the article (generally, it is not necessary to answer the characteristics of the person or thing).

Argumentative essay topics: argument type, topic type, relationship type, metaphor type Liao Fa.

Argument methods: establishing arguments and refuting arguments.

Theoretical arguments: including famous quotes, proverbs, formulas and laws, etc.

Factual evidence: all facts, historical facts, data, etc.

What is the role: The role of a certain content in the answer text can be considered from three aspects. One is the content, such as deepening the theme, emphasizing emotions, etc.; the other is the structure, such as transition, echo, etc.; It is language, such as fascinating, lively, etc.

Ideological content: basically refers to the central idea or theme of the article.

Thoughts and emotions: The ideological tendencies shown by the author or the characters in the work, such as good and evil, likes and dislikes, praise and criticism, etc.

The above "commonly used terms" secretly test the students' Chinese language foundation, and are also the points for assigning points to the questions. Understanding them clearly can eliminate the problem of "answering questions that are not what they are asked".

2. Common terminology for appreciation of ancient poetry

1. Evaluate the theme category to deepen the artistic conception, deepen the theme, have far-reaching artistic conception, beautiful artistic conception, profound meaning, thought-provoking, and far-reaching words (language) Simple and easy to understand, with profound themes), concise and meaningful (concise language, rich in content), meaning between the words (the meaning behind the words, the words are here and the meaning is there, the overtones, the meaning is beyond the meaning, the words are exhausted but the meaning is endless), implicit and euphemistic , without a single word, it is all romantic (the meaning is implicit, or the expression is not obvious, but it is thought-provoking).

2. Language characteristics: concise outline (introducing the general outline of things), rich and colorful (detailed and delicate descriptions), lifelike (lifelike descriptions, mostly referring to people or animals), detailed or exhaustive descriptions of objects ( Phase) (detailed description, detailed and vivid depiction), poetic and picturesque.

3. The language style is flowing (structure and language are natural and smooth), both form and spirit (language, structure and other forms and content are impeccable), concise or refined (the language is concise and neat), simple and clear Or it can be as clear as words (without decoration or decoration), plain and simple, simple and fresh, elegant, gorgeous and bright (clear and smooth).

4. The structure of the article is foreshadowing (explanations and hints before the plot occurs), foreshadowing (the first paragraph lays clues for the later paragraphs), echoes or echoes (the interconnection between the previous and the following), and natural ( The structure is very complete, as if it were born naturally).

5. Other ideas are exquisite, novel, unique, unique, unconventional, unconventional, original (innovative, not following old formats and practices, quite original), delicate feelings, emotional Sincere, vivid on the page, twists and turns, and clear layers.

3. Poetry Appreciation Methods

1. Test-taking strategies:

(1) Master the necessary knowledge of appreciation (appreciation)

Artistic conception: It is the harmonious unity of the two factors of meaning and scene in the poem. It is the combination of the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet and the poem. The organic combination of the life pictures described in it.

Lyric style: direct lyricism and indirect lyricism.

Techniques of expression: such as setting off, setting off, virtuality and reality, supporting objects to express aspirations, borrowing objects to express emotions, etc.

Style schools: Because writers have different life experiences, emotional temperaments, artistic qualities, etc., they show their own unique style, style and interest in their creations, which forms different styles of works.

For example, Li Bai’s elegance and ease, Du Fu’s melancholy and frustration, Su Shi’s broad-mindedness and boldness, Liu Yong’s softness and elegance, etc.

Understanding the poet's style is helpful to grasp the thoughts and feelings they want to express in their poems.

Language characteristics: Fresh - novel diction, plain - simple and true, gorgeous - gorgeous and fantastic, bright - one sentence clear, implicit - meaning beyond the words, concise - concise and to the point.

(2) Master the methods of appreciation

① Understanding the relevant background of the poet or the work is helpful to grasp the content and ideas of the poem.

②With the help of association and imagination, it is helpful to grasp the artistic conception of poetry, because poetry has tension and endless charm in its size.

③Taste the author’s word-refining, sentence-refining and chaining of meanings in the poems.

When appreciating, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth analysis of the poet's accurate and expressive wording, exquisite and appropriate rhetoric, the blending of emotion and scenery, the combination of matter and reason, etc., which will help to grasp the conception and meaning of the work. Emotion, enter the reality of the work, and understand the poet's feelings.

Literary work appreciation is a highly comprehensive and high-level creative activity. At present, poetry appreciation teaching can be said to be a weakness in Chinese teaching and a blind spot in high school entrance examination review.

When reviewing, you should pay attention to the setting of test points for appreciation questions from the following aspects: 1. Understanding of the content of the poem: ⑴ understanding of the central idea; ⑵ understanding of the emotions expressed; ⑶ understanding of the lyrical subject image understanding; (4) understanding of symbolic meaning.

2. An understanding of the expression techniques used and their effects.

3. Understanding of poetic language: ⑴ understanding of key terms; ⑵ understanding of key sentences.

4. Understanding of the artistic conception of poetry.

Question types are generally three types: multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, and short answer. Some are open-ended questions that encourage students to innovate.

Problem-solving ideas and techniques:

1. From the relevant background information of the author and the work, we can grasp the purpose of the work, the author's emotional tendency, and the original meaning of the poem.

2. Understand the meaning of the poems and the emotions expressed from the writer's style (bold, graceful, etc.) and language characteristics (such as simplicity, implicit, etc.).

3. Start with key words, such as grasping the usage, meaning and function of the key verbs in the poem to appreciate.

4. Start with key sentences (such as theme sentences, philosophical sentences, emotional sentences), analyze and summarize, and reason to answer.

5． Start with rhetorical techniques, expressions, and expression techniques, taste the language, and imagine the artistic conception.

6. Start with a comprehensive understanding of the specific content of poems and grasp the ideological content of various types of poems (farewell, chanting things, patriotism, etc.).

For answers to subjective test questions, you should also pay attention to the written expressions being concise, clear, and to the point.

Be familiar with common terminology in the appreciation of classical poetry

⑴Evaluate the theme category

Deepen the artistic conception, deepen the theme, far-reaching artistic conception, beautiful artistic conception, profound meaning, thought-provoking, language The meaning is near, the purpose is far, the words are simple and the meaning is rich, the meaning is beyond the words, implicit and implicit, etc.

⑵ Analytical techniques

To show one’s ambitions at the end of the chapter, to add the final touch, to express one’s thoughts directly, to express one’s ambitions through things, to symbolize, to see the big from the small, to get straight to the point, to convey, to entrust, to set off, to set off, to exaggerate, Lateral description, comparison, evocation, blending of scenes, interdependence of scenes, emotions arising from scenes, expressing emotions through scenes, lining up emotions with scenes, blending emotions into scenes, all scene language is love language, etc.

(3) Language characteristics category

Outline, thick ink and color, detailed, delicate, lifelike, detailed, exhaustive form (phase), philosophical, vivid, flowing, It has both form and spirit, concise, simple, bright, clear, smooth, plain, unremarkable, simple and fresh, elegant, gorgeous words, etc.

(4) Style category: melancholy, bold, vigorous, broad-minded, melancholy, desolate, dilute, low, sad, vigorous, soothing, sad, handsome, etc.

(5) Article structure

Use foreshadowing, foreshadowing, echoing, and natural formation, etc.

(6) Writing skills

The combination of virtuality and reality, the fusion of water and gold, etc.

7. Master the characteristics of rhetorical techniques used in poetry

Commonly used rhetorical techniques in poetry are metaphor, personification, contrast, exaggeration, metonymy, pun, intertextuality, etc.

Secondly, to understand poetry, you must pay attention to its application methods

(1). Use the title, author, and notes.

The title is the entry point.

The titles of ancient poems are very particular. They can often reveal the time, place, object, event, theme, etc. of the writing of the poem. It is an important entry point for us to interpret the poem. Starting from the title, we can quickly and accurately understand poetry.

Author: Determine the dynasty and style, paving the way for subsequent analysis of language, expression skills, ideological content and the poet's views and attitudes.

Note: You can understand the creation background of the work.

(2) Learn to classify and appreciate poetry based on content.

Classification of ancient poetry

Ancient times are vast. From the Book of Songs to the Qing Dynasty, the number of poems and the wide range of themes are amazing.

But in terms of its content, it can be generally summarized as: epic poems, pastoral poems about landscapes, poems about things, frontier poems, lyrical poems, etc.

Master the characteristics and methods of various types of poetry.

(In view of the space, we will not go into details) "Tasting Tea"

3. With context

Appreciation of poetry should not neglect understanding of its context.

The background mentioned here includes many aspects such as the social era in which the poet lives, life experiences, ideological opinions, etc.

These aspects often have a direct impact on poets' poetry creation.

Therefore, when we appreciate poetry, we should use this to understand and grasp poetry.

4. Pay attention to the "detailed description" in the work.

Chinese classical poetry is generally short and concise, so it does not have too many details like narrative works.

However, even if it is a short chapter or even a lyrical sketch, the detailed description cannot be ignored.

5. Pay attention to the author’s “logical thinking”.

People generally notice the image thinking in classical poetry and fully analyze it, but ignore the necessary logical thinking analysis and understanding of the work, so that sometimes they cannot comprehensively and objectively understand it. Appreciate the true meaning of the work.

Image thinking cannot exclude logical thinking, and must be based on logical thinking.

6. Pay attention to the use of "allusions" in the work.

Allusion is a commonly used expression method in ancient poetry. It not only enhances the meaning of the work, but also has a certain impact on our reading.

Sometimes, if the meaning of the allusions is not correctly understood, it will directly affect the appreciation of the entire work.

Therefore, it is necessary to have a preliminary understanding of the "allusions" in the work, and then understand the new meaning expressed after using the allusion through the original meaning of the allusion.

Generally speaking, when using allusions in ancient poetry, we should pay attention to the following situations.

Enlightenment of previous statements.

Enlightenment is different from direct quotation, but digesting the previous sentences and writing them in your own words.

Ming uses historical stories.

When quoting historical stories, clearly indicate who and what happened. This is explicit use

Hidden use of historical stories.

Bi Ming uses concealment, because it does not clearly indicate what it is, so it is difficult to see at a glance.

If you know the historical story used, you can understand the poem; otherwise, it will be a big headache.

Reverse historical stories.

The overt and covert use of historical stories is to use the correct meaning, and the reverse use of historical stories is to use the opposite meaning.

2. Appreciation and evaluation

1. Grasp the imagery and artistic conception of poetry

The imagery of poetry:

The imagery of poetry is diverse and can be summarized into the following categories:

(1) Symbolic image

(2) Metaphorical image

(3) Descriptive image

(4) Synaesthetic image

2 ． Appreciating images in poetry

The so-called "image" is the picture of life shown in literary works, which can generally be divided into human figures and natural scenery.

(1) Character image.

The image of the poet "I" in the poem generally refers to the lyrical protagonist, that is, the poet himself.

Different from the "I" in the novel (not the author himself).

(2) Scenery image.

The scenery in the poem is a scene in love.

Lyric poetry is often a subjective emotional image expressed with the help of objective objects (mountains, rivers, vegetation, etc.), that is, an image containing "meaning", that is, "imagery".

Poets generally express themselves through images. As the subject, the poet often becomes one with the object of the image.

Sometimes there are several images in the poem, and there is a certain connection between each image.

When writing a general short review, you should first "block", that is, state the overall characteristics of the poet's image, and then use this as the "central argument" to analyze and demonstrate this argument from the specific words of the poem. .

Appreciation and evaluation in the other three aspects generally use this idea.

It is worth noting that you must write around "this" argument.

Beginners often lose the focus and write about various aspects in a short text.

The idea of ????appreciating the image of a poet is consistent with the method in other literary works, generally starting from his "social status", "ideology", "character characteristics" and other aspects.

However, these words should not appear in the specific writing process. What we borrow here are its methods and ideas.

3. Appreciating the language of works

The main characteristics of poetry language are: conciseness, image, emotion, and jumping.

Appreciating the language of poetry mainly starts from these aspects.

These aspects are often integrated into one.

4. Expression skills in appreciating works

Expression skills refer to the specific and special artistic means shown by the poet's flexible use of general creative rules and methods when shaping artistic images with the help of language and words.

Mainly examines artistic characteristics and forms of expression.

(1) Lyrical method.

Lyrical methods include direct lyricism (expressing one's heart directly) and indirect lyricism.

The main means of indirect expression include borrowing scenes or objects to express emotions, borrowing people or objects to express one's ambitions, and other methods such as blending emotions into scenes, remembering the past and regretting the present, and expressing feelings at the moment.

(2) Expression techniques.

Expression techniques can be grasped from three aspects:

1. Creation methods: Fu, comparison and xing;

2. Expression methods: narrative and description , lyrical, argumentative;

3. Conceptualization skills: using movement to describe stillness, music and scenery to describe sadness, combining reality and reality, seeing the big from the small, combining points and aspects, imagining associations, symbolic sustenance, etc.

Among these three aspects, the third aspect is its focus.

(3) Use allusions.

When appreciating the use of allusions in poetry, two main points should be clarified:

1. The source and meaning of the allusions.

2. The role of allusions.

The role of allusions in poetry before the Tang Dynasty was mainly to increase the capacity of the poems, making the poems elegant, durable, and rich in literary talent; in the poems and songs after the Tang Dynasty, it was mainly to nostalgic for the past and lament the present, and to chant history and express aspirations.

(4) Style

Style is the overall ideological and artistic characteristics of a work determined by the creative personality.

In general, styles can be divided into romanticism and realism.

In terms of the overall style of poetry and music, there are four categories: poetic poetry, charming poetry, and harmonious music (vulgar), and poetry can be divided into bold and graceful poetry.

1. Different styles have different characteristics:

Romanticism: good at expressing the passionate pursuit of the ideal world, often using exaggeration, passionate language, and magnificent and magical imagination.

Representative poets include Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Li He, Su Shi, Gong Zizhen, etc.

Realism: Focus on accurately and delicately describing reality as life is, and truly reflecting the people's lives and pursuits.

Representative poets include Du Fu, Xin Qiji, Lu You, etc.

2. Many poets have developed their own unique styles:

Su Shi, Xin Qiji: bold and bold Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao: graceful and graceful Li Yu, Liu Yuxi: meaningful and long-lasting

Xie Tiao, Xie Lingyun: natural Li Bai: fresh and elegant Du Fu: melancholy and frustrated

Qu Yuan: vigorous and tragic Wang Anshi: vigorous and tall Tao Yuanming: distant and quiet

Wang Wei: tranquil and graceful Wang Changling: majestic and heroic Li He: Powerful and strange

Cao Cao: Bold and majestic

3. Different types of poetry have different styles:

Court poetry: lingering pastoral poetry: tranquility Tranquil landscape poetry: fresh and beautiful

Frontier poetry: sad and generous; allegorical poetry: melancholy and angry; epic poem: powerful and magnificent

(5) Rhetoric:

Mainly mastered The eight rhetorical techniques required by the college entrance examination are generally examined in the form of discerning the artistic techniques of rhetoric and analyzing the artistic effects of rhetoric.

5. Evaluate the ideological content of the work

First, thoughts and feelings:

There are three main points to examine:

1. Emotional categories: sadness, anger, hatred, sadness , joy, joy, longing, sorrow and regret, nostalgia for the past and regret for the present, etc.

2. Emotional carriers: Willow - farewell, chrysanthemum - pride, full moon - reunion, fallen leaves - frustration, etc.

3. Lyric method: See the "Appreciation of Expression Skills" section above

Second, the main content:

The main test items are:

1. Involved cultural common sense, common sense of life, historical allusions, myths and legends and natural phenomena.

2. The general idea or connotation of a certain poem.

3. The poet’s ideological tendencies, political opinions, ambitions, life experiences, etc.

4. The background of the times and social reality.

There are roughly two ways to express ideological content in poetry. One is to use scenery to express emotions, and the other is to use characters to express aspirations.

Most of the rhymed poems and quatrains first describe the scenery and then express the feelings; lyrics and music often chant objects and recall the past, that is, they use things and characters to express their aspirations.

The ideological content is concentratedly reflected in the lyrical poems.

To appreciate the thoughts and feelings of poetry, we must first start with the basic content of the poem, and secondly, write down the author’s emotions contained in the poem.

3. Summary and expression

1. Flexibly use common ancient poetry appreciation terms to accurately and appropriately express your own experience of "discussing poetry about poetry".

In terms of "what to write": describing scenery and expressing emotions; chanting things and expressing ambitions (emotions); nostalgic and chanting history; reflecting on the current situation; frontier battles; landscapes and pastoral; imagery; artistic conception; background; theme.

In terms of "how to write": romanticism; realism; poetic eye; using scenery to express emotions; blending feelings into scenery; expressing one's feelings directly; combining virtual and real; drawing vivid and vivid; combining movement and stillness; turning stillness into movement; refining Words; succession, transition, comparison, exaggeration, exaggeration, allusion, implication, antithesis, rhyme.

"Why write" aspect: express the thoughts and feelings of...; reflect the social reality of...; express the interest of...; express the feelings of... (such as love, melancholy, melancholy, depression, etc.); To express the pursuit of...; to reveal the tendency of...; to express the emotion of...; to reveal the feelings of...; to create the sentiment of...

2. Distinguish several concepts and clarify the content angle of the answer

If asked about "expression method", answer narration, description (virtual and real, movement and stillness), discussion, lyricism, presentation, etc.;

Ask " If you ask "Rhetorical techniques", answer the figure of speech used;

If you ask "Art (expression) skills", answer imagination, association, foil (positive or negative), contrast, symbol, allusion, transformation Use, implicit and implicit, etc.

4. , when answering questions, pay special attention to the following points:

First, stick to the requirements and not talk in general terms; second, the key points must be complete and think from multiple angles; third, carefully consider the wording and strive to be accurate and concise ,specification.

The role of rhetorical techniques and explanatory methods in reading texts (reading comprehension)

1. Parallelism and repetition: It expresses strongly————.

Parallelism often gives people a sense of coherence, smooth language and momentum, which can enhance the persuasiveness and appeal of the article.

Repeatedly emphasize a certain meaning or highlight a certain emotion.

2. Rhetorical question: Make the tone stronger, express stronger feelings than ordinary declarative sentences, and express the meaning more clearly than direct statements.

3. Metaphors: Metaphors are used to describe things, and they can be used to describe things vividly and concretely; used to explain principles,

They can be used to explain principles in a simple and easy-to-understand way. understand.

4. Exaggeration: used to emphasize or highlight the characteristics of a certain aspect of things and express some strong thoughts and feelings.

5. Ask questions: Answer the questions yourself to attract the reader's attention and thinking, and to emphasize -.

6. Duality: Make the sentence structure more ——, the language neat, etc.

1. Use metaphors to make - more vivid.

The language is vivid.

2. Divide into categories: make the explanation of - more clear.

3. Give examples: make readers believe more - 4. List numbers: make readers believe more and make the language more accurate.

5. Make comparison: reveal more clearly through comparison - 6. Define: explain - more accurately.

Explanation of the essential characteristics of things.

7. Interpretation: clarifying a certain characteristic of something is also a more accurate explanation of -.

3. Emotions expressed: What emotions are expressed (embodied/revealed) through what content

4. Experience of artistic conception: What artistic conception blends the objective image and subjective feelings

5. Appreciate key words: the expression function of meaning and technique (the meaning of the sentence, the main emotion of the sentence)

6. Appreciate the rhetorical method: reveal the expression function of the technique and analysis (the main emotion of the sentence and text)

7. Appreciate expression methods: how to narrate (describe) what to narrate (describe) and express what emotions

8. Appreciate expression techniques: the expression function of techniques (the meaning of the sentence, the meaning of the sentence, the theme of the emotion)

9. Summarize and evaluate the content of the poem: what kind of poem is this? What is written in each line of the poem and what emotion is expressed using what technique? Evaluation (total score)

Examples of common images

Trees

Yellow leaves: withering, maturity, beauty's twilight, metabolism

Green leaves: vitality, hope, vitality

Pines and cypresses: firm, proud, Strength, vitality

Bamboo: integrity, positivity

Tung: misery

Willow: farewell, nostalgia, sadness, the beauty of spring

Flowers and plants

Blooming: hope, youth, the splendor of life

Falling: withering, frustration, setbacks in life and career, cherishing spring, nostalgia for beautiful things

p>

Chrysanthemum: seclusion, nobility, refinement

Plum: pride, strength, perseverance, adversity

Orchid: nobility

Peony: wealth, Beautiful

Grass: strong vitality, endless life, hope, desolation, remoteness, hatred, low status and humbleness

Grain: the sorrow of millet (the past and present of the country) Decline)

3. Animals

Zigui: miserable, sad

Ape: sad, sad

Pigeon: ideal, pursuit

Fish: freedom, comfort

Guyan: loneliness, homesickness, homesickness, news, news

Eagle: strength, freedom, struggle in life, success in career Success

Dog and chicken: breath of life, pastoral life

Thin horse: galloping, pursuit, wandering

Crow: villain, vulgar person

Sand gull: drifting, sad

Wind, frost, rain, snow, water cloud types:

River water: the passage of time, the shortness of years, the long sorrow, the development trend of history

Smoke: bleak emotions, confusion about the future, and disillusionment of ideals

Light rain: spring scenery, hope, vitality, vitality, and subtle enlightenment

Heavy rain: Cruelty, passion, political struggle, the power to sweep away evil forces, the power to cleanse filth

Spring breeze: open-minded, joy, hope

East wind: spring, beauty

West Wind: Loneliness, melancholy, decline, wanderers longing to return home

Strong wind: The power to cause chaos and destroy the old world

Frost: Easily age in life, harsh social environment, rampant evil forces , the ups and downs in life

Snow: purity, beauty, harsh environment, rampant evil forces

Dew: the shortness of life, the perishability of life

Cloud: wanderer, wandering

Cloudy sky: depression, sorrow, loneliness

Clear sky: joy, brightness

Utensils

Jade: noble and refined

Pearl: beautiful and flawless

6: Other categories:

The ancients: clear aspirations, introspection, whipping

Monuments: nostalgia, clear aspirations, past prosperity and present decline (country), decline, depression (historic monuments are generally closely related to the ancients)

p>

Dawn: first hope

Late night: melancholy and nostalgia

Countryside: longing for home, tired of vulgarity, pastoral scenery, breath of life, simplicity and beauty, comfort and tranquility

Wonderland: elegant, wonderful and clean, forgetting the world

The moon: the perfection or shortcomings of life, homesickness, missing relatives

The sunset: loss, depression, cherishing the beautiful and beautiful Short life or things

Heaven and earth: the insignificance of human beings, the shortness of life, the broadness of mind, the loneliness of emotions

Wine: joy, pride, frustration, sorrow

————————I hope that I will make progress in my studies, be on the gold list, have all my dreams come true, work smoothly, and have a happy life————————More questions and answers? Follow up

Blank Follow-up

What’s blank.

It’s all there. Question

I saw it was blank

Just a small white frame