I like calligraphy since I was a child. Emperor Kangxi liked calligraphy since he was a child, but when he really started practicing calligraphy, he was already in his twenties. Since the tenth year of Kangxi (167 1), when the study of Confucian classics was held (since the Han and Tang Dynasties, emperors of all dynasties set up a throne to discuss the history of Confucian classics-editor's note), lecturers Xiong Cilv and Fu Dali arranged the teaching content according to the requirements of "the study of emperors", and only paid attention to the treatment and meaning in the four books, but disagreed with the emperor's meeting. In February of the eleventh year, Emperor Kangxi called Fu Dali to the Maoqin Hall and said, "As for the leisure of listening to politics, there is no shortage of cold and heat, only reading and writing." So I wrote a line for him to read. Li's later view was, "the emperor's calligraphy is perfect ... but the study of a gentleman is different from that of a Confucian scholar." Writing has nothing to do with it. I'm afraid of the Eucharist. " Emperor Kangxi said, "Honesty is not here. I don't specialize in calligraphy either, but I like calligraphy in my spare time. I know what you said. "
/kloc-in February of 0/6, with the war of pacifying San Francisco as the turning point, Emperor Kangxi had a new idea about the rule of Taoism. While advocating Neo-Confucianism, he openly proposed to cultivate culture and education, and to use literature and calligraphy to shape his "elegance", so he ordered Hanlin officials to submit "his poems and his real cursive script" from time to time for research. At that time, Shen Quan of Zhan's family was famous for his good books. Emperor Kangxi often called him to Maoqintang to learn calligraphy, and asked him to write big characters, small characters, cursive "thousands of characters" and "hundreds of surnames" for copying. It also makes people say, "I am good at calligraphy, so I am good at calligraphy, so I write various poses in time for imitation." In October of this year, Emperor Kangxi issued a decree to the university students Le Dehong and Mingzhu: "I read from time to time, and there are no knowledgeable people in the attendants, so I can't cope with it. Now I want to choose two knowledgeable and knowledgeable people in Hanlin, who are always around and pay attention to literature. " After repeated brewing, Zhang Ying and Gao Shiqi were finally selected to join the study in Chengnan and practice calligraphy with them everywhere. In order to facilitate them to call from time to time, they also ordered the allocation of houses to live in the imperial city.
His works have obvious political tendencies. Twenty-one years ago (1682), Emperor Kangxi was basically in the stage of tracing and learning other people's calligraphy, and then his calligraphy gradually matured. In the next 40 years, he insisted on writing, frequently offering poems, inscriptions, plaques, lists, fans and so on. Written by his relatives to courtiers or places he passed by became an important part of Emperor Kangxi's political life.
Most of Kangxi Emperor's calligraphy works have obvious political inclination and significance, except for New Year greetings and visiting places of interest. First, it clearly embodies the ideological tendency of worshipping Confucianism and attaching importance to education. Emperor Kangxi's admiration for Neo-Confucianism is evident in calligraphy. For example, on May 20th of 16, lecturers Lashali, Chen Tingjing, Ye Fan Ai and Zhang Ying were given a regular script of "Qing Qin Shen" and a cursive script of "Wu Ge". In the 23rd year 1 1 month, Emperor Kangxi paid a visit to the Confucius Temple in the south, inscribed a plaque for Dacheng Hall's book "Being a Teacher for All eternity", and ordered the scholar Pearl and Wang Qian to declare: "The most holy virtue is the same as the heaven, the earth, the sun and the moon, brilliant and vast, beyond reproach. I have been studying Confucian classics and thinking to the extreme. I can't quote them if I want to praise them. The word' eternal teacher' is hung in the special book, and Feiyun preaches the holy religion and also shows the future. "
Second, vigorously commend loyal ministers and honest officials. It is the consistent practice of Emperor Kangxi to commend loyal ministers and reward honest officials by means of imperial inscriptions, plaques and hand scrolls. According to records, he personally wrote an inscription for Fan and Ma Xiong, the loyal and unyielding victims of San Francisco, and wrote an inscription for the book Zhongyang at the Fan Temple in Fuzhou. There are also many examples of praising honest officials through calligraphy. In the 23rd year 1 1 month, Emperor Kangxi gave Yu Chenglong, the magistrate of Jiangning, a roll of calligraphy, and issued a letter: "I was in the capital, and I just heard that Yu Chenglong, the magistrate, was clean. Today, I was lucky enough to visit this place, as I had heard before. I wrote a scroll by hand. My handwriting is not worthy of your level, especially because of Jia. To show my praise. "
Third, close the friendship between the monarch and the minister. Emperor Kangxi believed that "the monarch is the head of state and the minister is the confidant", and the monarch and the minister should be "United with one heart and one mind, ambitious and not slack off." As early as the stage of copying calligraphy, he noticed the unique role of calligraphy in communicating the relationship between monarch and minister from the precious words of recent ministers, which was the main reason why he continued to give personal calligraphy plaques, banners and scrolls to ministers in the future, and gradually made this matter an important part of his political life. For example, in August of the 21st year, university students Du Lide and Feng Pu resigned and returned home, and Emperor Kangxi personally wrote imperial poems and scrolls of Tang poems to show "kindness and care". Emperor Kangxi also presented a large number of calligraphy works accumulated daily to ministers. For example, in May of 194 1, Emperor Kangxi sent 140 university students, Jiuqing, Hanlin, Zhan's and Taoist officials to the Baohe Hall and presented them with letters.
Fourth, it embodies the idea of softening to overseas countries. In August of 200 1 year, the Qing court sent imperial academy, Wang Ji and others to Ryukyu to reward the king of that country. Emperor Kangxi urged the envoy to be "general, lenient and kind to others", and at the same time wrote down the words "Zhongshan is the land of the world" and asked him to present the Ryukyu King with broadcasting culture and education to his country. In April of the following year, The Cabinetshi Read Mingtu and others went to Annan to receive the prize, and Emperor Kangxi awarded King Li Weike the four characters of "loyalty, filial piety and family protection". Japanese officials observed the imperial pen and said, "This award will make Annan desolate in Wan Li, and look up at the algae in the sky, and have a sense of seeing the sacred dynasty." Although the minister's words were exaggerated, they generally revealed the intention of Emperor Kangxi to give books.
The ingenious use of "book" embodies the superb ruling art. The calligraphy activities of Emperor Kangxi are by no means a compliment between ordinary literati, but have rich political connotations, which has become an important means for him to close the relationship between monarch and minister and implement his political intentions and ruling thoughts.
Emperor Kangxi's calligraphy activities, like his "erudition" and "six trips to the south of the Yangtze River", successfully attracted Han scholars, improved the relationship between Manchu and Han, and won the recognition of the emperor himself and the Manchu rule to the greatest extent. Emperor Kangxi personally ruled the country, especially after the San Francisco Rebellion, and deeply realized that in addition to vigorously promoting the policy of worshipping Confucianism and attaching importance to education, the most important thing is to strive to master and master the culture of the Han nationality, so as to continue the orthodoxy and governance of * * * and fundamentally solve the contradiction between Man and Han. Therefore, he decided to mold his elegance, and the most important measure he took was to study literature and calligraphy.
In the history of China, calligraphy had a far-reaching impact on the literati society. A person's handwriting is an important reference for his ideological depth and style. Emperor Kangxi found that his increasing calligraphy level made his officials, especially Han literati, admire him, and the awarding of calligraphy works made them grateful, so calligraphy works became important items for literati. Emperor Kangxi and Han Tingchen also established a harmonious and pleasant relationship between monarch and minister in frequent rewards. Relying on the ancient calligraphy art, Emperor Kangxi found a new intersection and bridge to communicate with Han literati, and he quickly won the general recognition of Han literati.
Emperor Kangxi once said that he "has a little political leisure and a good writing style." A large number of historical data show that his calligraphy activities mainly focus on improving the relationship between Manchu and Han, while his hunting activities mainly focus on maintaining the relationship between Manchu and Mongolia and keeping the martial spirit of his nation forever. "Book" and "Shooting" are typical representations of his literary martial arts, and the clever use of "book" just reflects his superb ruling art.
(Cheng) According to