Legal learning guidance:
1. Correct pronunciation
Read the correct pronunciation with the help of textbooks and reference books. Rare words in classical Chinese; Polysyllabic words; Common words; Ancient name; Place names still retain ancient characters. These are the key points of study.
2. Learn to break sentences
Read aloud on the basis of understanding the meaning of the sentence, and pause between words According to the meaning of the text, ancient Chinese mostly used monosyllabic words to express meaning. Don't misread two adjacent monosyllabic words in modern Chinese as compound words. Long sentences can be broken according to the context, and the modal particles at the beginning of the sentence can be paused.
Understand the meaning of the sentence
Understand the meaning of a sentence with the help of text notes and reference books.
② Understand the changes of ancient and modern meanings and correctly understand the meaning of sentences.
③ Understand the meaning of the sentence in the context.
4. Recite beautiful paragraphs
If you want to recite quickly and remember firmly, you must first read the text correctly, word by word, without missing words, not many words, and read word by word carefully. When you are familiar with it, you should consider reciting it. The most important thing for a new text is to read it correctly first, otherwise it is difficult to correct the habit of reading the wrong place. Secondly, reading comprehension, only by understanding the content can we recite it accurately. Third, when reciting a long article, you can divide it into small paragraphs and "break it all". Fourth, with the help of association and body movements, help students memorize. Fifth, continuous review, no one can remember at once, and planned repeated training can enhance memory. Sixth, recite the central difficulties and mistakes, and focus on writing notes.
5. Summary of the main points of the content According to the content of the article, questions are generally asked: Who wrote it, described what, introduced what characteristics, and expounded what kind of truth. To answer these questions, we must understand the article sentence by sentence, layer by layer and paragraph by paragraph. The reading method is the same as modern Chinese. Although classical Chinese is far from our life, its study has a clear scope. No matter which knowledge topic, it is mainly textbooks. Therefore, as long as ordinary students are willing to work hard, their grades in classical Chinese will be better.
2. What is the reading method of classical Chinese? Classical Chinese reading is a compulsory part of the college entrance examination, with ***20 points, both subjective and objective questions.
After years of preparing for the exam, I clearly realized that the review of classical Chinese should lay a solid foundation, the improvement of reading level of classical Chinese should be combined with reading training, the full text should be grasped on the basis of understanding the meaning and sentence characteristics of function words in classical Chinese, the comparative practice of word and sentence induction should be paid attention to, the sentence translation should be accurate, standardized and literal, and the amount of extracurricular reading of classical Chinese should be appropriately increased. (1) Mastering the general usage of common words and sentence patterns in classical Chinese is not to let students memorize ancient Chinese dictionaries and recite grammar rules, but to solve it by reading articles and using the method of "words cannot be separated from sentences and sentences cannot be separated from texts".
The best way to learn a language is to live in that language environment. You can learn it easily by speaking and listening every day. The era of speaking classical Chinese is far away from us, and learning classical Chinese can't find that kind of language environment.
However, we can meet each other by reading the articles of the ancients and create a language environment for learning classical Chinese in a small world. When reading aloud, you can use your mouth, ears, eyes and heart to remember quickly and cultivate a sense of classical Chinese language.
Reading must be carried out on the premise of understanding the meaning and sentence patterns. Reading classical Chinese is different from modern Chinese.
Modern Chinese is written from modern Chinese, and the words and sentences used are familiar and understood orally. As long as you have read the article and experienced it, you can understand the meaning. Classical Chinese is written in ancient Chinese. Although we pronounce Chinese characters and modern sounds, we don't know the meaning of these sounds or how they are combined. Of course, we can't understand what they mean.
Mr. Ye Shengtao once cited the example of "taking off his armor and dragging his troops", which well illustrated this phenomenon. Among these six words, except for the word "drag", the other five words are in the list of 2500 commonly used words. Primary school graduates can recognize and write, but knowing how to write does not mean that they can understand the meaning of classical Chinese. "Give up" is only learned in the word "give up"; As for "A", I only know the "A" of A, B, C and D; I haven't learned the word "drag", of course I don't understand the meaning of "drag"; I know the word "soldier", but I only know that it is a "soldier" of "sailor" and "soldier"; Only when I knew the word "go" did I understand the meaning of "go".
In this case, even if you read aloud or even recite it to the extent that you can "recite", even students with high understanding will find it difficult to understand the meaning of this sentence. If you read a classical Chinese work and don't understand its meaning and sentence features, you still don't understand it when you appear in another work.
This reading method will not be very helpful to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese. Only under the premise of knowing the meaning and sentence characteristics, as Zhu said, "every word is true", it is meaningful for students to read classical Chinese works repeatedly.
Therefore, there is a problem of "re-literacy" in classical Chinese reading teaching. The so-called "re-literacy" is to let students understand the meaning of words in classical Chinese, that is, the meaning of words, although they can pronounce. Teachers' explanations, notes and reference books all facilitate this "re-literacy".
The reason why I emphasize understanding the meaning of words and sentence patterns before reading is because there was a teaching method in the past that overemphasized familiarity, whether it was understood or not, and the effect was not good. Now this practice is gone, but its influence can't be said to be completely gone. For example, students only talk about the main idea of the text without implementing words and phrases, and even compare it with the translation of teachers. After speaking, they read, that is, recite. As for the meaning of words and the characteristics of sentence patterns in the article, students have no idea at all.
Read on the basis of understanding until maturity, to what extent? Generally speaking, a text, one of which is put forward, should be able to know which one it is from and what it means, and it would be better if it can be recited. (2) The comparative practice of words and sentence patterns can train students to pay attention to the needs of the ancients to express their feelings, because different objects or occasions have the same meaning, and the words and sentence patterns used are slightly different.
Or different colors, or different shades. Distinguishing these differences helps to deepen understanding.
The inductive practice of words and sentence patterns can train students to use their brains to start sorting out perceptual materials when they have accumulated to a certain extent, and combine the classical Chinese knowledge they have learned in class to sum up some laws similar to language phenomena. Make it reach rational understanding, and make knowledge systematic and organized gradually.
This comparative induction exercise of words and sentence patterns in classical Chinese can be carried out in an article or not. (3) Practicing modern Chinese translation of classical Chinese can check whether students have accumulated words, phrases and sentences in classical Chinese.
If you don't understand, or don't understand, then the problem will be exposed as soon as you translate the original text. If the problem is exposed, or the meaning is not clear, or the sentence pattern is not clear, you can prescribe the right medicine and correct it in time.
Xunzi said, "Smell without seeing, see without knowing, know without doing." "If you know it, you can't, although you will be trapped."
Students encounter obstacles and doubts in practice, which are solved by teachers' thinking and guidance, and their memories are more profound. Practicing modern Chinese translation of classical Chinese can also improve the expressive ability of modern Chinese.
Some sentences, we may have understood their meaning, but we can't express them in modern Chinese. Besides our understanding of the original text is not accurate and clear enough, the vocabulary of modern Chinese is not rich enough and the ability of writing expression is not high. Doing some translation exercises of classical Chinese is helpful to improve the expression ability of modern Chinese.
Modern Chinese translation of classical Chinese can be either oral translation or translation. No matter what method is adopted, it should be based on accuracy and standardization.
Accuracy means that words should be translated accurately and implemented resolutely; Normalization means that the translated sentences should conform to the norms of modern Chinese. Translating only the main idea of a sentence is not helpful to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese.
Translation should focus on literal translation, and the translation should be accurate and standardized. For middle school students, it is impossible to do it overnight. At the beginning of training, it is always not accurate enough.
3. The reading method of ancient Chinese is 1. First of all, remember the ancient meaning and present meaning of a word. . . ), it is recommended to check the Han Dian network;
2. Finally, we should clearly know all kinds of sentence patterns in classical Chinese;
3. Finally, try to translate some simple sentences according to the ancient meaning or present meaning of a single word;
4. In addition, read more idioms dictionaries, because some idioms usually omit individual words when they appear in classical Chinese articles;
5. Know something about the living habits of the ancients.
First, I recommend you to read Zeng Guofan's letters or other famous works and novels in the late Qing Dynasty, because most modern people can understand the meaning of these articles and lay the foundation for you to read articles from other dynasties.
I hope the above methods are of great help to you, O(∩_∩)O~
4. Classical Chinese reading skills Modern teaching theory holds that teaching methods include teachers' teaching methods and students' learning methods, which should be organically unified. "Teaching is for not teaching" (Ye Shengtao).
Teachers' teaching serves students' learning, and the fundamental purpose of teachers is to teach students to learn. Fundamentally speaking, the teaching of classical Chinese is essentially to guide students to read classical Chinese.
Therefore, the reform of classical Chinese teaching method is to explore or create scientific and efficient reading methods. Here, combining with my own teaching practice, I introduce a practical and programmed reading method of classical Chinese-five-step reading method.
First, the main objectives of pre-reading are: to read the pronunciation correctly, pause accurately and grasp the rhythm; Understand the common sense of writers' works; Grasp the basic content of the article as a whole. The specific method is: (1) refer to reference books and add notes to new words.
(2) Read the text clearly and accurately according to the teacher's model essay reading or text recording. (3) To understand the common sense of writers' works by combining written notes with Chinese reference books.
(4) Combine preview tips or self-reading tips to understand the text as a whole. (5) Grasp the basic content and stylistic features of the article by solving problems and reading the full text.
Second, the main goal of copying is: to be familiar with the text, to learn by yourself when in doubt, and to clarify the key points and difficulties of learning. The specific method is: (1) Tick out or copy the new words and famous sayings in the text.
(2) Tick or copy difficult sentences in the text. (3) Record the difficult problems when reading the text.
(4) Read or extract (or make a summary or catalogue) auxiliary materials related to the text. (5) Combine unit learning summary, text preview tips, thinking and practice to determine the key and difficult points of children's learning.
Thirdly, the main goal of interpretation is to perceive the content of the text through language analysis and grasp the author's views, attitudes or ideological tendencies expressed in the article. The specific way is: (1) Combining with the context, deeply understand the meaning of difficult words and sentences from the sentence structure and context.
(2) Using the common sense of ancient Chinese to analyze the special language phenomena in the text. (3) Translate (orally or in writing) the text or text fragments, so as to deeply grasp the article as a whole.
(4) Classroom discussion, implementation of key and difficult points, after-class analysis and answer the language training questions in Thinking and Practice. Fourthly, the main goal of reading is to appreciate the article from the aspects of ideological content, organizational structure, expression, language art and artistic style.
The specific approach is: (1) Starting from the stylistic features, grasp the basic features of the article as a "type" as a whole. (2) Comparative reading, analyzing the specific characteristics of the article and the author's artistic personality from the aspects of content and form.
(3) Guide students to consult literature, write Chinese compositions on important notional words, function words and grammar issues, consolidate knowledge and strengthen ability training. The main purpose of reading aloud is to deepen understanding, strengthen memory, enrich language, accumulate materials, train language sense and cultivate quality.
The specific way is: (1) On the basis of understanding, read aloud repeatedly and try to be familiar with it. (2) Read the taste aloud, recite famous articles, paragraphs and sentences, and remember them accurately.
(3) Expand reading, study the materials related to the article, and expand knowledge, so as to understand the text more comprehensively and deeply. (4) Organize study notes, write study summaries, and highlight key and difficult points.
(5) Guide reading or writing comments to cultivate sentiment.
5. Reading methods of classical Chinese: First, rely on knowledge accumulation (common function words, first, rely on knowledge accumulation, common function words, basic usage of notional words and common function words, important literary and cultural knowledge, common loanwords, meanings, common literary and cultural knowledge, important historical knowledge, etc. The second is to look at the basic skills (part-of-speech pragmatics, judgment of different sentence patterns, basic skills of part-of-speech pragmatics, judgment of different sentence patterns, part-of-speech pragmatics analysis, translation, induction, analysis, etc. Third, it depends on the ability to use flexibly (according to specific contexts and topics). Third, it depends on the ability to use flexibly according to specific contexts and topics.
Specific analysis and comparison can solve the problem accurately. 1, explain the text with questions.
Explain the text with questions. Classical Chinese reading is relatively difficult, and classical Chinese reading is relatively difficult. Most students often don't understand it after reading it once.
At this point, you need to browse the test requirements quickly, and you don't understand them very well. At this time, you should quickly browse the requirements of the test questions, especially the final summary and judgment questions, and read them carefully, which is the final summary and judgment questions. After reading them carefully, you can understand the general content of the full text, because one of the questions is often inconsistent with the original text, and the full text is generally content, because one of the questions is often inconsistent with the original text, the other three are correct, and the other three are correct, that is, a mistake is often a detail problem.
Then read the last question, question. Then by reading the last question, you will immediately understand the content of the whole text, and then read the original text, which will get twice the result with half the effort and become easier.
If you read the original text again, you will get twice the result with half the effort and become easier. 2. Explain the text sentence by sentence.
Explain the text with the text. Explaining a paragraph with a paragraph is to solve a problem with the words in the article.
Explaining a paragraph with a paragraph is to solve a problem with the words in the article. Various factors in the article have a relationship of mutual restriction and explanation, which is a basis for readers to interpret the article, such as 1994 test questions and annual test questions, and is a basis for readers to interpret the article. For example, every year's test questions are about respecting the elderly in the East. If you don't do it, you will often get uncooked rice. Why bother cooking a meal alone? "
"White rice" means white rice, because there is "white rice on a monthly salary ...". "White rice" means white rice, because there is a saying on it that "you have white rice to eat every month".
3. Comment text. 3. Comment text.
The proposer of classical Chinese will take some notes, and the proposer of classical Chinese will also take some notes, which can often bring great help to solving problems. For example, 199 1 year is very helpful to have a sentence to solve the problem.
For example, in the annual examination questions, there is a sentence "How many uncle sections the knower has, the country calls it a mockery", and the proposer notes "Uncle section, the country calls it a mockery", and on the basis of annotations, the topic "Zhou Wei" is annotated, and on the basis of annotations, a question is given: How many uncle sections the knower has, the country calls it a mockery. "This is actually to examine students' ability to solve problems."
"The reason is (what)." "This actually examines the students' ability to explain things.
The ability to write. "4. Understand the text.
To understand the text. When answering translated sentences, we should combine the context, and when answering translated sentences, we should combine the context and be good at understanding things.
For example, "give" in the sentence "give support" in 1994 is reasonable. For example, in the sentence "annual support", is it "giving" or "abundance"? Is it "giving" or "making" ... full? "It seems to be full.
But from a rational analysis, we can only say "yes". However, from the analysis of the reasons, we can only take "making ... Fengfeng do our best because He Ziping is a retired official".
Because as a retired official, He Ziping is not dissatisfied with the general support, but with the general support. Another example is the translation of "supporting private courts". Another example is the translation of "raising a private family", which is "raising a foster mother at home or helping her manage the family" or "helping her manage the family"? Regardless of the meaning of the word, you can't say "don't talk about sex", and you can't say "help your mother keep house" because of this "housekeeper".
Because this "family management" task depends on the mother who is nearly eighty years old. Why do He Ziping and He Xiaozhi have it? Damn it, He Ziping He Xiaozhi? 5. A way to read classical Chinese: (1) Grasp the main idea and start from the back. The first sentence is to read a) Grasp the main idea and start from the back. When writing a classical Chinese, you must first have a general understanding of the full text and master as many articles as possible. Understand and master the article as much as possible.
Answer the last question. Answer the last question.
The last question of classical Chinese in college entrance examination is to judge the meaning of the text, which helps candidates understand the meaning of the text. Combined with the meaning of the text, this question helps candidates understand the meaning of the text.
(2) sentence translation, keywords. The second sentence means to make a sentence.
When translating questions, grasp the key words in the sentence. When translating questions, grasp the key words in the sentence.
The requirements of classical Chinese translation are: straightness, accuracy and complement. "Straight" means "literal translation" as far as possible when translating sentences; "Accuracy" means that the translation of key words should be "accurate" because the language of classical Chinese is concise and the translation should be "accurate"; "Complement" is because the language of classical Chinese is concise and there are many omissions. When translating, you should supplement the omitted content.
For example, those who want to rule the world and respect their names, for example, those who want to rule the world and respect their names, must respect the sages and the corporal. This sentence should be translated as "and corporal."
If a king wants to make the world stable and spread his fame (later generations), he must respect Ping and spread his fame (later generations), and he must respect the sages and treat each other with humility. This song is literally translated, and the key words are "respect name", "secondary name" and "respect name".
6. Reading Skills of Classical Chinese in Junior High School Step 1: Quickly browse the topic Classical Chinese extracurricular reading questions have a feature: some topic options show the meaning of some keywords in the text; Some topics suggest the main content of classical Chinese.
Browsing topics helps students understand the general meaning of classical Chinese. Therefore, after receiving the extracurricular classical Chinese reading essay, we should first quickly browse the topics after the essay.
The second step: carefully analyze the topic Generally speaking, the reading paragraphs of classical Chinese after class will give topics, and most of the topics themselves summarize the main contents of classical Chinese. For example, in an exam, I took an extra-curricular reading article in the classical Chinese "Chu People Learn to Boat".
The title of this subject-predicate structure summarizes the main content of the paragraph, and we can know the main content of the paragraph after reading the title. In short, a careful analysis of the title of a paragraph can help us quickly understand the main content of classical Chinese.
Step 3: Read the full text with notes quickly. Read articles in classical Chinese after class, and some difficult words in classical Chinese are generally annotated. These notes help students understand the main content of classical Chinese accurately.
So, don't ignore these notes, but take them with you to read the full text quickly. In addition, it should be noted that in the process of reading the full text, don't stop and think hard, but continue reading.
In short, read the full text quickly, not completely, but understand the main idea of the article. Step 4: Answer the question with the right medicine.
There are three types of reading problems in extracurricular classical Chinese, namely, word interpretation, sentence translation and content understanding. Use different methods to solve different problems: (1) Word explanation questions: This kind of questions mostly examine the phenomenon of polysemy of words in classical Chinese, which are basically learned by students in classical Chinese in class.
When solving problems, we should first apply the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese that we have learned, and then contact the context test. Fluency after the exam is the correct answer. (2) Sentence translation: The translated sentence should be translated freely on the basis of literal translation.
First, explain the meaning of the key words in the draft (literal translation); Then, write the general meaning of the sentence (free translation). When translating sentences, we should pay attention to the following problems: ① Proper nouns such as year number, person name, place name, official name, object name, book title and country name should be kept as they are, and no translation is needed.
For example, in the spring of four years (year number), Teng (name) was appointed to guard Baling County (place name). In the spring of Li Qing's fourth year, Teng was demoted to Baling County Order.
For example: "Chen Shengsheng, Yangcheng people are also". "Zhe ... also" means meaningless and should be deleted.
Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng. ③ Some special sentence patterns in classical Chinese (such as verb inversion, preposition object and adverbial postposition). ) Different from the word order of modern Chinese, appropriate adjustments should be made in translation.
For example, "Sorry, you don't like it!" "Your mental deficiency is too serious. (4) If the translated sentence is an ellipsis, the omitted elements should be supplemented.
For example: "Uncle Naidan said' Chen' (omitting the subject)." They wrote the word "Chen" on the silk with vermilion.
(3) Content comprehension questions. There are three ways to solve this kind of problem: one is to quote the original sentence to answer; Second, extract keywords from the original text to answer; Third, organize written answers in your own words.
Among the three methods, the first and second methods have higher accuracy.
7. Reading Skills of Classical Chinese in Junior High School Step 1: Quickly browse the topic Classical Chinese extracurricular reading questions have a feature: some topic options show the meaning of some keywords in the text; Some topics suggest the main content of classical Chinese.
Browsing topics helps students understand the general meaning of classical Chinese. Therefore, after receiving the extracurricular classical Chinese reading essay, we should first quickly browse the topics after the essay.
The second step: carefully analyze the topic Generally speaking, the reading paragraphs of classical Chinese after class will give topics, and most of the topics themselves summarize the main contents of classical Chinese. For example, in an exam, I took an extra-curricular reading article in the classical Chinese "Chu People Learn to Boat".
The title of this subject-predicate structure summarizes the main content of the paragraph, and we can know the main content of the paragraph after reading the title. In short, a careful analysis of the title of a paragraph can help us quickly understand the main content of classical Chinese.
Step 3: Read the full text with notes quickly. Read articles in classical Chinese after class, and some difficult words in classical Chinese are generally annotated. These notes help students understand the main content of classical Chinese accurately.
So, don't ignore these notes, but take them with you to read the full text quickly. In addition, it should be noted that in the process of reading the full text, don't stop and think hard, but continue reading.
In short, read the full text quickly, not completely, but understand the main idea of the article. Step 4: Answer the question with the right medicine.
There are three types of reading problems in extracurricular classical Chinese, namely, word interpretation, sentence translation and content understanding. Use different methods to solve different problems: (1) Word explanation questions: This kind of questions mostly examine the phenomenon of polysemy of words in classical Chinese, which are basically learned by students in classical Chinese in class.
When solving problems, we should first apply the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese that we have learned, and then contact the context test. Fluency after the exam is the correct answer. (2) Sentence translation: The translated sentence should be translated freely on the basis of literal translation.
First, explain the meaning of the key words in the draft (literal translation); Then, write the general meaning of the sentence (free translation). When translating sentences, we should pay attention to the following problems: ① Proper nouns such as year number, person name, place name, official name, object name, book title and country name should be kept as they are, and no translation is needed.
For example, in the spring of four years (year number), Teng (name) was appointed to guard Baling County (place name). In the spring of Li Qing's fourth year, Teng was demoted to Baling County Order.
For example: "Chen Shengsheng, Yangcheng people are also". "Zhe ... also" means meaningless and should be deleted.
Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng. ③ Some special sentence patterns in classical Chinese (such as verb inversion, preposition object and adverbial postposition). ) Different from the word order of modern Chinese, appropriate adjustments should be made in translation.
For example, "Sorry, you don't like it!" "Your mental deficiency is too serious. (4) If the translated sentence is an ellipsis, the omitted elements should be supplemented.
For example: "Naidan Shubo said' Chen' (omitting the subject)." They wrote the word "Chen" on the silk with vermilion.
(3) Content comprehension questions. There are three ways to solve this kind of problem: one is to quote the original sentence to answer; Second, extract keywords from the original text to answer; Third, organize written answers in your own words.
Among the three methods, the first and second methods have higher accuracy.