1, Zhuge Liang: Look at the rough method.
Zhuge Liang studied under Xu Shu and Meng successively, but their reading styles and methods were different. Xu, Shi and Meng "served well" and Zhuge Liang "looked at the overall situation alone". "Good at service" means reading carefully, trying to understand thoroughly and know it by heart.
"Just reading the outline" means that Zhuge Liang's reading method is different from the other three schools and unique; He grasped the spiritual essence of the book from a strategic perspective as a whole, and did not dwell on the issue of branches and vines. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang is better than others in both war and study.
2, Tao Yuanming: Do not seek answers.
Tao Yuanming, a great poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote a biography of Mr. Wuliu, in which he said: "Good reading, not seeking to know more; Every time I am interested, I will forget to eat happily. " Describe your reading life and explain your own views on reading. Tao Yuanming's view of "not seeking for a very good solution" is targeted. In his view, it is not necessary to spend a lot of energy to study worthless annotations, but to pay attention to reading the original text and understand its basic content.
How many books can you read in your life if you try to "understand" any book you read? For some books, you can "don't ask for a solution", and then you go through it; Some books can temporarily "not seek an extraordinary solution" and wait until it is necessary to "seek an extraordinary solution".
3. Han Yu: I want to hook.
Han Yu, a great scholar in the Tang Dynasty, once said a famous saying in his heroic prose "Xue Jie": "The recorder must mention his essentials, and the fabricator must hook his mystery." Later generations summed up his words as a reading method of "mentioning the essentials and hooking the mystery".
Reading should first classify books, and then adopt different reading methods according to different properties and types. For those memorable historical books, you must put forward an outline when reading, and extract the main contents of the book from the outline; For those theoretical books, when reading, we should pay attention to explore their profound views, that is, grasp their essence.
If you can read, the effect will be very good. Because "mentioning its essence" can make you clear about the occurrence and development process of events in the book and the reasons for their occurrence and development, let you further understand the relationship between events and see the essence through phenomena.
It is convenient to grasp the key points, thoroughly understand the spiritual essence, and conduct in-depth research on some important points, so as to broaden our horizons, activate our thinking, increase our knowledge and improve our level, and turn the nutrition in the book into our own flesh and blood.
4. Su Dongpo: Surrounded by enemies.
Su Dongpo, a great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, is a famous reading method. A man named Wang Yao asked Su Dongpo how to study when preparing for the exam. Su Dongpo wrote back to him, saying: Rich books are like the sea, and there are all things.
But a person's energy is limited, and it is impossible to have everything, only what he needs. Therefore, anyone who is interested in reading only needs to focus on one question at a time. For example, if you want to study the rise and fall of dynasties and the status and role of wise kings and ministers, then you can only pay attention to this issue and not think about other issues. For another example, if historical sites and classic cultural relics are to be considered, they should be treated the same, and so on.
This method of "being attacked on all sides" seems a bit dull, but by the time it is finished, people who dabble in it can't keep up with the competition. The reason why "Surrounded by Enemies" is highly praised by later generations is that it is a brilliant method of reading and studying problems. Divide the research object into eight aspects, then divide them one by one, process the research results, and then draw a conclusion, which is both profound and comprehensive!
When talking about his experience of reading Hanshu, Su Dongpo said: "I have tasted Hanshu, and I started from it. Such as governance, people's feelings, geography, official system, art of war, wealth and goods. Don't wait to count, but everything is fine. " This is a concrete example of Su Dongpo's reading by "being attacked from all sides".
He has to read Hanshu many times and divide it into several aspects, such as governing the country, people and geography. Every time he reads it, he specializes in a problem. Therefore, he has a thorough understanding of every aspect of this book.
5. Zhu: Step by step method.
"Or ask the method of reading, its difficult and helpless? Say: step by step. " This is the basic reading method put forward by Zhu, a philosopher and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty, in Reading Essentials.
Zhu explained this method in detail: as far as two books are concerned, it is "one book after another"; As far as a book is concerned, "chapters and sentences, beginning and end, are also orderly and not chaotic." He also demanded: "If you don't get ahead, you won't dare to ask for it; If you don't know this, you can't be interested in it. "
Why step by step? Zhu said with a vivid metaphor, "For example, when climbing a mountain, many people have to go to high places. I don't know how to ignore it from a low point, but there is no reason to go to a high place. "
Zhu's proposition shows that reading should choose a goal from the shallow to the deep, starting with the most basic books, reading one and then reading another, and reading another section after reading one section; We can't read indiscriminately, regardless of priorities. As long as you study step by step, you will get the effect of "clear meaning and no danger of being lazy" This method is summarized as "Don't get up before all this is over" in Disciples' Rules.
The specific operation of reading method
1, preparation stage
1) Select the instructor.
Instructors should be experts in reading and learning, familiar with general learning skills, or very familiar with the contents of assigned books.
2) Choose a book to read.
Choosing books is the key step of reading method. The selected books should be based on specific training objects and training objectives, and generally should follow the following principles:
2. Implementation stage
In the applied vocational education of reading method, it is generally divided into short-term reading method and long-term reading method.
1) short reading method.
The so-called short reading method refers to an educational method that allows learners to read some materials within a certain period of time and immediately submit an experience report (orally or in writing).
The method is characterized in that:
Short-term reading is divided into reading aloud and silent reading. If the information content is uncommon, you can read it aloud; If the information is easy to understand, it is necessary to read silently and speed up reading. The main job of the instructor is to prompt the key and difficult points of information and guide individual students.
2) Long-term reading method.
The so-called long-term reading method refers to sending reading materials to researchers several months in advance, and defining the training objectives, requiring researchers to study and study books carefully, and finally discussing and testing the learning effect together, and allowing researchers to hand in experience reports.