1. The oldest known primitive human living in China is the "Yuanmou ape-man". An ancient human tooth fossil discovered in the Yuanmou Basin in Yunnan Province, China, has been scientifically identified to be more than 700,000 years old.

2. About 700,000 to 200,000 years ago, "Peking Man" (referred to as "Peking Man") lived in the caves of Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing.

3. Beijingers (pictured on the right) already know how to use natural fire. For the first time, humans gained the ability to control a natural force.

4. About 18,000 years ago, a group of ancient humans called "Stop Cave People" still lived in Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing. They already have obvious physical characteristics of the yellow race.

5. The cavemen in Shanshan Mountain not only made fire artificially, but also produced the first bone needle in the history of Chinese sewing technology. The bone needle was about as thick as a matchstick and 82 mm long.

6. Six or seven thousand years ago, the ancient painted pottery culture and black pottery culture appeared in China.

7. The painted pottery of the Banpo Culture in Xi'an, Shaanxi is very exquisite. The various patterns on the human face reticulated basin are the crystallization of primitive fine arts, primitive writing and primitive art.

8. The black pottery of Longshan Culture in Shandong is black and shiny, with a luster like metal utensils.

9. The Hemudu Culture in Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Basin is as old as the Banpo Culture in the Yellow River Basin. 7,000 years ago, people there were already using large wooden components to build houses.

10. About 4,000 years ago, some tribal wars took place. Huangdi was the leader of one of the tribes. Because he was popular, smart and brave, he won the final victory.

11. In the process of the gradual formation of the ancient Huaxia tribe, the Yellow Emperor played an important role, and the Yellow Emperor was revered by later generations as the "humanistic ancestor" of the Huaxia tribe (the predecessor of the Chinese nation). Simuwu Dafang Ding

12. After the Yellow Emperor, several outstanding figures appeared in the Chinese nation: Yao, Shun, and Yu. Yao's Zen was located in Shun, and Shun's Zen was located in Yu.

13. In the era of Yao, Shun and Yu, floods caused widespread disasters. Dayu was ordered to control the floods and finally conquered the floods.

14. Later, Yu’s son Qi inherited the throne and established the first slave dynasty, the Xia Dynasty (about 22nd century BC to 17th century BC).

15. It is said that the calendar began to exist in the Xia Dynasty more than 4,000 years ago, so people call the ancient traditional Chinese calendar the Xia calendar.

16. The lunar calendar is based on the movement cycle of the moon, and is also called the lunar calendar. Because there are solar terms changes and agricultural arrangements in the calendar, it is also called the lunar calendar.

Si Muwu Dafang Ding

17. Jie, the last ruler of the Xia Dynasty, was tyrannical and unethical. The Shang tribe in the east became stronger under the leadership of Tang, defeated Xia and established the Shang Dynasty (around the early 17th century BC - 11th century BC).

18. The bronze manufacturing industry in the Shang Dynasty developed greatly. The Simuwu Dafang Ding made in the late Shang Dynasty weighs 875 kilograms and is the largest unearthed bronze in the world so far. (Picture on the right)

19. The oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty are an ancient script carved on the bones of tortoises and animals. They are already quite mature scripts. Among the 150,000 oracle bones with characters unearthed from the Yin Ruins, the total number of characters reached more than 1.6 million, including more than 4,600 single characters, and more than 1,000 of them have been identified.

20. At the end of the Shang Dynasty, on the Loess Plateau, a tribe called "Zhou" became powerful. By the time of King Wen of Zhou, Zhou had become the new leader of the Western princes.

21. King Zhou, the last ruler of the Shang Dynasty, loved drinking and having sex. During the reign of King Wu of Zhou, Zhou united other tribes to attack the Shang Dynasty. After the Battle of Muye, they overthrew the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty (about 11th century BC to 256 BC).

22. After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, 71 small countries, large and small, were enfeoffed, including Lu, Qi, Wei, Jin, Song, Yan, etc. The kings of these small countries are called princes.

23. In the early Western Zhou Dynasty for more than 180 years, many large-scale music and dances occurred in the Central Plains. When worshiping mountains and rivers, the "Da Xia" dance is used to express Dayu's control of floods. The martial dance to commemorate King Wu's achievements in defeating Zhou is the "Da Wu" dance.

24. In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved the capital eastward and named it "Eastern Zhou". It is divided into two periods: "Spring and Autumn Period" and "Warring States Period".

25. During the Spring and Autumn Period, more than 100 vassal states stood up and competed with each other. The winner became the overlord. The "Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period" emerged. Generally speaking, they were Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Mu of Qin, and Duke Xiang of Song. , King Zhuang of Chu.

26. In 606 BC, King Zhuang of Chu "aspired to win the throne of greatness and importance". The tripod is a symbol of royal power. Legend has it that Yu the Great made nine tripods to represent the nine states. The King of Chuzhuang aspired to the throne, which showed that he had the ambition to be the emperor.

27. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, Wu and Yue were at odds with each other. First, King Wu was defeated in Helu and died of injuries. His son, King Wu Fucha, was determined to take revenge, so he had people remind him loudly every day: "Fucha, have you forgotten the revenge of killing your father?" Later, under the leadership of Fucha, the state of Wu defeated the state of Yue.

28. King Gou Jian of Yue was determined to avenge his shame. He "satisfied his courage" and asked himself loudly every day: "Gou Jian, have you forgotten the shame of subjugation?" After ten years of gathering and ten years of lessons, the Yue State defeated the Wu State again, and King Wu Fucha committed suicide.

29. About 2,500 years ago, China had a great thinker - Laozi. Lao Tzu is the founder of the Taoist school. (Picture on the right)

30. "Tao Te Ching", also known as "Laozi", says: Misfortunes sometimes become the cause of blessings, and blessings sometimes hide disasters. Therefore, we must pay attention to the fact that "things must be reversed when they reach their extremes", and we must also pay attention to the mutual growth of "Tao" and "Virtue".

31. Confucius, who lived from 551 BC to 479 BC, was a great thinker, educator, and the founder of the Confucian school.

32. Confucius was the first to establish a private school in China. He had 3,000 disciples and 72 sages.

33. Confucius made immortal contributions to the development of ancient Chinese culture. He organized and edited the "Book of Changes", "Poetry", "Li", "Yue", Laozi's teachings and the portrait of Sun Wu in "Shangshu" , "Spring and Autumn" and other "Six Classics".

34. Confucius died at the age of 73 and was buried in the north of the capital of Lu (now "Konglin" in Qufu, Shandong). The former residence of Confucius was later converted into the "Confucius Temple".

Portrait of Sun Wu

35. Confucius’ students recalled Confucius’ daily teachings and life behaviors and compiled them into a book of quotations called "The Analects of Confucius". This book became a Confucian classic , had a great influence on future generations.

36. Sun Wu was an outstanding military strategist in the late Spring and Autumn Period. There are thirteen chapters in the famous military book "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu. (Picture on the left)

37. "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu puts forward many famous war principles such as "Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles without danger", "Attack the enemy unprepared, take the enemy by surprise", "An army has no constant momentum, and water has no constant shape" and many other war principles.

38. The fundamental purpose of "Sun Tzu's Art of War" is that the purpose of mastering war is to "conquer the enemy without fighting." "Sun Tzu's Art of War" is therefore called the "Sacred Book of Military Science" and is widely used in politics, diplomacy, business warfare, sports and other fields.

39. "Sun Bin's Art of War" was written by another outstanding military strategist, Sun Bin during the Warring States Period. Sun Bin was a descendant of Sun Wu.

40. Qi General Tian Ji and Qi King were repeatedly defeated in horse racing. Sun Bin taught Tian Ji to use his low-grade horse to compete with the king's high-grade horse, and lost one game; then he used his high-grade horse and medium-grade horse to compete against the king's medium-grade horse and low-grade horse respectively. Tian Ji won two games, and the total was The score was 2:1, Tian Ji won. "Sun Bin Horse Racing" is a very famous strategy.

41. After the Warring States Period began, all the vassal states, like the King of Zhou, called themselves kings. Seven of the powerful states were known as the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period". They launched a campaign of "taking over the world" and "one country" war.

42. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the "music of bells and drums" was popular in China. In recent years, 124 ancient musical instruments have been unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Hou Yi in Suixian County, Hubei Province.

43. Among the unearthed bells and drums, there is a set of large chimes, which is the most precious. This set of chimes has been buried underground for more than 2,400 years, and it can still play ancient and modern music with accurate tone and beautiful timbre.

44. The first famous doctor in ancient China was Bian Que, a folk doctor in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

45. Bian Que was proficient in various medical techniques. He also summarized the methods of his predecessors and created the four diagnostic methods of inspection, smelling, questioning and incision, which have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years.

46. "The contention of a hundred schools of thought" was a fierce ideological confrontation during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. When the struggle for supremacy was fierce during the Warring States Period, it was also the time when the contention of a hundred schools of thought was at its peak.

47. Qin was only named a vassal state in western China in 770 BC. It had a small territory and weak national power, and was always despised by the princes of the Central Plains. However, since the implementation of Shang Yang's reform, the country has prospered and soon became a powerful country among the seven heroes of the Warring States Period.

48. In 238 BC, the talented King Qin won the government and began to take charge of the government. In just 17 years, he destroyed the other six countries and unified China in 221 BC, establishing the Qin Dynasty. .

49. After the Qin Dynasty destroyed the six kingdoms, Yingzheng was called "Emperor", which means "the virtue is greater than that of the three emperors, and the merit is greater than that of the five emperors."

50. In order to quickly change the chaos caused by more than 500 years of division in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods and consolidate the unification of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang ordered the unification of the currency system and the use of the Qin "half liang" coin with round square holes as a national unification currency.

51. Qin Shihuang also issued an edict to unify weights and measures, and continued to take a series of measures, such as "building loose roads, running cars on the same track, and writing with the same text" to consolidate the power of the Qin Dynasty.

52. Among ancient Chinese characters, the earliest ones include Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Bronze Inscriptions. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were Dazhuan Inscriptions (Zhenwen), and during the Warring States Period, there were Tadpole Inscriptions (ancient inscriptions). In addition, some vassal states also have different writing systems.

The Great Wall

53. After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, Xiaozhuan was stipulated as a unified font and was used throughout the country. Later, a more convenient official script appeared in the Qin Dynasty. This font was adapted from the Han Dynasty. Chaoqi has been popular among officials and private people, and is still widely used today.

54. The northern vassal states such as Qin, Zhao, and Yan built the Great Wall respectively to resist the invasion of northern nomads. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he ordered the disconnected sections of the Great Wall to be connected into one, and then extended east to west, with a total length of more than 10,000 miles, known as the Great Wall. Most of the Great Wall is built on high mountains and ridges, making it easy to defend but difficult to attack. (Picture on the left)

55. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang led a massive peasant uprising; in 206 BC, the Qin Dynasty was overthrown by the armed forces led by Liu Bang.

56. Xiang Yu and Liu Bang fought for the throne for four years in the Chu-Han War.

57. In a battle that took place in Julu, Xiang Yu ordered his soldiers to smash the cauldrons and scuttle the ships ("breaking the cauldrons and sinking the boats"), with only three days of rations to show their determination to win the decisive battle. As a result, Xiang Yu's army achieved nine victories in nine battles, achieved its first victory, divided the world, and called himself the "Overlord of Western Chu".

58. Liu Bang once made a "three-part agreement" with the elders of Guanzhong of the Qin Dynasty: "Those who kill will die, and those who injure others and steal will not be punished." He also ordered the abolition of all the harsh laws of the Qin Dynasty, and explicitly prohibited rewarding the army and disturbing the people. Due to his virtuous governance and widespread support, Liu Bang was named the "King of Han".

59. In 202 BC, Liu Bang surrounded Xiang Yu under Gaixia, and Xiang Yu committed suicide. Liu Bang (the emperor of the Han Dynasty) established the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC - 25 AD). In order to comply with the reality that the people were peaceful and expected to rest and recuperate, Liu Bang formulated various policies to reduce the people's burden and promote rapid social and economic development.

60. After Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty (pictured right) and Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (pictured right, left) continued to implement the policy of recuperation. After the efforts of the sixth and seventh decades of the Han Dynasty, China experienced a prosperous era of political peace and economic prosperity, which is known as the "Government of Wen and Jing" in history.

61. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty came to the throne, he used his talents and strategies to open up the western territory and established great achievements, bringing the Western Han Dynasty into its heyday. In history, the "Qin Emperor and Han Dynasty" are called together precisely because they successively completed the great cause of China's unification and stable development.

62. With the strength of the Western Han Dynasty, the people of the Central Plains were no longer called "Qin people", but were generally called "Han people" and "Han nationality".

63. In 8 AD, Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty and changed the name of the country to "Xin". However, due to his tyranny, the Chimei and Green Forest Army rebelled, and Wei Xiao, Gongsun Shu and others supported the army and established themselves. In September 23 AD, the Green Forest Army invaded Chang'an and Wang Mang was killed.

64. After Liu Bang, Liu Xiu raised troops to fight for the world during the civil strife of Wang Mang. In 25 AD, he reestablished the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220 AD) and established the capital in Luoyang. He named himself "Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty" , known as "Guangwu Zhongxing" in history.

65. Raising silkworms, spinning and weaving silk are major inventions made by the Chinese more than 5,000 years ago. In the 5th and 6th centuries BC, silk was spread to the Western Regions. By the Han Dynasty, the silk industry had become very developed. Caravans came in droves to transport various silks and silk fabrics to the ancient Roman Empire, and the Silk Road began to take shape.

66. The earliest paper in ancient China was actually a kind of silk fabric. There was a kind of silk (extremely thin silk) used as "paper" in ancient times. Therefore, there were many silk paintings and calligraphy before the Han Dynasty.

67. In the early Western Han Dynasty, paper made of plant fibers appeared, such as wadding paper and hemp paper.

68. In 105 AD, Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty improved papermaking technology and invented the cheap and high-quality "Caihou Paper". This paper is smooth, thin, soft, low-cost, and easy to write on.

69. In order to consolidate the unified political power, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty proposed "exclusive respect for Confucianism". Confucianism with Confucius' theory as the core content began to dominate and gradually formed Confucianism.

70. Buddhism was spread from India to China along the Silk Road around the Yuan Dynasty and had a profound impact on Chinese culture in later generations. Taoism emerged among Chinese people during the Eastern Han Dynasty.

71. When the Eastern Han Dynasty was about to fall, Liu Bei, Cao Cao, and Sun Quan fought for the world. Since then, various large and small wars continued. The famous ones include the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Chibi, and the Battle of Yiling. The final result was a tripartite situation, known in history as the Three Kingdoms (220-280 AD).

72. There were several famous figures in the history of the Three Kingdoms period, such as: Zhuge Liang is the embodiment of wisdom, Cao Cao has great talent and strategy, and Guan Yu is a loyal hero. They were revered by later Chinese people.

73. Ge Hong, an alchemist in the Jin Dynasty (AD 265-420), learned about the properties of some minerals and summarized a lot of chemical knowledge in the process of smelting various minerals. The "Baopuzi" he wrote can be called an important work on primitive chemistry.

74. "Shui Jing" is a monograph on river science written by Sanqin of the Han Dynasty, but the description is too simplified and has gaps. In the Northern Dynasty (AD 386-581), Li Daoyuan used this book as an outline, added detailed annotations, and named it "Shui Jing Zhu".

75. "Shui Jing Zhu" describes 1,252 waterways and rivers, including many historical events, characters, legends, myths, cultural relics, monuments and other historical sites and stories. The book has 300,000 words and is a comprehensive geography masterpiece.

76. Wang Xizhi was an outstanding calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420 AD). It is said that when he was young, he often wrote in the pond and washed his inkstones in the pond, which made the water black, hence the name "Mochi". There are many related scenic spots, including Orchid Pavilion in Shaoxing, Zhejiang.

77. On the third day of March in 53 AD, Wang Xizhi and others drank and composed poems in Lanting. They collected more than 40 excellent works and compiled them into a volume. Wang Xizhi’s relatives prefaced and wrote them, which is called "Lanting Preface" (pictured on the right) is a masterpiece of Chinese calligraphy. The original work has unfortunately been lost.

78. The manufacturing process of porcelain is relatively complicated, so the appearance of porcelain is later than that of pottery. Primitive celadon existed only from the Shang and Zhou dynasties. After a long development process, by the late Eastern Han Dynasty, China had been able to produce large quantities of celadon with a solid body, fine texture, and bright green color. During the Three Kingdoms and Jin Dynasties, the celadon produced by Yue kilns in the south was the most famous.

79. In the nearly 400 years since the State of Wu in the Three Kingdoms, six consecutive dynasties have established their capitals in Nanjing. Later generations called Nanjing the "Ancient Capital of the Six Dynasties".

80. Liu Hui, a great mathematician in the Three Kingdoms era, was the first to propose the "circle cutting method" to calculate pi. He started with a regular polygon inscribed in a circle and obtained the approximate value of pi as 3.14159.

81. Zu Chongzhi, a mathematician from the Southern Dynasties, found that the seven-digit pi value after the decimal point is between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. This is more than 1,000 years before European mathematicians calculated pi with the same accuracy.

82. After four to five hundred years of war, the Sui Dynasty was established in 581 AD. In 589 AD, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty Yang Jian reunified China.

83. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty was a wise king. He worked hard to govern and governed the country well. More than ten years later, the treasuries of various places were full, and there was no room for food and cloth. Therefore, the laws and regulations of the Sui Dynasty were later inherited by the Tang Dynasty, and some were used by later generations for a long time.

84. The Sui Dynasty established the imperial examination system and later established the Jinshi Department. "Imperial examination" refers to those who took the imperial examination, and "jinshi" means promotion to official positions. The imperial examination system established by the Sui Dynasty lasted for more than 1,000 years and was not terminated until the end of the Qing Dynasty.

85. During the Sui Dynasty, the center of China's economy had begun to shift southward, and a large amount of food wealth was transported from the south to the whole country. For this reason, in 605 AD, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty ordered the construction of the Grand Canal connecting the north and the south.

86. The Grand Canal is centered on Luoyang, extending to Yuhang (now Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province) in the south and Zhuojun (now Tongxian County, Beijing) in the north. It has a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. Causeways have been built along the river and plantings have been carried out. The willow tree.

87. Zhaozhou Bridge (formerly known as Anji Bridge) built by Sui Dynasty craftsman Li Chun is the most famous stone arch bridge in Chinese history and the oldest existing stone arch bridge in the world. The bridge's single-hole arch span is 37.37 meters and is entirely made of stones.

88. In 618 AD, the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) was established. In 626, Li Shimin succeeded to the throne as Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty (pictured left). Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty paid great attention to appeasing the people. He often quoted the ancient Xunzi's words: "The king is like a boat. The common people are like water. Water will carry the boat, and water will capsize the boat." To alert himself and warn the court officials.

89. Among the emperors in Chinese history, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty was the best at listening to and accepting advice. He encouraged his ministers to speak out and give advice, and he was always willing to accept advice.

90. Wei Zheng was a famous official in the early Tang Dynasty. He often said that "listening simultaneously will lead to enlightenment, but believing only partially will lead to darkness". He made more than 200 rational remonstrances to the emperor in his life.

91. After Wei Zheng died of illness, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty was filled with regret. He said: "Using copper as a mirror, you can straighten your clothes; using ancient times as a mirror, you can know the rise and fall; using people as a mirror, you can understand gains and losses. Wei Zheng No, I am dead!"

92. The Kaiyuan period (713-741 AD) of Tang Xuanzong and Li Longji was the most prosperous period in ancient Chinese history, known as the "Kaiyuan period" prosperous times". At that time, the capital of Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province) had a population of one million, and there were tens of thousands of envoys, businessmen, and overseas students from various countries. Treasures from all over the world are gathered together, making it extremely prosperous and wealthy.

93. The Tang Dynasty established the Shipping Department in Guangzhou (its chief was called the Shipping Envoy) to manage overseas trade.

94. Since the Tang Dynasty, many merchants on the southeast coast have set sail to go to sea. They ride the northeast monsoon south to Southeast Asian countries to do business in September and October every year, and then "return to Tangshan" with the southeast monsoon in March and April of the next year. These "Tang people" who "lived in Tibet" and immigrated to Southeast Asia became the earliest overseas Chinese.

95. After the Tang Dynasty, many countries called the Chinese and overseas Chinese in the prosperous Tang Dynasty "Tang people", and the place where they lived became Chinatown.

96. There were many talented people in the Tang Dynasty, and there were even more people who were unyielding and sacrificed their lives for righteousness. Famous people such as Xuanzang walked alone to Tianzhu (India) to learn Buddhist scriptures. He walked through deserts, snow-capped mountains, mountains, and swamps, and narrowly escaped death. It lasted 19 years and traveled 50,000 miles.

97. In the early years of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty, Monk Jianzhen made five failed attempts to cross the East China Sea by boat. He escaped from death several times. After 12 years of hardships, although he was blind, his faith remained intact and he crossed the sea six times. Finally succeeded, lived in Japan, and became a great master.

98. In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, Princess Wencheng married far away from Tibet and brought many craftsmen, skills, classics, and species with her, which played a positive role in the development of Tibet.

99. Wu Zetian was the only female emperor in Chinese history. She changed the name of her country to "Zhou". Wu Zetian was rich in power, capable of employing people, and held power for more than 40 years. After her death, Tang Zhongzong was restored to power.

100. In the early Tang Dynasty, Xuanzong was politically clear and appointed virtuous ministers, which was called the prosperous Kaiyuan era. However, in his later years, his favoring of Concubine Yang led to the "Anshi Rebellion" and the fall of Chang'an. From then on, the Tang Dynasty declined from prosperity to recovery.

101. Craftsmen in the Tang Dynasty used various minerals to bake three kinds of gorgeous colored pottery: blue, green and yellow, so they are called Tang Sancai (pictured left). Most of Tang Sancai works are figures or animal figurines, each with vivid shapes and lifelike shapes, making them art treasures.

102. The painting style of the Tang Dynasty paid great attention to the changes of lines. Whether they were mortal objects, flying gods in the clouds, or singing girls and dancing prostitutes bouncing the pipa, they all gave people the impression of "the sky wind is flying, the wall is full of The beauty of "the wind moves" and "the hair roots grow into flesh, and there is more than enough strength".

103. The most accomplished astronomer in the Tang Dynasty was Seng Yixing (originally named Zhang Sui). Through observations, he confirmed that the sun's speed is uneven, sometimes faster and sometimes slower. The monks and his party also measured the length of the meridian on a large scale, which was the first time in the world.

104. There are "six ancient capitals" in ancient Chinese history. They are Xi'an in Shaanxi, Luoyang in Henan, Nanjing in Jiangsu, Beijing (the above four places were the capitals of several dynasties), Kaifeng in Henan and Zhejiang Hangzhou (the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty respectively).

105. During the Tang Dynasty, China was the most advanced country in the East. Japan sent more than ten batches of envoys to the Tang Dynasty to study in China, with the number sometimes reaching five to six hundred people. After these Japanese envoys returned to China, they actively spread China's social system and culture and promoted friendly relations and cultural exchanges between China and Japan.

106. In 907 AD, Zhu Wen, the military governor of the Tang Dynasty, deposed the Tang Dynasty emperor and established the Liang Dynasty, which was historically called the Houliang Dynasty. Over the next 50 years, the Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Wu dynasties successively ruled the Yellow River Basin, collectively known as the Five Dynasties (907-960 AD). During the same period, 10 separatist regimes emerged in various parts of the south and Shanxi in the north, collectively known as the Ten Kingdoms. By 960 AD, the Song Dynasty was established, and the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ended.

107. In 960 AD, General Zhao Kuangyin of the Later Zhou Dynasty launched a mutiny in Chenqiaoyi (now northeast of Kaifeng, Henan). His officers and soldiers added yellow robes to him, supported him as emperor, and took the title of the country. It was called the "Song Dynasty", with its capital in Kaifeng, and was historically called the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127 AD). Zhao Kuangyin is Song Taizu.

108. In order to consolidate his rule, Song Taizu adopted Prime Minister Zhao Pu's suggestions and strengthened centralization of power. He held a banquet and relieved Shi Shouxin and others from their military power. This is the famous "cup of wine to release military power" in history.

109. Wang Anshi was a famous writer and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. After he was appointed prime minister by Song Shenzong, he implemented a reform to organize finance and military affairs, which was called the "Wang Anshi Reform". Later, due to the strong opposition of Sima Guang and others, the reform ended in less than ten years.

110. Bao Zheng, an official in the Northern Song Dynasty, was an honest and upright official. People regarded him as a model of an upright official and respectfully called him "Bao Gong", "Bao Qingtian" or "Bao Longtu". There are many touching stories about Bao Gong circulated among Chinese people, expressing people's admiration for him.

111. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Buddhism was prevalent in various places. During the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu ordered engraving and printing of the Tripitaka, which was the first large-scale printing of Buddhist scriptures in Chinese history.

112. Science and technology in ancient China were quite developed. Gunpowder, papermaking, printing and the compass were together called the four great inventions of ancient China.

113. Shen Kuo was a famous scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was very proficient in astronomy, calendar, music, medicine, mathematics, etc. He recorded his rich research results in his book "Mengxi Bi Tan". In addition, he also recorded many inventions and creations of the working people at that time, such as Bi Sheng's invention of movable type printing.

114. The invention and promotion of printing is known as the mother of world civilization. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing based on woodblock printing, which greatly improved printing efficiency. About 200 years later, this technology spread to other countries and promoted the development of world civilization.

115. The invention of gunpowder is closely related to the alchemy of ancient China. Because gunpowder has strong lethality, it was widely used in the military in the late Tang Dynasty. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, gunpowder technology underwent greater improvements. Later, the method of making gunpowder was spread to Arabia, and from Arabia to European countries.

116. China invented the compass very early on. During the Northern Song Dynasty, people created a compass suitable for navigation, which pushed the navigation industry into a new era. During this period, China's shipbuilding technology was also the most advanced in the world.

117. During the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of gold, silver, copper, iron and other mineral deposits were mined. Copper coins were the standard currency at that time and were minted in large quantities. Today they are used in vast areas ranging from Japan in the east to Europe and Africa in the west. There are unearthed.

118. The porcelain industry was very developed during the Song Dynasty. Song porcelain has a wide variety of varieties and beautiful patterns, and was exported overseas in large quantities. Jingdezhen in Jiangxi has become a famous porcelain capital in China.

119. During the Song Dynasty, the currencies circulating in the market were mainly copper coins, iron coins, gold and silver and other metal currencies. In order to facilitate portability, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, "Jiaozi" appeared in Sichuan, which was the earliest banknote in the world. The use of banknotes provided convenient conditions for commercial prosperity.

120. The achievements of acupuncture and forensic medicine in the Song Dynasty were outstanding. "The Collection of Cleansing Wrongs" was China's first systematic forensic medicine work, more than 300 years earlier than similar monographs in the West.

121. Sima Guang was a famous historian in the Northern Song Dynasty. He spent 19 years compiling "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", which is a famous chronicle general history that narrates more than 1,300 years from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties. history.

122. At the end of the Song Dynasty, a group of people led by Song Jiang revolted in the Liangshan area of ??Shandong Province. Later, "Water Margin", one of the four classic Chinese classics, was created based on this background.

123. During the Song Dynasty, there were also political regimes established by other ethnic groups in China, such as the Liao established by the Khitan people, the Jin established by the Jurchen people, and the Xixia established by the Dangxiang people. In 1127, the Jin Dynasty's army broke through Kaifeng and captured the emperors of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Huizong, Song Qinzong and his son. Huizong's other son Zhao Gou proclaimed himself emperor. Fleeing to the south, he established political power in Hangzhou, which became the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279 AD) in history.

124. Yue Fei was a famous anti-Jin general in the Southern Song Dynasty. He led his army north to regain the Song Dynasty territory occupied by the Jin army, but was killed by Qin Hui and others on "unfounded" charges. Yue Fei is buried beside the West Lake in Hangzhou. In order to commemorate him, later generations placed kneeling statues of Qin Hui and others cast in pig iron in front of his tomb to express their strong hatred for the treacherous ministers.

In 125 and 1271, after Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, he launched a massive attack on the Southern Song Dynasty. Wen Tianxiang, a famous general in the Southern Song Dynasty, organized military and civilian resistance, but was captured after failure. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty used various methods to persuade him to surrender, but he would rather die than surrender. He wrote poems such as "Song of Righteousness" and "Crossing the Lingding Ocean", which showed his indomitable national integrity. The two sentences in "Crossing the Lingding Ocean", "Since ancient times, no one has died, but his loyalty will shine through history", which has become a famous saying through the ages.

126. The Mongolian people are an ancient ethnic group in northern China. At the end of the 12th century, Temujin unified all Mongolian tribes after more than ten years of war. In 1206, he was elected as the Great Khan of Mongolia and was respectfully called "Genghis Khan", which means "Strong Monarch".

127. Kublai Khan (pictured left) is the grandson of Genghis Khan. In 1271, he established the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 AD) and was called the Yuan Shizu. During and after the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty launched a large-scale territorial expansion war, reaching the Danube River Basin in Europe in the west, which had a significant impact on the development of world history.

128. In Chinese history, the territory of the Yuan Dynasty was larger than that of any previous dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty implemented a provincial system and effectively ruled the country. Dadu, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, was a world-famous commercial center. Dadu is now Beijing in China.

129. In the middle and late Yuan Dynasty, cotton was widely planted across the country, and the cotton textile industry was developed. Cotton became the main clothing material for people in Jiangnan, which was a major event in the economic life of ancient China. Huang Daopo of the Yuan Dynasty promoted the advanced cotton spinning technology of the Li people and made great contributions to the development of the cotton textile industry.

130. During the Yuan Dynasty, there were frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries. The famous Italian traveler Marco Polo wrote the book "Marco Polo's Travels", which vividly described the prosperity of Dadu, Hangzhou and other cities, which inspired Europeans to pay attention to China. yearn for.

131. During the Yuan Dynasty, a large number of Persians and Arabs who believed in Islam moved into China. They lived together with the Han, Mongolian, Uyghur and other ethnic groups for a long time, integrated with each other, and began to form a new ethnic group, the Hui.

132. The Yuan Dynasty had trade relations with many countries and regions. Quanzhou in Fujian Province was the largest port in the Yuan Dynasty. At that time, it was tied with Alexandria in Egypt as the largest port in the world. There are many Erythrina trees growing in Quanzhou, so it is world-famous as Erythronium City.

133. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang led a peasant uprising, overthrew the Yuan Dynasty regime, and established the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD). Zhu Yuanzhang was the Ming Taizu. The capital was Nanjing in the early Ming Dynasty. Later, Ming Chengzu moved the capital to Beijing.

Model of Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Seas

134. In the nearly 30 years from 1405 to 1433, the fleets led by Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Seas, reaching more than 30 countries in Asia and Africa. and region. Model of Zheng He's voyages to the West (pictured on the right)

135. In 1417, the King of Sulu (today's Philippines) led more than 300 people to visit China. He died of illness in Shandong on the way back. Ming Chengzu sent a grand ceremony for him funeral. After the Ming Dynasty, China repaired the Sulu King's Tomb many times to express China's condolences to this ambassador of friendship to the Philippines.

136. During the Ming Dynasty, Japanese pirate traders often harassed the southeastern coast of China. They colluded with local tyrants and profiteers of the Ming Dynasty, looted property everywhere, killed people, and caused great harm to China's coastal areas. These bandits are called "Japanese pirates". General Qi Jiguang of the Ming Dynasty organized an army to severely defeat the Japanese pirates. In 1565, Qi Jiguang teamed up with Yu Dayou to eliminate all the Japanese pirates who had been rampant for more than a hundred years.

137. In the late Ming Dynasty, Gu Xiancheng, Gao Panlong and others gave lectures at Donglin Academy in Wuxi, Jiangsu. They often discussed government affairs and criticized those in power in the academy. These people were called the "Donglin Party" . At that time, the great eunuch Wei Zhongxian was under a dangerous and brutal dictatorship. The Donglin Party members were not afraid of persecution and accused Wei Zhongxian and others of being "eunuchs" and fought unrelentingly against them.

138. The Ming Dynasty stipulated that officials should be selected through the imperial examination system. The government stipulates that only questions within the scope of the Four Books and Five Classics are allowed in the imperial examination. Candidates are not allowed to have personal opinions. The style of writing must be divided into eight parts rigidly, called "eight-part essay".

139. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty selected 3,000 people including Xie Jin to compile the "Yongle Dadian" (pictured left), with a total of 110,095 volumes and seven to eight thousand kinds of books of various types. The largest such book in China. The book has been copied into two parts: the main part and the second part. The original was later burned, and the copies were burned and looted twice when the British-French Allied Forces invaded Beijing in 1860 and the Eight-Nation Allied Forces in 1900. Currently, only more than 300 copies exist.

140. Li Shizhen, an outstanding medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty, spent more than 20 years writing a comprehensive pharmacological masterpiece "Compendium of Materia Medica", which became an important document of world medicine.

141. During the Ming Dynasty, the Italian missionary Matteo Ricci came to China. While preaching, he also actively spread Western scientific and cultural knowledge, and Ming Shenzong gave him great support. Matteo Ricci made outstanding contributions to the exchange of science and technology and culture between China and foreign countries. His tomb is in Xicheng, Beijing.

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