Marie Curie (1867.11.7-1934.7.4). A world-famous scientist who studied radioactive phenomena and discovered two natural radioactive elements, radium and polonium (pō), won the Nobel Prize twice in his life (the first time he won the Nobel Prize in Physics and the second time he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry). In the process of studying radium for several years, as an outstanding scientist, Marie Curie had a social influence that ordinary scientists did not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her example has inspired many people. Later, there was a movie of the same name, "Madame Curie". In addition, Mrs. Curie is also known as a homebody on the Internet.

Chinese name: Maria Sklodowska-Curie

Foreign name: Maria Sklodowska-Curie

Alias: Madame Curie

Nationality: French

Birthplace: Warsaw, Poland

Date of birth: November 7, 1867

Date of death: July 4, 1934 Japan

Occupation: Physicist, radiochemist

Graduation institution: Sorbonne University

Main achievements: 1903, Nobel Prize in Physics< /p>

1911, Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Einstein’s “In Memory of Marie Curie” speech: “When such a noble figure as Marie Curie ended her life , we should not just be satisfied with recalling the contributions that her work has made to mankind. The significance of a first-class figure to the era and the historical process may be greater in terms of moral quality than pure intellectual achievements, even the latter. , they depend on a degree of character, perhaps more than is usually supposed. “I was fortunate to have a noble and sincere friendship with Madame Curie for twenty years. My admiration for the greatness of her personality grew. Her strength, the purity of her will, her strict self-discipline, her objectivity, her impartial judgment - all of this is rarely concentrated in one person. She was aware at all times that she was a servant of society, and her extreme humility never left any room for complacency. Due to the harshness and unfairness of society, her mood is always depressed. This gave her a serious appearance that was easily misunderstood by those not close to her—a rare seriousness that could not be relieved by any artistic temperament. Once she realizes that a certain path is the right one, she sticks to it uncompromisingly and with extreme tenacity. ”

Marie Sklodowska-Curie (Polish: Maria Sklodowska-Curie)

Introduction

Marie Curie, (1867.11.7-1934.7.4) was born in Poland. She was a French physicist and chemist. As a world-famous scientist, she studied radioactive phenomena and discovered two natural radioactive elements: radium and polonium. She was known as the "radium inventor". "Mother", won the Nobel Prize twice in her life (the first Nobel Prize in Physics, the second Nobel Prize in Chemistry). In the process of researching radium, she and her husband spent 3 years and 9 months Only 0.1 grams of radium was extracted from tons of slag every month. As an outstanding scientist, Marie Curie had a social impact that ordinary scientists did not have, especially because she was a pioneer of successful women, so her example inspired many people. I heard her story when I was a child, but what I got was mostly a simplified and incomplete impression. The world's understanding of Marie Curie was largely influenced by the biography "Madame Curie" published by her second daughter in 1937. Influence. This book beautifies Madame Curie's life and calmly handles the twists and turns she encountered. She can also tell the location of every gram of radium in the world. This is her most outstanding feature! >

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Birth

Marie was born in Warsaw, Poland in 1867. Due to the invasion of Tsarist Russia, Curie was tired of the oppressive education after graduating from high school. Later, she suffered from mental illness for a year. Because she was a woman, she could not continue her studies at any Russian or Polish university, so she worked as a tutor for several years. Both Mary and her sister have a dream to study in France. Her sister has saved some money to study abroad, but the money is only enough to study in France for one year. In order to fulfill her and her sister's dream, Mary proposed to her sister to go first. The tutor provided funds for her to go to school, and after her sister graduated and found a job, she prepared funds for her to study abroad. Mary worked as a tutor for 8 years and finally realized her dream. With the financial support of her sister, she came to Paris and studied mathematics and physics at the Sorbonne (the old name of the University of Paris). After four years of hard work, Mary obtained two degrees in physics and mathematics from the University of Paris. Master's degree. There she became the school's first female lecturer

Teacher is also a lover

Maria met another lecturer at the Sorbonne, Pierre Guy. Here, she later became her husband. The two of them often conducted research on radioactive materials together, mainly pitchblende ore, because the total radioactivity of this ore is stronger than the uranium contained in it.

In 1898, the Curies proposed a logical inference about this phenomenon: pitchblende ore must contain some unknown radioactive component, and its radioactivity is far greater than that of uranium. On December 26, Marie Curie announced the idea of ??the existence of this new substance. In 1898, French physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium-containing minerals can emit a mysterious ray, but he failed to reveal the mystery of this ray. Marie and her husband Pierre Curie jointly undertook the work of studying this ray. They separated and analyzed pitchblende under extremely difficult conditions, and finally discovered two new elements in July and December 1898. In honor of her native Poland, she named one element polonium and another radium, meaning "the substance that confers radioactivity." In order to obtain pure radium compounds, Marie Curie spent another four years (Marie CuI7e, 1867--1934) extracting 100 mg of radium chloride from tons of pitchblende slag, and initially measured the concentration of radium. The relative atomic mass is 225. This simple number embodies the hard work and sweat of the Curies.

Ph.D.

Marie Curie

In June 1903, Marie Curie received her Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Paris with "Research on Radioactive Substances" as her doctoral thesis. Ph.D. In November of the same year, the Curies were awarded the David Gold Medal by the Royal Society. In December, they and Becquerel won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. In the following years, the Curies continued to refine the radioactive components in pitchblende ore. After unremitting efforts, they finally succeeded in separating radium chloride and discovered two new chemical elements: polonium (po) and radium (lei). Because of their discoveries and research on radioactivity, the Curies and Henri Becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903, making Marie Curie the first person in history to win the Nobel Prize. of women. Eight years later, in 1911, Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her successful isolation of the element radium. Surprisingly, after Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize, she did not apply for a patent for the method of refining pure radium, but made it public. This approach effectively promoted the development of radiology. In her later years, Marie Curie had an affair with Paul Langevin, her husband's former student. This incident caused uproar in France. The title of the Paris News on November 4, 1911 was "Love Story: Madame Curie and Professor Lang Zhiwan". It was rumored that Lang Zhiwan and Madame Curie had close contacts while Pierre was still alive. Einstein's view on this matter was that if they fell in love, no one could care. He wrote a letter to Marie Curie on November 23, 1911, to express his comfort.

Won the Nobel Prize

Marie Curie

She is the first person in history to win two Nobel Prizes, and the only one One of two people to win the Nobel Prize in different fields. During World War I, Marie Curie advocated the use of radiology to rescue the wounded and promoted the use of radiology in the medical field. Later, she traveled to the United States in 1921 to raise funds for radiology research. Marie Curie died in Haute-Savoie, France on July 4, 1934 due to excessive exposure to radioactive materials. After this, her eldest daughter Irène Joliot-Curie won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Her youngest daughter Eve Curie wrote "The Biography of Madame Curie" after her mother's death. During the inflation of the 1990s, Marie Curie's face appeared on Polish and French currency and stamps. The chemical element curium (Cm, 96) was named in honor of the Curies. Marie Curie authored "My Faith".

Diligence

1. Relying on her own diligent study to enter the University of Paris Marie Curie was the youngest of five children in her family, and also the smartest. Her father is a middle school mathematics and science teacher with very limited income, and her mother is a middle school teacher. Mary's childhood was unfortunate. Her mother contracted a serious infectious disease, and it was her eldest sister who took care of her when she grew up. Later, her mother and eldest sister died of illness one after another when she was less than 12 years old. Her life was filled with hardships. Such a living environment not only cultivated her ability to live independently, but also helped her develop a very strong character since she was a child. Mary has been very diligent and hard-working since she was a child. She has a strong interest and special hobby in learning. She never misses any learning opportunity easily and shows a tenacious and enterprising spirit everywhere. Since elementary school, she has ranked first in every subject. At the age of 15, he graduated from middle school with a gold medal for outstanding results. Her father had previously studied physics at St. Petersburg University. His thirst for scientific knowledge and strong ambition also deeply influenced little Mary. She has loved various instruments in her father's laboratory since she was a child. When she grew up, she read many books on natural science, which filled her with fantasy. She was eager to explore the scientific world, but her family background did not allow her at that time. Go to college.

At the age of 19, she began to work as a long-term tutor. At the same time, she also studied various subjects on her own to prepare for her future studies. In this way, until the age of 24, she finally came to study at the Faculty of Science of the University of Paris. With a strong desire for knowledge, she listened to every class with concentration. The hard study made her physically worse and worse, but her academic performance was always among the best. This not only made her classmates envious, but also surprised the professors. . Two years after enrolling, she took the physics bachelor's degree exam with confidence and ranked first among 32 candidates. The next year, she obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics with second place honors. At the beginning of 1894, Marie accepted a scientific research project on the magnetic properties of various steels proposed by the French National Council for the Promotion of Industry. In the process of completing this scientific research project, she met Pierre Curie, a teacher at the School of Physics and Chemistry, who was a very accomplished young scientist. The common desire to "use science to benefit mankind" united them. After Mary got married, people respectfully called her Madame Curie. In 1896, Marie Curie completed the employment examination for university graduates with first place. The next year, she completed another study on the magnetism of various steels. However, she was not satisfied with the results she had achieved, and was determined to take the PhD exam and determined her own research direction. Standing on a new starting line.

Discovery of radium

2. The light of radium In 1896, the French and American physicist Becquerel published a work report detailing his discovery through many processes. The uranium element discovered in this experiment, uranium and its compounds have a special ability. It can automatically and continuously emit a ray invisible to the naked eye. This ray is different from ordinary light and can pass through black paper. The photographic film is sensitive to light. It is different from the Roentgen rays discovered by Roentgen. It can be generated automatically from uranium and uranium salts without high vacuum gas discharge and external high voltage. Uranium and its compounds continuously emit rays and radiate energy outwards. This made Madame Curie very interested. Where does this energy come from? What is the nature of this unusual ray? Marie Curie was determined to uncover its secrets. In 1897, Marie Curie selected her own research topic - the study of radioactive substances. This research topic brought her into a new world of science. She worked hard to open up a virgin land, and finally completed one of the most important discoveries in the history of modern science, the radioactive element radium, and laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry, making great contributions to mankind. 3. A mind as golden as the Curies who discovered the element radium

Due to the amazing discovery of the Curies, they and Becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics in December 1903. The couple's scientific achievements are world-famous, but they extremely despise fame and fortune, and are most tired of boring social activities. They devoted everything to the cause of science without seeking any personal gain. After the radium was successfully extracted, some people advised them to apply for a patent from the government and monopolize the manufacturing of radium to make a fortune. Marie Curie said: "That goes against the spirit of science. Scientists' research results should be published publicly and should not be subject to any restrictions if others want to develop them." "Besides, radium is good for patients, and we should not use it to make profits." The Curies also gave away a large number of their Nobel Prizes to others. [1] In 1906, Mr. Curie unfortunately passed away in a car accident. Mrs. Curie suffered tremendous pain. She was determined to redouble her efforts to fulfill their common scientific ambitions. The University of Paris decided that Madame Curie would take over from Mr. Curie to teach physics courses. Marie Curie became the first female professor in the history of the famous University of Paris. When her couple isolated the first batch of radium salts, they began to study the various properties of radiation. Between 1889 and 1904 alone, they published 32 academic reports, recording their exploration of radiological science. In 1910, Marie Curie completed another book, "Monograph on Radioactivity". She also collaborated with others to successfully prepare radium metal. In 1911, Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. A female scientist won the world's highest science award twice in two different scientific fields in less than 10 years. This is a unique thing in the history of world science!

Institute of Radium Science

In 1914, the Institute of Radium Science was established in Paris, and Marie Curie served as the research director of the institute. She continued to teach at the university and was engaged in research on radioactive elements. She was generous in spreading scientific knowledge to everyone who wanted to learn. She has been studying and working for 50 years since she was 16 years old. But she still didn't change her strict lifestyle. She has had a high degree of self-sacrifice since she was a child. In her early years, she was willing to work as a servant in other people's homes in order to support her sister's education. While studying in Paris, in order to save lamp oil and heating expenses, she studied in the library every night and did not leave until the library closed. The pitchblende required to extract pure radium was very expensive at the time. They saved bit by bit from their living expenses and bought 8 or 9 tons. After Mr. Curie passed away, Madame Curie bought thousands of tons. The radium, which was extracted with great pains and worth more than 1 million gold francs, was given free of charge to laboratories researching and treating cancer. In 1932, the 65-year-old Marie Curie returned to her motherland to attend the opening ceremony of the "Warsaw Radium Institute".

Madame Curie has been away from her motherland since her youth and went to France to study in France. But she never forgot her homeland. When she was a child, her native Poland was invaded by Tsarist Russia, and she hated the invaders very much. When the couple isolated a new element from the mineral, she named it polonium. This is because the root word for polonium is the same as the name of Poland. She used this to express her deep memory for her motherland, which was enslaved by Tsarist Russia. For decades, Marie Curie had been engaged in research on radioactive substances for a long time, coupled with the harsh experimental environment and insufficient physical protection, she was often attacked by radioactive elements, which gradually damaged her blood and developed leukemia. She also suffered from lung disease, eye disease, bile disease, kidney disease, and even suffered from insanity. For Marie Curie, scientific research was more important than her own health. She once asked doctors to postpone kidney surgery in order to attend the World Physics Congress; she once returned to China despite being ill to attend the opening ceremony of the Radium Institute. She once endured the fear of blindness and tenaciously conducted scientific research. Until her last breath, due to pernicious anemia and persistent high fever, when she was lying in bed, she still asked her daughter to report to her on the work in the laboratory and proofread her book "Radioactivity" for her. Marie Curie died on July 4, 1934. She devoted her life completely to her beloved science. On July 4, 1934, Madame Curie died of illness. She eventually died of pernicious anemia. She created and developed radiation science throughout her life, and fearlessly studied highly radioactive substances for a long time, until she finally dedicated her life to this science. During her life, she won 10 prestigious prizes including the Nobel Prize, 16 medals from high-level international academic institutions, and more than 107 various titles awarded by governments and scientific research institutions around the world. But she was as modest and cautious as ever. The great scientist Albert Einstein commented: "Among all the famous figures, Marie Curie is the only one who has not been spoiled by fame!" Madame Curie is the representative of women.

Lifetime Honors

During her lifetime, Marie Curie won 10 prizes, 16 medals, 107 honorary titles, and especially two Nobel Prizes.

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Indifferent to fame and fortune

Madame Curie is famous all over the world, but she neither seeks fame nor fortune. Even though she won 10 bonuses, 16 medals, and 107 honorary titles in her lifetime, she didn't care. One day, a friend of hers came to her home and suddenly saw her little daughter playing with the gold medal that had just been awarded to her by the Royal Society. He was surprised and said: "Madam, I got a medal from the Royal Society." , is a very high honor, how can you give it to your children to play with?" Madame Curie smiled and said: "I want my children to know from an early age that honors are like toys, they can only be played with, and they must not be taken too seriously. Be careful, otherwise nothing will be accomplished."

Teach your daughter well

Madame Curie’s daughter Helene Langevin

Mrs. Curie had two daughters. . "Seizing the age advantage of intellectual development" is Marie Curie's important "know-how" for developing children's intelligence. As early as when her daughter was less than one year old, Madame Curie guided her children to engage in intellectual gymnastics training for young children, guide them to have extensive contact with strangers, go to the zoo to watch animals, let them learn to swim, and appreciate the beauty of nature. When the children are a little older, she teaches them a kind of artistic intellectual gymnastics, sings children's songs, and tells them fairy tales. When they get older, let the children undergo intellectual training, teach them to read, play the piano, do handicrafts, etc., and also teach them to drive and ride horses. Madame Curie discussed it with her friends - all of them, like her, were professors at Solburn; like her, they were also parents. Under the instigation of Madame Curie, an educational cooperation plan was produced - some scholars with great talents and wisdom gathered their sons and daughters together to implement new education methods. Marie Curie's great contribution to the world of human education is that she united a large number of scientists (many of them Nobel Prize winners in science) to form a scientific lecturer group, opened their laboratories to children, and personally enlightened their children in science. Education, stimulate children's interest in science, eliminate children's mystery about science, cultivate children's interest in science, encourage children to establish lofty scientific ideals, strengthen children's scientific will, teach children scientific methods, scientific thinking, The experimental know-how enables children to develop extremely high intellectual potential in their teenage years and develop their natural genius genetic intelligence. Marie Curie eventually trained more than 10 Nobel Prize winners in science. [2]

Simple life

When Madame Curie and Pierre Curie got married in 1895, there were only two chairs in the new house, one for each of them. Pierre Curie felt that there were too few chairs and suggested adding a few more to avoid having no place to sit when guests came. However, Madame Curie said: "It is good to have chairs, but the guests will not leave after they sit down. In order to have more If you have time to do research, forget it!" Although Madame Curie's annual salary has increased to 40,000 francs, she is still "generous". Every time she comes back from abroad, she always brings back some menus from the banquet, because these menus are made of very thick and fine paper, and it is very convenient to write on the back. No wonder some people said that Madame Curie was "like a poor woman in a hurry" until her death.

Once, an American reporter was looking for Madame Curie. He walked to the door of a fisherman's house in the village and asked a woman sitting barefoot on the stone slab at the door where Madame Curie lived. When the woman raised her head, The reporter was shocked: It turned out that she was Madame Curie.

Moral education

1. Cultivate them to be frugal, simple, and light on money. Her love for her daughters manifested as a controlled love and a sensible love. She strictly controlled her daughters' lives and asked them to "be frugal to support their ambitions." She taught her daughters: "Poverty is certainly inconvenient. , but being too rich is not necessarily a good thing. You must rely on your own strength to make a living." 2. Cultivate them to be non-utopian and realistic. She warned her two daughters: "We should not waste our lives." 3. Cultivate their character of being brave, strong, optimistic and able to overcome difficulties. She often encourages her children: "We must have perseverance, especially self-confidence." 4. Teach them that they must love the motherland. In addition to teaching them Polish, Marie Curie also influenced Irena and Eve with her dedication to helping the scientific development of her motherland and Polish students studying abroad, which made them never forget their motherland.

Edit this paragraph of Marie Curie's famous sayings

The weak sit back and wait for the opportunity; the strong create the opportunity. Marie Curie

On the road to fame, what she shed was not sweat but blood. Their names were written not with a pen but with their lives. I believe that people can lead interesting and useful lives in every period. We should not waste our lives and should be able to say, "We have done what we can do." People can only ask us to do this, and only in this way can we have a little happiness. We Poles have no right to leave our homeland when our country is enslaved. If you can live according to your ideals, act with a spirit of integrity and freedom, courageous perseverance, and honest and non-self-deceiving thoughts, you will surely reach a state of perfection. Let us live each day happily, without waiting for the days to pass before we discover their loveliness, and without placing all our hopes of special desirability in the future. I want to turn life into a scientific dream, and then turn the dream into reality. We have to eat, sleep, browse, love, that is, we have to be exposed to the sweetest things in life, but we must not succumb to them. One must have patience and especially faith. Make life a fantasy, and then turn the fantasy into reality. The world invisible to human beings is not a fantasy phantom, but a real existence illuminated by the light of science. What is noble is the power of science. What is important in science is the "thing" that is studied, not the "person" of the researcher. Only by paying equal attention to both gymnastics and music can one become a complete personality. Because gymnastics can exercise the body and music can cultivate the spirit. The basis of science is a healthy body. One must have perseverance, otherwise nothing will be achieved.

I have never been lucky and will never expect to be lucky in the future. My highest principle is: Never give in to any difficulties! None of our lives seem easy, but what does it matter? We should have perseverance and especially self-confidence!