1. Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC) was a famous thinker, a great educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period of my country, and the founder of the Confucian school. He is the first educator in the history of Chinese education who devoted his whole life to education.

He put forward the school policy of "education without distinction" and established private schools. The basis of his theory of "education without distinction" is that "people are similar in nature but far apart in habits". What is more valuable is his thought of "common people, wealth and education". He intuitively saw the relationship between the development of education and social material conditions, and placed the status of education more appropriately.

He pays special attention to studying students in his educational work. He has profound observations and analysis of students' personality characteristics.

Since his education varied from person to person, Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty summarized this educational principle as "Confucius taught people according to their

talent". Later generations simply called it "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude." In the history of Chinese education, Confucius was the first person to propose the principle of heuristic teaching

. He said: "If you are not angry, you will not be enlightened. If you are not angry, you will not be angry. If you do not use three things to counterattack, you will never recover."

Confucius attached great importance to determination, which means establishing goals and ideals. Only when a person has a clear direction of efforts

can he give full play to his subjective initiative. He said: "Three armies can seize commanders, but ordinary men cannot seize ambitions." He asked students to aspire to learning and Taoism. He also attaches great importance to the combination of learning and practice, and the consistency of words and deeds, and deeply abhors the style of rhetoric and rhetoric. He pays most attention to "action" and advocates that "a gentleman should be slow in his words but quick in his actions" and "be ashamed of his words and exceed his actions". He believes that to evaluate a person, one must "listen to his words and observe his actions." He also believed that a person should not be afraid of criticism if he made a mistake, and put forward the famous saying "don't be afraid of correcting your mistakes". He also attaches great importance to the cultivation of moral beliefs and the training of will

Character, requiring "grinding but not phosphorus", "nirvana but not nirvana", "making mistakes must be done, and upsetting must be done",

Don't violate moral standards because of difficulty or haste; you should "rather die for good" and "kill yourself to achieve benevolence" when necessary.

You must also stick to your own moral beliefs. This shows that Confucius elevated the training of will and character to the level of moral devotion

.

2. Mencius (approximately 372 BC - 289 BC) was a famous thinker in the middle period of the Warring States Period in my country. His educational thoughts

occupied an important position in the history of ancient Chinese education. Later generations referred to his thoughts as those of Confucius as "the way of Confucius and Mencius".

Mencius first advocated the theory of "good nature" in the history of Chinese education. He attributed human nature to nature, morality to human nature, and human nature to talent, which constituted his transcendentalist theory of human nature. In addition, Mencius believed that things of the same kind

are of the same kind, and things of the same kind are of the same nature. He put forward the idea of ??equal intelligence

that "sages are like me" and "all people can be like Yao and Shun" .

Starting from his political thought and the philosophical thought of "good nature" theory, Mencius proposed that the main purpose of education is to cultivate

"people who understand human ethics" and "govern people" who work hard. ". He also compared the city, army, land, property and education

. For example, if the city is incomplete, the army is not large, and the weapons are not sophisticated, it is "not a national disaster"; the fields are not cultivated and there is a lack of wealth

Things are "not a harm to the country"; but if there is "no learning", the country will be "in mourning". It can be seen that he regards education as the foundation of state affairs.

Mencius developed Confucius' educational thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Based on the characteristics of students, he put forward the principle of "teaching a variety of skills" and implemented five educational methods: 1. For students who are good at learning, "like rain" And transform it" (that is, just like rain

and dew moistening grass and trees); secondly, for those with good moral character, pay attention to their moral cultivation; thirdly, for those with higher talents

, Make them become knowledgeable talents; 4. For ordinary people, use the "question and answer" method to clear up doubts and confusion; 5. For those who cannot come to the door to get a job, let them learn by themselves.

In terms of the process and principles of moral education, he believes that a person's moral cultivation starts with being willing to do good and being able to distinguish between good and evil. Goodness is shameful. He said: "People cannot be shameless. There is no shame in being shameless." He also thought that those who are not ashamed of being behind will always be behind. "If you don't feel ashamed, why should you be like a human being?" Secondly, Mencius attached great importance to correcting mistakes and actively learning from the good deeds of others. He advocates "when you see something good, you will be moved to it", "when you hear it, you will be happy", and "be kind to others". He believes that only if a person is not stubborn in his own opinions and takes pleasure in doing good things to others can he develop himself into a person with noble morals. Finally, Mencius particularly emphasized the training of will and character. He believes that if a person wants to achieve a career, he must undergo training and cultivate his strong will. He said: "Heaven is going to entrust this person with a great responsibility, and he must first work hard on his mind and body, and strain his muscles and bones. His skin will be hungry, his body will be depleted, and his body will be in chaos.

He believes that a "real man" should have an indomitable and strong will, and should be "precious and cannot be lascivious, poor and humble cannot be moved, and powerful cannot be surrendered." . Mencius also knew that life is precious and "I want to live my life", but when necessary, I should "sacrifice my life for righteousness". This is consistent with Confucius' "sacrifice oneself to become benevolent".

3. Mozi (approximately 468 BC - 376 BC) was the second thinker and educator with great influence after Confucius in the pre-Qin era of my country. Mozi was a practicing educator who made significant contributions to educational methods. 1. Point out that teaching and learning are an inseparable unity. He compared teaching and learning to harmony and singing, "Singing without harmony means not teaching. If you have too much wisdom but don't teach, you will lose your ability." 2. Teachers must play a leading role. He took ringing a bell as an example and said: "If you buckle it, it will ring, if you don't buckle it will ring." Teachers are required not to be in a passive position of "waiting for questions and then answering", but should take the initiative to ask questions to students and "answer even if they don't ask". 3. Put forward the natural principle of "doing what we can".

He asked teachers to arrange teaching procedures according to the natural development of students, so as to "make the deepest and the shallowest" so that students can "seek the shallower", " "Those who are deep seek the deeper", which shows that Mozi has seen that teaching is a process of understanding from shallow to deep.

It can be said that Mozi was the first person in China and abroad to put forward the principle of measuring ability. 4. Emphasis on applying what you learn

. He said: "Although a scholar has learning, his conduct is his foundation." This means that the purpose of learning is conduct. Moreover, he also believed that to judge the quality of a person's behavior, one must combine the "will" of the behavioral motivation and the "gong" of the behavioral effect.

4. Xunzi (about 286 BC - 238 BC) was famous. Xunzi opposed Mencius' theory of good nature and initiated the theory of evil

nature. He believes that education plays a huge role in "goodness and hypocrisy". Through education and the objective efforts of the educated, intellectual ability and virtue are accumulated, which is called "accumulation", and a sage is "the accumulation of people". He also attaches great importance to "gradual", that is, the influence of environment

. After a long period of "accumulation" and "graduation", it is achieved that "a gentleman's knowledge changes from time to time, like a cicada shedding its shell".

That is to say, education can bring about qualitative changes in people. Cultivate people into "scholars", "gentlemen" and "sages".

In terms of the principles and methods of moral education, Xunzi and Confucius and Mencius have many similarities. For example, they both attach great importance to "dedication" and "introspection", but they also have their own characteristics. : First, think long-term and look far-sighted. He believes that people "love honor and hate disgrace, and love benefit and hate harm." However, some people just do bad things and attract "danger and humiliation". This is the result of their lack of education.

They only care about immediate interests and cannot "think long-term" and do not know how to plan for long-term interests. Second, accumulate good deeds

to achieve virtue. He advocated that people should accumulate good deeds throughout their lives. Only in this way can they have the hope of "eventually becoming a saint." Third, cultivate morality

conduct. Xunzi believed that the ultimate goal of moral education is to cultivate moral conduct. He requires a person to develop an unshakable will and moral character. He said: "Power cannot be overthrown, the masses cannot be moved, and heaven cannot be shaken. Life depends on what is right, and death depends on what is. This is called moral conduct." These words are consistent with Confucius' " "Sacrifice one's life to achieve benevolence", Mencius, is synonymous with "sacrifice one's life to achieve justice".

On the one hand, Xunzi valued teachers, and on the other hand, he put forward strict requirements for teachers. He believes that being a teacher requires four conditions: (1) dignity and prestige; (2) rich experience and noble beliefs; (3) the ability to progress step by step , teach without messiness; (4) be able to understand fine principles and be able to apply them

. In addition, you must have extensive knowledge and profound knowledge.

5. Dong Zhongshu (179 BC-104 BC) was a very influential idealist philosopher and famous educator in the Western Han Dynasty. In terms of moral education methods, he emphasized "doing the smallest things with caution" and adopted the methods of "multiple small things to make a big thing, accumulate small things to make a big thing", and "gradually make it happen". He demands to "understand one's temperament" and "to attract what one likes by nature and suppress what one dislikes by emotion". In addition, he also emphasized that moral education must be carried out through intellectual education, believing that people often make mistakes because they "know what they don't understand" and "although there is a way of a saint, it is impossible to know its meaning." Therefore, he believed that one cannot become virtuous without learning.

Intellectual education and moral education are inseparable. He also noticed the role of "old habits gradually fade away" and it was necessary to prevent the unknowing erosion of people

by foreign objects.

6. Wang Chong (AD 27-about 97) was a great materialist philosopher and educator in ancient my country.

In terms of educational thought, Wang Chong attaches great importance to the influence of the environment and the role of education. Although he believes that human nature

has both good and evil, he is certain that good and evil can be changed. "Information but not sex", the important thing is education. "It's like

when practicing silk, if you dye it blue, it will be green, and if you dye it red, it will be red." Another example is "The fluffy hemp will not straighten itself, and the white yarn will enter the silk, and it will not be practiced

自黑", "People's good nature can turn into evil, evil can turn into good, and so on." He also used the metaphor that bamboo and wood can be turned into utensils after being carved, and low-lying land can be turned into high ground by people's "expansion" to illustrate the possibility of education and the relationship between people and people. The plasticity of education; "The seventy-two disciples of Confucius were all used by ministers" illustrates the importance of education.

In Wang Chong's view, there is no unchangeable nature in the world, and there is no person who cannot be educated. As long as "the school encourages its progress, and the law prohibits and prevents others", even people like Yao's unworthy son Danzhu can be encouraged to do good.

7. Zheng Xuan (129-200) was a famous Confucian scholar in the late Han Dynasty and an outstanding educator at that time. He

liberated the study of Confucian classics from academic sectarian prejudices. He requires students' words and deeds to be in line with etiquette. He said: "Pride cannot grow long, desire cannot be indulged, ambition cannot be fulfilled, and happiness cannot be extreme." It can be seen that he attaches great importance to moral education. While blogging, he must also treat people with courtesy. He also made certain contributions in scholarship and teaching methods. First, he strictly adhered to an objective attitude in the school's annotation of scriptures and had a great influence on the academic style of later generations for two thousand years.

The second is that Zheng Xuan is a person who pays great attention to "accumulating learning". His experience of "accumulating learning" is to work hard on "Bo

Ji", "Rough Survey" and "Seeing from Time". The so-called "Bo Ji" means to work hard on textbooks, and the knowledge must have a certain depth and breadth. We should focus our main energy on this aspect; "browsing" means to read more reference books and browse widely to expand our knowledge, but do not take up too much time; "seeing from time to time" means to choose Some accurate and reliable information,

used for reference, has less reference value and takes less time. He believes that by combining these three, we can understand the profound truths in the classics and achieve "seeking one from many" and "using one to control ten thousand". This is

his successful experience in teaching and learning, which contains reasonable factors

of the "analysis and synthesis" and "induction and deduction" methods in logic. The third is to mainly adopt the teaching methods of asking questions and writing down answers in teaching. He said: "It is a complex enlightenment

to explain it. In this way, the knowledge and thinking are profound." This is a new development of Confucius' heuristic teaching.

8. Yan Zhitui (531-about 590 years later) was a famous writer and educator during the period when my country's Wei Dynasty was promoted to the Southern and Northern Dynasties. "Yan's Family Instructions" written by him is China's first textbook discussing family education. Based on reality, he believed that the country needs about six types of talents: one is politicians who can make a difference, the other is cultured theorists and scholars, and the third is talented people. The fourth is a military strategist who is brave, resourceful and adept at fighting, the fourth is a competent and innocent local official, the fifth is a diplomat who honors the emperor's orders when going on missions, and the sixth is a manager and engineering technical expert who is proficient in construction.

Yan Zhitui believes that educating children is an important and serious issue for parents. He takes the Confucian philosophy of "less success is like nature

and habits are like nature" as his guiding ideology. He advocated starting with "prenatal education" and put forward strict requirements for "prenatal education". Whether the method of "prenatal education" is scientific or not remains to be studied, but he is right to attach great importance to early childhood education. He believes that most people do not have the conditions to carry out "prenatal education" and must carry out education from infancy. He advocates that "teaching is the most important thing for the father", but he opposes blindly doting on children and "doing whatever they want", turning their children into tyrants of the family. "Young people are born with success", and it will be difficult to educate them in the future, and even beating them to death will not help.

9. Han Yu (768-824) was a famous litterateur, philosopher and educator in Chinese history.

Han Yu believed that the purpose of education is to "learn the Tao", and Tao is the "teachings of the ancestors", mainly Confucian benevolence and righteousness

Morality. Educational tasks and content generally include three aspects: first, moral education, including the complete set of Confucian ethics such as benevolence, justice and morality; second, intellectual education, including "Poems, Books, Yi, Spring and Autumn"; third, political education, Including etiquette, music,

punishment, politics, etc.

Han Yu also summed up many regular things in education and put forward many incisive and original insights, which enriched the theory of ancient Chinese education.

First, we must be good at identifying and cultivating talents. He believes that there are always talents, but the key lies in the ability to identify and support them. "There are Bole in the world, and then there are horses with a thousand li. Horses with a thousand li are always there, but Bole is not always there."

Second, we encourage hard work and independent thinking. Han Yu has a few mottos: "The best of one's work is due to diligence, and the waste is due to play;

Action is achieved by thinking, and destroyed by laziness."

This is the crystallization of his valuable experience in studying for many years. , which is also his summary of previous academic experiences and lessons.

Third, pay attention to liveliness and liveliness in teaching methods. He "works diligently in commenting and commenting, in order to polish off all living things, for fear of imperfection.

He laughs and sings loudly, making everyone drunk and forgetting to return home."

Fourth, pay attention to the teacher's way and learn from the impermanent teacher. Han Yu's "Teacher's Theory" is a valuable legacy in the history of Chinese education.

It

elaborates on the importance of teachers: "The ancient scholars must have teachers, so they preached, taught, and solved doubts. People are not born knowing.

Who can do it? No confusion? If you are confused and do not follow the teacher, your confusion will never be solved."

10. Hu Ai (993-1059), also known as Yizhi, was a famous scholar and educator in the early Northern Song Dynasty in my country.

Hu Ai has been engaged in education all her life and has a deep understanding of the role of education. He said: "The one who can rule the world is talent, the one who can become the world's talent is education, and the foundation of education is school."

Hu Ai pays attention to the art of teaching and has accumulated Have rich teaching experience.

Prepare lessons carefully and lead by example. "History of the Song Dynasty·Hu Ai's Biography" says: "Ai taught people with methods, and the subject matter was detailed

(detailed). He took the lead by his own example. Even in the hot summer, he would sit in the hall in public service and strictly teach the etiquette of his disciples."

Love students and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. "History of the Song Dynasty·Hu Ai's Biography" says: Hu Ai "regards all living beings as his children, and all living beings also believe and love like his father and brothers. There are often hundreds of people traveling with him." Pay attention to intuitive teaching, pay attention to explaining the key points, and pay attention to Contact

Actual. When he taught the "Book of Changes" to his students at Taixue, he often "quoted the events of the current world to explain them" in order to facilitate their understanding.

Pay attention to field visits. Hu Ai said: "A scholar who only sticks to one hometown will stay in one song, narrow-minded and humble. He must travel around

so that he can see all the people and things, the customs of the north and south, and the weather of mountains and rivers, so as to spread his knowledge. Only by seeing "can you benefit scholars".

11. Wang Anshi (1021-1086) was an outstanding politician in Chinese history and an educational reformer in the Middle Ages.

Wang Anshi believed that the key to reform lies in talents. With talents, one can "change the bad laws of the world." In order to have enough talents, the state must implement a unified education system of "teaching, nurturing, selecting, and letting them have their own way". He linked the four of teaching, nurturing, taking, and letting. Among the four, teaching is the foundation, nurturing is the continuation of teaching, and taking and letting are the purposes of teaching and nurturing. In response to the current epidemic, he put forward four requirements to reform the education system and make it serve the new law: that is, to set up schools from the capital to the localities to carefully select instructors to teach "rituals, music, politics, punishments" and other matters needed by the country ; Ensure the material life of the scholars, treat them with etiquette, judge them with laws, and the court vigorously promotes them to form a new trend; select talents, review their virtues and talents, try their merits, and then give appropriate titles and salaries; If you are dedicated, you will be able to carry out your will and achieve success.

12. Zhu Xi (1130-1200) was a famous philosopher and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty of my country. Zhu Xi, whose courtesy name is Yuanhui, also known as Hui'an, also known as Ziyang, was born in Youxi, Fujian, and his ancestral home is Wuyuan, Huizhou (now part of Jiangxi).

Paying attention to family education and primary school education is a major feature of its educational proposition. He believed that only through strict family education could students "change their temperament." He formulated "Children's Instructions", "Cheng Meng's Academic Principles" and "Cheng Meng's Poems" as rules for fathers and brothers to educate their children at home. He believes that only by laying a foundation and learning skills from an early age can we achieve the goals of self-cultivation, family order, country governance, and world peace when we grow up.

On the basis of primary school, he also advocated advanced education for students, that is, university. Zhu Xi believes that the characteristic of primary school is to teach by things, that is, "learn things", and teach etiquette, music, shooting, driving, calligraphy, teaching, and things such as filial piety, brotherhood, loyalty, and trust. The characteristic of a university is to teach with principles and learn the principles, so as to understand things and teach others.

Paying attention to teaching and reading methods is another characteristic of Zhu Xi's educational thought. He first paid attention to learning Purpose education believes that if a person wants to learn, he must first be "determined". "How to study is not determined". Teachers must be "concentrated" in teaching and must not be interrupted in teaching. To study knowledge, "to understand things in order to understand them thoroughly"; to practice diligently is to practice "self-cultivation to deal with things", which is the combination of knowledge and practice in teaching. It advocates step-by-step and careful thinking, and advocates teaching people in an orderly manner, without waiting, and combining repeated learning with learning and thinking.

He said: "In general, when reading, you must first read it thoroughly so that the words seem to come from my mouth; then think carefully so that the meaning seems to come from my heart. Then you can have an ear." Zhu Xi also clearly stated that the teacher's task is to guide students in reading. He emphasized that learning requires subjective effort. A teacher "can only be a guide." "The guide is the teacher." This is exactly the responsibility of the teacher. When conducting moral education for students, he advocates strict requirements, detailed regulations, more teaching from positive aspects, and less prevention from negative aspects. This is also a good educational method.

13. Lu Jiuyuan (1139--1193) was a famous subjective idealist philosopher and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty. During his long-term teaching practice, he put forward many ideas in scholarship and teaching. Learning requires determination. He said: "People only suffer from lack of ambition, and if they have ambitions, they will never succeed." There is doubt about the value of learning. "There is no doubt that there will be doubts in learning, but there will be progress if there are doubts." He often said: "It is better to believe in books than to have no books at all", and often encouraged students to question and ask questions by saying "a small doubt leads to small progress, a big doubt leads to big progress". We must grasp the fundamentals and establish the great ones. He said that everything has its origin and its origin, and everything has its size. Only by grasping the fundamentals and "establishing the big ones first" in teaching can we "swim like a fish and dragon in the river and sea without any hindrance." Read carefully, think carefully, and swim well. He said: "The method of reading must be to look at it calmly, ponder it carefully, and not hastily. The so-called "be gentle when you are good, and be tired when you are tired," naturally has the meaning of smoothness, relaxation, and smoothness." He emphasized the need to read carefully and think carefully when reading, and opposed being greedy for too much without seeking a thorough understanding. "If you swim well and swim well, you will be self-sufficient for a long time; it is better to read less than to read extensively."

14. Chen Liang (1143-1194) was a famous thinker and writer in the Southern Song Dynasty in my country, and the founder of the Yongjia School , is also an educator who loves the motherland.

Chen Liang advocated cultivating a generation of "adults" who "have the courage to explore the four directions", understand "the great strategy of the king, the advantages and disadvantages of military equipment", and have "the wisdom and courage to overthrow one generation and open up the future of the ages." "Be open-minded", you must be courageous and knowledgeable, and you must have real talent and learning. We are opposed to the kind of education that "deceives each other in order to destroy the world, and in the end it will just ignore everything." In terms of teaching methods, Chen Liang advocates connecting with practice and applying what you have learned. We are opposed to reading behind closed doors and talking without reference to reality. He said: "Talents are judged by their ability to be used. Those who are able to sit still are not worth relying on." Only by "running east and west" can we produce "many usable talents."

15. Wang Shouren (1472-1528) was a famous philosopher and educator in the mid-Ming Dynasty. Wang Shouren believes that the purpose of education is to understand human ethics. He advocated starting from "promoting conscience" and through education, eliminating personal desires, preserving everyone's inherent natural law "conscience", and developing feudal moral character. Education is about cultivating personality. "Those who care about their hearts will be arrogant; those who are arrogant in their hearts will have floating vision; those who are apologetic in their hearts will be discouraged; those who are careless in their hearts will be lazy in appearance; those who are arrogant in their hearts will be reserved in appearance. "

Starting from "promoting conscience", Wang Shouren put forward many insights worth paying attention to in terms of teaching principles: 1. Pay attention to practice. It is believed that true knowledge must be practiced and one should learn in action in order to pursue true knowledge; 2. Pay attention to independent thinking. He believes that teaching is to guide scholars to "get what they want", that learning is more valuable than "self-seeking" and "self-satisfaction", and that knowledge needs to be "informed" by others rather than "understood" by oneself. Third, he advocates step-by-step progress. He believes that learning must be "enlightened" by others. "We should work hard from the basic principles and gradually become more qualified." Fourth, we advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. We believe that teachers teach people just like doctors treat diseases, and they must differentiate and treat diseases. , and consider adding or subtracting, regulating and replenishing the diarrhea, it is just to cure the disease."