Chinese name: Gorky
mbth
Nationality: former Soviet Union
Place of birth: Nizhny Novgorod
Date of birth:1March 28th, 868
Date of death: 1936 June 18.
Occupation: writer
Representative works: Haiyan, Childhood, On Earth, My University and Mother.
Famous saying: Books are the ladder of human progress.
Personal profile
Gorky [1] (1868.3.16-1936.6.18) full name Maxim Gorky, formerly known as Alexei Macsimovici Piesse kov, also known as Shi levski (Russian: р Lenin called him "the most outstanding representative of proletarian literature", the founder of socialist realistic literature, the mentor and founder of proletarian revolutionary literature 1868 was born in Nizhny Novgorod on the Volga River in Russia (Russian: нинновв)
He lost his father in his early years and lived in his grandfather's house, which ran a small dye house. 1 1 years old began to make a living independently, and spent his childhood and adolescence at the bottom of the old society. Gorky's extraordinary early experiences are vividly described in his famous autobiographical trilogy, including Childhood, On Earth and My University. The suffering of the world and the bitterness of life have honed his fighting spirit; After Gorky studied hard, he tried to teach himself. The experience and profound understanding of the painful life of the people at the bottom of society has become an inexhaustible source of his creation. 1892 with maxim? Under the pen name Gorky (meaning the greatest pain), he published his first novel, McArdle? Cudla. Among Gorky's early works, the most famous romantic short stories "Old Lady Izgil" and "Song of the Eagle" and the representative work "Cerca Shi" describing the life of vagrants were published in 1895. 1899, Gorky completed his first novel, Fuma? Gore deyev. 190 1 year, Gorky was arrested for participating in a demonstration in Petersburg. The famous prose poem Haiyan was written after he participated in this demonstration. He used this passionate revolutionary prose to meet the revolutionary storm of the proletariat in the 20th century. In the same year, he wrote his first play Ordinary Citizen, and his outstanding achievement was to create the image of the first revolutionary proletariat (revolutionary worker Neil) in the history of world literature. 1902, he wrote "At the Bottom", which is a summary of the author's observation on the life of the homeless in the past 20 years and a masterpiece of Gorky's drama. Gorky joined the revolutionary movement as a soldier during the high revolutionary situation in 1905, and his residence became one of the strongholds of the armed uprising in Moscow in 1905.
Soviet writer Yi? Kanohova once wrote an article about Gorky, named "Accident", which tells that the writer met Gorky but didn't recognize him (which will be learned in the sixth lesson of the fifth grade experimental textbook of China's compulsory education curriculum standard). His works "Mother" and "Song of Haiyan" were selected into the eighth-grade Chinese book of the Soviet Education Press, and the second volume of the Chinese textbook of the eighth-grade People's Education Press also included "Song of Haiyan", but it was renamed "Haiyan"; "Friends of Childhood" (from "Childhood") was selected as the second volume of the seventh grade Chinese book of Jiangsu Education Publishing House.
Creative profession
1, Early Life and Creation
Gorky lost his father at the age of 4 and was taken to his grandmother's house with his mother, who was a woman of five big and three thick, and her grandmother was very kind to Gorky. Grandpa is in a small business, which is not good and has a bad temper. He once broke a rolling pin. He started as an apprentice, porter and baker at the age of 1 1. 1884 went to Kazan, and 19 visited Russia twice in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and got a wide understanding of people's feelings. In the meantime, he was arrested in 1889 for participating in a secret revolutionary organization. After his release, his actions were still monitored by the Constitutional Police. 1892, he published his first novel, Markard Cudla, and soon began to work as an editor and journalist in the local newspaper. 1898 published two volumes of prose and short stories, which are well-known in Russian and European literary circles. He only attended school for two years, but in fact he was self-taught.
Most of his early works are short stories. Among them are Markard Cudla, Maiden and Death, Old Lady Izgil, and Song of the Eagle. With a strong contrast between darkness and light, praising heroes who yearn for light and devote themselves to people's interests has distinct romantic characteristics. Novels such as Cerca Shi, Konarov and Because of Boredom focus on describing the miserable life of the lower classes and expressing their anger at reality, which belongs to artistic realism. The two-volume short story "The Reader" and the critical article "Paul Welland and the Decadence School" also show that the author has attached importance to the social role of literature from the beginning and has a clear artistic stance against decadence.
Two novellas, Fuma Goyle Deyev and Three Men, were completed at the turn of the 20th century from 65438 to 2009, focusing on revealing the life exploration theme of young heroes through a broader realistic picture.
Starting from 1900, Gorky participated in and presided over the work of Knowledge Publishing House, and United a large number of writers with democratic tendencies in Russia at that time by publishing knowledge series. 190 1 year, he wrote leaflets in St. Petersburg, exposing the atrocities of the czar government in suppressing demonstrators and calling for the overthrow of the autocratic system. Song of Haiyan, a prose poem published in the same year, is full of revolutionary passion and is considered as a "revolutionary declaration". Gorky was also entrusted by the revolutionary party to set up a secret printing factory in this year, and was arrested and exiled for the second time.
Gorky wrote several plays in succession at the beginning of the 20th century, among which Ordinary Citizen exposed the contradiction between bourgeois conservatives and liberals and created a vivid image of workers. The bottom deeply criticizes passive waiting for happiness, and a character in the play declares, "How proud the word human sounds." Three plays, Summer Traveler, Children of the Sun and Barbarian, revealed the split of Russian intellectuals at that time and flogged those who abandoned AEGDYGTS' revolutionary ideal. 1905 at the beginning of the revolution, as a witness against the shooting of petitioners by the czar government, he wrote leaflets and called on the people to fight, and actively participated in the publication of New Life and Fight by the Social Democratic Labor Party, trying to plan funds and weapons for the insurgents. During this period, he also published a lot of political comments, among which "On the Habits of Ordinary Citizens" deeply analyzed its social roots, psychological characteristics and its harm to the revolutionary cause.
2. Mid-term life and creation
1at the beginning of 906, Gorky secretly left Russia for the United States, where he publicized the revolution and raised money for the party. In the same year, he wrote the drama Enemy and the novel Mother in America. The former successfully demonstrated the unity and fighting spirit of the working class without fear of sacrifice through fierce face-to-face conflicts between workers and factory owners in a factory; The latter highlights the image of Barville and his mother Nilovna, who consciously struggled for the cause of socialism, who changed from resignation to firm revolutionary fighters under the realistic education, based on the May Day tour behavior of women in Sormo in 1902. Both works are permeated with firm belief in historical progress and embody the creative principle of expressing reality in the development of real revolution, and are recognized as the foundation works of socialist realism. During his stay in the United States, the writer also wrote My Interview and In America, which exposed and criticized the capitalist system.
After the temporary failure of the revolution, Gorky went to Italy from the United States in the autumn of 1906 and settled in Capri Island. During this period, he worked almost exclusively for the Russian revolution. Together with Lenin, he founded a school to train revolutionaries and propagandists, and met many people who came to visit him specially. He received many letters from all over Russia, in which many people told him their hopes and worries, and he also replied to many letters.
During this period, he had the first conflict with Lenin. Religion is very important to Gorky. Lenin thought it was a "departure from Marxism". The direct cause of this conflict is Gorky's essay Confessions, which attempts to combine Christianity with Marxism. 19 13 The conflict broke out again.
3. Life and Creation in Later Years
192/kloc-0 went abroad for medical treatment in the summer of, and basically lived in sorrento until 1928. During his recovery, he tried his best to resist the ultra-left and sectarian mistakes of some groups such as Lapp through letters and interviews, and did a lot of work to train young writers and unite writers of different styles. He also worked hard to create, published his memoir "lev tolstoy ERKJHIEOR" and feature "Lenin", and completed his autobiographical trilogy "Childhood", "On Earth" and "My University", describing the writer's journey from the bottom of life to the revolutionary road and the laborer's pursuit of truth and light.
Gorky organized a series of associations immediately after the revolution to prevent the decline of science and culture he was worried about. The Committee on Improving the Living Standards of Scholars was established to protect intellectuals who are particularly threatened by hunger, cold and political uncertainty. He organized a newspaper against Lenin's Pravda and "lynching" and "the poison of power". EWJRJIWI 19 18 was banned. The difference between Gorky and Lenin is so great that Lenin suggested Gorky go to a foreign sanatorium to treat his tuberculosis.
He lived in Berlin from 192 1 to 1924. He didn't trust Lenin's successor, so he didn't go back to Russia after Lenin died. He intended to return to Italy, and the Italian fascist government agreed to let him go to sorrento after some hesitation. He stayed there until 1927, where he wrote Remember Lenin, in which he called Lenin his favorite person. Besides, he is writing two of his novels.
1927101On October 22nd, the Soviet Academy of Sciences decided to award Gorky the title of proletarian writer to commemorate the 35th anniversary of his writing. When he returned to the Soviet Union soon, he won many honors: he was awarded the Lenin Medal and became a member of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union. The whole country of the Soviet Union celebrated his 60th birthday, and many units were named after him. His birthplace was renamed Gorky City.
Many of his works, which are suitable for socialist realism, are ostentatious and some are silent. In particular, Mother (Gorky's only work featuring proletarian workers) became a model of Soviet literature.
Gorky said in the last period that his pessimism about revolution in the past was wrong, and he became a model writer of Stalin. He traveled around the Soviet Union and expressed surprise at the progress made in recent years. He doesn't seem to notice the dark side of these advances. Most of the time he lived in a villa near Moscow and was always watched by KGB spies. He still tries to inspire the public and promote young writers.
1936 June 18, Gorky was cleverly murdered in the hospital, and three doctors who treated Gorky were arranged to take the fall.
Gorky's works have been introduced to China since the early 20th century. Many of his novels, plays and works have not only been translated into Chinese, but also edited and published into single-volume and multi-volume Gorky collections. His literary creation and literary theory had an important influence on the development of China's new literature after the May 4th Movement.
[Edit this paragraph] Main works
petrel
mother
childhood
to the end
My college
(early) morning
The melody of spring
The life of Clima Samgina
Ordinary citizens
Eagle song
Forma Goyle Deyev
Ogulov town
Russian fairy tales
Italian fairy tales
ground floor
enemy troops
Last generation
Brief introduction of Gorky's trilogy of fame
Childhood, On the Earth and My University are Gorky's famous trilogy autobiographical novels, which write Gorky's understanding of suffering and unique views on social life, with endless vision and strength between the lines. It is rich in connotation and intriguing, and depicts a beautiful spiritual world for us. This world-famous autobiographical novel trilogy observes and understands the world around us through the eyes of a growing child, and shows us all kinds of problems and psychological tests encountered by a stubborn, compassionate and persistent teenager.
Little photographer
1928 Gorky lived in Leningrad in the summer. He often works by the window. One sunny morning, Gorky was reading a book. Suddenly, a small paper ball flew from the window to the table. Gorky opened the paper ball, which read: "Dear Comrade Gorky, I am a primary school student. I want to take a picture of you and post it on our wall newspaper. Please ask them to let me in. I'll leave after taking the photo. "
Gorky looked out of the window and saw a little boy about 10 years old standing on the sidewalk with a camera in his hand.
"Did you throw a paper ball?" Gorky asked.
"yes." The little boy stood up and bowed. "Please let me in!" "
"Come on, I'll let them let you in." Gorky said.
After a while, the little boy stood in front of Gorky. He looked at Gorky carefully, grinned, then pointed to the sofa with his finger and said, "Please sit here and read the newspaper."
Gorky took a newspaper and sat down according to the little boy's instructions. The little boy fiddled with it for a long time and said, "Everything is ready." Gorky cocked his face and smiled at him. Suddenly, the little boy sat on the ground and cried.
"What's the matter with you?" Gorky doesn't know what happened.
The little boy cried and said, "I left my film at home."
Gorky stood up quickly, and the little boy ran out with his camera. Gorky went to the window and shouted, "Come back, son! I'll give you the movie. "
The little boy cried and jumped on the tram. The tram left at once.
In the evening, the secretary told Gorky, "There is a photographer outside."
"Is it a little boy?" Gorky asked.
"No, he is a reporter for a magazine."
"Please tell him that I am very busy. However, if it is a little boy, let him in. "
gorky's former residence
For health reasons, Gorky's studio, bedroom and study are arranged on the first floor. Everything in the studio is in good order. There is a table covered with green woolen cloth by the window. Because Gorky is tall and suffering from lung disease, doctors don't allow him to work at his desk, so his desk is higher than the average one. There is no drawer in the writing desk, and everything needed for work is put on the table. Because Gorky believes that once the paper is put into the drawer, it will be neglected for a long time. Gorky doesn't like typewriters because the sound of typewriters will affect the rhythm of sentences. The clear and neat handwriting in his manuscript reflects the author's meticulous attitude towards his work.
Gorky had a special affection for China. At the critical moment of the China Revolution, he repeatedly supported the just cause of the people of China. In the glass cabinet on the right side of the studio, some oriental artworks collected by Gorky are displayed, including many China tooth carvings and other handicrafts.
Gorky's bedroom is very small, with a landscape painting hanging on the wall, a single bed in the middle and a hook for hanging electric lights at the head of the bed. There is a small bookshelf on the wall at the top left of the bed. The last book he read before his death was Taler's Biography of Napoleon, and he only read half of it. On June 1936, Gorky died in Gao Ilg village on the outskirts of Moscow.
There are 12000 books in Gorky's study, and about 3000 books are marked with Gorky's mark and eyebrows.
On May 28th, 1965, Gorky's former residence was turned into a memorial hall and officially received tourists.
[Edit this paragraph] Honors won
He has won the Gorky Literature Award, the highest prize in Soviet literature, the Rainbow Award for Lu Xun's literary translation, and the Friendship Medal awarded by the Russian-Chinese Friendship Association.
[Edit this paragraph] Famous sayings
1 Don't bemoan the pain of life! Lament is the weak!
Only confident people can immerse themselves in life with confidence everywhere and realize their will.
The higher a person pursues, the faster his talents develop and the more beneficial it is to society.
Study-it's never too late.
Books are the ladder of human progress and the most sincere friends.
1934 In May, Gorky's son Maxim died mysteriously, which was a heavy blow to his later years. Subsequently, Gorky's family doctor vinogradov died at the hands of the secret police, and the investigation of Maxim's death was interrupted. Ko Dollof, the medical director of the Kremlin, also died in the investigation. The cause of death is unknown.
In the archives of the former Soviet secret police (KGB), the Russian writer Shentarinsky found a large number of secret files about writers and artists during Lenin and Stalin's rule, which were classified as highly confidential by the Soviet regime and blocked for many years. Shentalinsky compiled these historical materials into a book, which was published in French in Paris from 65438 to 0993. From 65438 to 0995, Croft's English version of KGB Documentary Archives translated from Russian was published in London, England, which is the first-hand historical data to understand the persecution suffered by Soviet writers and artists in Stalin's era and the real cause and date of death. Gorky, who is highly respected and ranked second, is also under the secret surveillance of KGB, and there are a lot of secret materials about him in the archives room of the Soviet secret police headquarters.
Fall out with Lenin
Exile in Italy
Seduction and surveillance
Stalin's favorite
In the ten years after the October Revolution, Gorky only wrote memoirs about the unique artistic style and important literary value of Lenin and some writers, as well as the final autobiographical trilogy My University (1922 ~ 1923) and Life of Artamonov Family (1924 ~ 1923). 192 1 year, he followed Lenin's suggestion and went abroad to recuperate. 193 1 After returning to China in, I began to write the epic masterpiece The Life of Kerim Samgin from 1925, which is an unfinished work. 1936 Before his death, he also wrote Travel Notes of the Soviet Union (1929), The Story of Heroes, and several plays, Egor Blichev and others (1932) and Toschi Geff and others (1933).
Vasa Zhileznova (1935), as well as a large number of literary theories, literary criticisms and political articles, have made great contributions to Marxist literary theory and socialist cultural undertakings.
Gorky is not only a great writer but also an outstanding social activist. He organized and established the Soviet Writers' Association and presided over the first writers' congress in the whole Soviet Union to cultivate new literary talents and actively participate in the cause of maintaining world peace.
Gorky's works were introduced to China from 1907. His excellent literary works and papers have become the common wealth of the proletariat all over the world.
Maxim Peshkov (1897- 1934) is Gorky's son. He has an active mind.
Yue, with a gentle personality, likes driving and watching police movies, and has always wanted to work as a car truck driver. He also
I tried writing and painting, and I was praised by my friends. But he knew that as Gorky's son.
Son, it is difficult to become an independent artistic talent, so I gave up this road.
Gorky and his wife like Maxim very much. Since the unfortunate death of his daughter Kaga, Goyle
The couple's love for Maxim is growing day by day, and they care about his studies and his growth. Mixizhuang
Tim married a dignified and beautiful female painter, vikinskaya. maxim
Having the ability to work independently, Gorky asked him to manage his complicated affairs, even as a self.
My representative has dealt with some important matters. Lenin also asked Maxim to help him outside the Soviet Union.
As a diplomatic envoy to the people's Committee