This article focuses on Sun Jian's unknown early years. Although it is long, it is very useful.
"Sun Jian is a mean person, he is good at employing people. As soon as he speaks, let him know and avoid it. " This is the evaluation of Sun Jian by Dong Zhuo, the leader of Liangzhou Military Group at that time. When the Kanto launched a war against Dong Zhuo with Yuan Shao as an ally, Dong Zhuo ignored the military forces other than the "Second Yuan" (Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu) and said to the long history Liu Ai: "The Kwantung Army lost several times, and everyone was afraid of loneliness (Dong Zhuo) and could do nothing." (The Biography of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Zhi, Sun Jian is quoted from The Story of Yang Shan Gong Zi) Only Sun Jian made the above comments. Dong Zhuo is quite familiar with Sun Jian. When the Eastern Han government attacked Liangzhou Bianzhang and Han Sui, both of them were in the army. When Dong Zhuo made this comment on Sun Jian, he once elaborated on the past of this joint operation. Said the article: "You are stupid." But the "Sun Jian's little admonition" mentioned here can't be understood only from the exegesis. "The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wu Zhi Sun Jian" said: "(Dong) is brave and (Sun) is strong, so he sent generals and others to seek relatives." "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty", volume 26, said: "(Dong) Zhuo said that the generals in Kanto were defeated repeatedly, and there was nothing they could do. Only Sun Jian dares, and the general is cautious. " "Guangya Shi Er" said: "Dare, be brave." Therefore, the so-called "small admonition" should be a derogatory term with a positive meaning, meaning "fierce and strong". If it is only based on the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, it will be even more "run-and-run" in terms of exegetics.
This is Sun Jian's evaluation in the war with Dong Zhuo.
"The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wu Zhi Sun Jian" said: "Jingzhou secretariat Wang Yu (Sun Jian) is rude." The commentary quoted: "(Wang Rui) used (Sun) to strengthen the military attache, which is quite light. "Crushing Dong Zhuoshi, Sun Jian went to war in the name of Changsha Prefecture. Changsha County belongs to Jingzhou. Although Wang Rui, the county secretariat, was Sun Jian's superior, the county magistrate was an important local official with 2,000 stones. Although he can lead and command local armed forces, he is by no means a "military attache." Wang Long's "Han Gong Pian" (Sun Xingyan Edition) said: "The satrap is a special county, believe in his merits, persuade farmers to help the poor, and resolutely sue the monarch, promote the benefits and eliminate the evils, report the county rape, and show kindness." "Punishing the disabled by violence" is only one of the functions of the county magistrate. Therefore, Wang Rui has always regarded Sun Jian as a "military attache", which is a complete contempt for Sun Jian himself, not for the chief executive. Xian Di in the Later Han Dynasty quoted Wang's genealogy and said, "(Wang) is a wise man, and Jin Taibao (Wang) is Ji Shu. "According to the New Tang Book, Prime Minister's Descent Table, my father was appointed as a general, belonging to the prominent family at that time and later-Wolf Evil King. Therefore, Sun Jian was demoted as a "military attache" by Wang Rui, which represented the clan's view of Sun Jian at that time. In other words, in the eyes of prominent clans at that time, Sun Jian had no status at all, let alone was taken seriously.
This is an evaluation of Sun Jian from the mouth of the same camp when cracking down on Dong Zhuo.
As everyone knows, Dong Zhuo does not belong to the clan. He not only praised Sun Jian, but also quoted the biography of Sun Jian as above, wishing to "kiss" Sun Jian and "make Jianlie Shu Ren's son a secretariat and a sheriff to use it", which shows that he attaches importance to Sun Jian. This is in sharp contrast with Wang Rui's contempt for Sun Jian, who was born in a famous family. On the other hand, the imperial clan and the non-imperial clan have the same evaluation of Sun Jian, that is, Sun Jian's bravery, only from different angles.
This raises a question for people. What is the reason why Sun Jian was despised by the clan?
The Biography of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Zhi and Sun Jian said: "Wen Tai, the son of Sun Jian, was born in Fuchun, Wu County, and was a county official after Sun Wu." He quoted Wu Shu as saying: "(Sun) is a firm official in Wu, and his family is in Fuchun." Judging from Sun Jian's early experience, he worked as a "fake captain" once, but after a few years, he just went to, Xuyi and Xiapi counties to be a "Cheng" (assistant to the county magistrate) (biography of the reflection of Wu Zhi and Sun Jian), but he did not even become a small county magistrate. The so-called "stone" is only due to the illusory beauty of the author of Wu Shu. Chen Shou, the author of the Three Kingdoms, commented after the biography of Sun Jian: "Sun Yong was brave and resolute, and made a small fortune." "Peaceful Magnolia" Volume 559 quoted "You" written in the Southern Song Dynasty as saying: "Born in Fuchun, Wuxian County, he was also the father of Sun Jian. When I was young, my family was very poor ... I planted melons for my career. " Thus, Sun Jian was born from humble origins and was despised by Wang Rui, an outstanding representative of the imperial clan. This is no accident.
Sun Jian himself is more than that. "The Story of the Three Kingdoms, Mrs. Wu Zhi" said: "Sun Jian heard that she (Mrs. Wu) was talented and wanted to marry her. Wu's relatives think that she (grandson) is too cruel and cunning to refuse, and she is embarrassed to be hard. (Wu) Mrs. Wu said to her relatives,' Why is it necessary to get into trouble to love a woman? If something happens, you will die! So I promised to get married. Mrs. Wu's relatives refused to marry because of Sun Jian's "light rape", and Mrs. Wu was forced to agree because she was afraid of "getting into trouble" and bringing disaster to her relatives. Therefore, judging from the attitude of Wu's relatives, Sun Jian himself was despised; Judging from Mrs. Wu's words, it is frightening. Although this is only a short conversation about marriage, it gives people important enlightenment for further exploration, that is, what is "lightness"? Why can rejecting Sun Jian's marriage be a "curse"?
Undoubtedly, "light rape" was a serious derogatory term at that time. Yang Zhongchuan, the book of the later Han Dynasty, said: "Make friends with a light traitor and have no business friends", which means that "light traitor" belongs to "no business" and is a hooligan in today's pronunciation. Yuan Shaozhuan, the same book, also said "charming and treacherous", and Li Xian quoted dialect as saying "charming and light" and thought that "robbing money is arrogant". Li Xian's notes also said in the same book "Biography of Wang Huan": "Go whoring, rob." So "light cunning" means "wild cunning", which means "robbing money" This further shows that "light rape" is not a general "inaction", but belongs to greenwood robbery. Obviously, Sun Jian was despised by Fuchun people and feared by others at that time. This simple conversation between Wu's relatives and Mrs. Wu is a realistic portrayal of Sun Jian's image in Fuchun in his early years. Someone may ask such a question. As mentioned above, since Sun Jian is a "fake commandant" in Fuchun County, how can he do the business of robbing houses with respect from county officials? However, at the same time, people of the same type as Sun Jian appeared in the south of the Yangtze River. The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wu Zhi He Qi said: "(He Qi) is a long guard, and the county officials should treat the chivalrous man as a traitor and treat him. The main book admonishes: "(think) from the county home, the mountain is attached to it, today is the rule, and the Japanese aggressors will arrive tomorrow." Wen Qi was furious and immediately cut it off. (thinking) Following the clan reunion, we made up for each other, and many people were left behind. Transfer troops to attack the county. "From" light chivalry as a traitor ",the so-called" light chivalry ",that is," light chivalry as treachery ",is the same as Sun Jian; Like Sun Jian, he is also the "county magistrate" of Huiji County. "The county magistrate turned the knight-errant into a traitor" and "rule him today, and the Japanese invaders will come tomorrow". Isn't this the house-grabbing business that county officials respect each other? So, it seems that this is a problem, but it is not a problem. In the troubled times at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sun Jian and Si Cong were not unique figures of this type.
The historical source of "Wu Zhi" in the History of the Three Kingdoms is mainly Sun Wu's official history "Zhao Wei Wu Shu". Of course, Sun Jian's disgraceful early career should be kept secret. The above dialogue was only to praise Sun Ce and Sun Quan's mother for her insight into heroes, and to get rid of the crowd and marry Sun Jian, which was preserved. Therefore, people need to know more about Sun Jian's robbery, which can only be compared with people of the same type at that time, such as Si Cong who quoted He Qi Chuan. Here is a typical example. The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wei Zhi Liu Ye said: "Young men despise chivalrous traitors and belong to Bao Zheng, Zhang Duo and Xu Gan, each enjoying his own pleasure. (Zheng) The treasure is the most abundant, the talents are extraordinary, and one side is afraid. ...... (Liu) Ye said:' Treasure cannot be made, but it is always meager with money.' "As mentioned above, the so-called" light chivalry and light rape "here is simply" light rape ". At that time, people like Bao Zheng who were "light on chivalry and light on rape" should have the following characteristics from the historical materials cited above: First, they were "brave and strong"; Secondly, have a "trilogy", that is, personal armed; Finally, this armed force has always been "making a small profit with money", that is, looting houses, which is taboo for local people. Sun Jian's Meng Zhuang is Bao Zheng and others' Xiao Guo. Sun Jian's "light rape", that is, Bao Zheng and others "light chivalry and light rape" and "slightly gain money"; Mrs. Wu was afraid that she would not marry Sun Jian, that is, Bao Zheng and others were "fearful"; Sun Jian is not only a "cunning" person, but also armed to some extent. We can't forget that Sun Jian is from Fuchun, Wu Jun, and Sicong of the same type is also from Huiji County. Both Wu Jun and Huiji belong to Yangzhou, which is also in line with the truth that "young people are lighter than chivalrous people".
As mentioned earlier, the so-called "light rape" is the abbreviation of "light chivalrous rape", that is, the lowest-ranking "light chivalrous" among the rangers at that time. The "Chivalrous Man" has been discussed in detail before, and I don't intend to expand it here.
Sun Jian, from such a humble background, why can he live in such a high position as Changsha Prefecture? The last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty was an era of great social unrest and rampant rangers. For the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sun Jian's position as the magistrate of Changsha was completely forced, because he needed his own armed forces to suppress the uprising of the district star who claimed to be the general of Changsha. The biography of the reflection of Wu Zhi Sun Jian quoted: "(Sun) insisted on going to the county, which surprised him and appointed good officials. The official said,' If you are kind, treat official Cao Wen and pay the prefect as a thief according to the regulations.' "Although he is the head of a county, Sun Jian thinks that his task is only to suppress" thieves ". Not only that, Sun Jian also "crossed the border", suppressed the Zhou Dynasty and Shiguo who fought in Lingling and Guiyang counties, and rescued Yichun County, Zhang Yu, which was "attacked by thieves". At that time, Jingzhou belonged to eight counties, and the army led by Sun Jian once galloped in Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang, and the relieving reached Zhang Yu, Yangzhou. The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wu Zhi Sun Jian quoted Lu Wu as saying: "At that time, Lu Kang, the satrap of Lujiang, was appointed as the commander-in-chief of Yichun from his son and was attacked by thieves. He sent an emissary to help Sun Jian. We must be firm and strict to save it. The main book remonstrated: "Why is Sun ashamed of his family?" It was an assault, and the thief heard it and left. "This conversation vividly reflects Sun Jian's personality and characteristics. "Being a satrap without virtue, conquering is a merit", which is Sun Jian's boast and also the embodiment of his "brave and strong" character; At the same time, he paid little attention to the decrees of the Eastern Han government. Sun Jian ignored the admonition and resistance of the master book, and still "attacked across the border" and "invaded and rescued." "The Biography of Li Zhangzhuan in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "The second dry stone line is not allowed to go out of bounds, and the soldiers are not allowed to be good. "This is a legal requirement. Sun Jian's "cross-border exploration" and "cross-border attack" completely ignored the laws of China, indicating that although Sun Jian was a satrap, this kind of behavior was still "light chivalry and light rape" in that year!
"The History of the Emperors in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "In October (four years), Lingling people claimed to be General Hirata, Changsha satrap Kou Guiyang, and Sun Jian attacked it." "The History of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Zhi Zhu Zhichuan" said: "In five years, I worshipped Sima and asked thieves from Changsha, Ling, Gui (Yang), Zhou Dynasty and Ma Su from (Sun Jian)." Combined with the above, Sun Jian not only suppressed Qu Xing, Zhou Dynasty and Shiguo who fought in Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang, but also suppressed Guan Gu who fought in Lingling and claimed to be "General Hirata", and Ma Su who stood side by side with Zhou Dynasty and fought against the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty. This should be a fairly large-scale operation. What kind of troops is this? Why did Sun Jian send troops to suppress it, even ignoring China's laws? Due to the limitation of historical materials, it is almost difficult to understand from the front. However, another article did not mention the historical materials of the uprising, but reflected the identity of Qu Xing and others, the nature of the uprising and the real reason for Sun Jian's invasion. The biography of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Zhi and Huang Gai said: "The word Huang Gai Gong, Lingling is also a person. At the beginning, he was a county magistrate, inspecting Xiaolian and establishing a government. Sun Jian raised a righteous soldier, and (Huang) built it. (Sun) Jian Nan broke the mountain thief, and Dong Zhuo went to the north to worship the other Sima. " Huang Gai, a native of Lingling, followed Sun Jian's South Mountain Thief. It should be said that Sun Jian suppressed the war. Therefore, the word "mountain thief" is an important basis for exploring the identity and fighting nature of Guan Hu and others.
According to the situation reflected in the History of the Later Han Dynasty and the History of the Three Kingdoms, there are so-called "mountain thieves" from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin. In Huiji, Wu Jun, Danyang, Zhang Yu, Luling, Xindu and Poyang counties, the word "mountain thief" can be equated with "mountain thief", that is, "mountain thief" also belongs to the category of "mountain thief". Because Sun Jian's military operations are mainly in the Yangtze River, Lingling and Guiyang counties, of course, it is not a "mountain bandit", but because the nature of "mountain bandit" and "mountain bandit" are the same, so we can learn more about "mountain bandit" according to the rich historical materials about "mountain bandit". What is "Mountain Moon"? At that time, people who lived in the deep mountains of the south of the Yangtze River evaded taxes or committed crimes all entered the mountains. They took refuge in powerful people and became private leaders beyond the control of the government. In order to resist the government's expropriation and defend and expand their vested rights, the most powerful men often refuse to defend the mountain risks, organize armed forces, or openly fight the government, so they are called "mountain thieves". At that time, the war between the government and such big-name and powerful men was completely a war for labor (including the source of soldiers). The villagers caught from the powerful say that "the strong are soldiers, and the hungry make up for their families" (Biography of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Zhi and Lu Xun), that is, enriching the army, squeezing taxes and collecting corvees. (See Sun Wu Jianguo and Jiangnan Clan Department and Yue at the end of Han Dynasty in Tang Dynasty, included in Collected Works of Officials in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sanlian Bookstore. The same is true of the so-called "mountain thieves" in other regions. "The Story of the Three Kingdoms Wu Zhi Huang Gai Chuan" said: "It is because (Huang) Gailing (Changsha) was the satrap ... After Yiyang County in Changsha was attacked by a mountain thief, Gai was flattened." "Lu Kaichuan" also said: "In the second year of Wufeng, I begged the mountain thief Chen Liu Lingling to cut it." Although the time sequence shows that there are so-called "mountain thieves" in Changsha and Lingling counties. As for Guiyang County, according to the biography of Savi in the Later Han Dynasty, "the house is in the deep mountains and the valley is near the river", which shows that there are mountain people in the county. The same book "Biography of Chen Fan" also said: "The thieves of Lingling and Guiyang harm people." As for Zhang Yu County, it is also a place where "mountains and moons" live together. This can be completely proved by the above-mentioned biography of (Sun) Li Nan breaking the mountain thief. Therefore, Guan Hu and others who fought in Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang counties should be the leaders of the most famous families in the mountains. They rebelled against the Eastern Han government and defended their vested rights. This is a struggle within the ruling class. In Sun Jian's view, it is also an attempt to seize labor from Guan Hu and others to supplement the army and expand its military strength. At the same time, it can get more taxes and corvees to enrich its wealth. In this war, Sun Jian is the winner. He not only won the title of Wu Chenghou given by the Eastern Han government, but also greatly supplemented his military strength. It is an important course for Sun Jian armed forces to form and develop from "light riding cunning heroes" to "mountain thieves" who attacked Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang counties.
When the Kanto shepherds launched a war against Dong Zhuo with Yuan Shao as their ally, Sun Jian also squeezed into the ranks. After the Changsha Uprising, Sun Jian's front line was not Dong Zhuo, but Wang Rui, the secretariat of Jingzhou in the same camp. Notes and quotations of Li Xian's "The Book of Xian Di in the Later Han Dynasty"
As Feng Jun pointed out, Sun Jian's second goal is Zhang Zi in the same camp. "The Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Wu Zhi Sun Jian" said: "Nanyang satrap Zhang Ziwen (Sun Jian) has arrived, and he is very calm. (Sun) Express your ambition with ox wine, and express your ambition tomorrow. When the wine was drunk and the ears were hot, Changsha wrote to Bai (Sun):' If you advance to Nanyang, the road will die, and the soldiers will not be able to get it. Please accept the master book and ask questions.' (Zhang) I dare not go, and I dare not go out and surround the soldiers. For a while. The master book replied to Bai (Sun) Jian:' Nanyang satrap stopped the righteous soldiers and made thieves beg from time to time. Please take out the case and engage in military law.' Then lead (Zhang) to discuss the military door to cut it. The annotation quoted in Wu Li tells that Sun Jian lured Zhang Zi to death by "cheating him to get an urgent illness". Pei Songzhi said, "This statement is different from this biography." No matter according to the biography or according to Wu Li, Sun Jian killed Zhang Zi and treated his colleagues in a rogue and disgraceful way, which also reflected his character of "belittling chivalry and disdaining rape".
Sun Jian's action not only made Nanyang, an important site, but also "shocked the county and asked for nothing" and "Biography of the Three Kingdoms, Wuzhi and Sun Jian". Obviously, Sun Jian squeezed into the ranks of anti-Dong Zhuo, with the main purpose of expanding territory and army.
There is a problem here, that is, after Sun Jian bought Nanyang, it quickly gave the site to Yuan Shu. What prompted Sun Jian to take such an almost incomprehensible action? "The Biography of Yuan Shu in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "Dong Zhuo wants to abolish Li and take (Yuan) as the post-general. Afraid of disaster, ran out of Nanyang. Sun Jian, the Changsha prefect, killed Zhang Zi, the Nanyang prefect, and led the troops to refuse (Yuan). Liu Biao (Yuan) is the satrap of Nanyang, and the technique is also the watch (Sun) to stabilize the secretariat of Yuzhou, so that it can lead the soldiers of Jingyu and break the people of Dong Zhuo in Yang. " This historical narrative is extremely simple. There seems to be no contradiction between Sun Jian, Yuan Shu and Liu Biao. This is by no means a historical fact.
When Sun Jian killed Zhang Zi, the prefect of Nanyang, Yuan Shu had already arrived in Nanyang. Yuan Shu, the younger brother of Yuan Shao, belongs to the prominent clan of Yuan in Runan and is famous for his chivalry. Before he left Nanyang, he had moved to Henan Yin and Commander Hu Ben, and later Han Dynasty, and spread Yuan Shu. He was a famous figure alongside Yuan Shao. Liu Biao was also a celebrity at that time. In the disaster of the same party, "James Zhang, the same county, was criticized, and the number was' Eight Gu'. Imperial edict to arrest party member, (Liu) from death. ..... In the first year of Chuping, Sun Jian, Changsha Prefecture, killed Wang Rui, the secretariat of Jingzhou, and the imperial edict took the table as Biography of Liu Biao, the secretariat of Jingzhou. As mentioned earlier, after Sun Jian transferred soldiers, he did not attack Dong Zhuo, but first forced Wang Rui, who was both the boss and the clan representative, to commit suicide, and then killed Zhang Zi, the Nanyang satrap. According to the Biography of Sun Jian, Zhang Zi was a famous man from Yingchuan, and according to the Biography of Dong Zhuo in the Later Han Dynasty, he was also one of the so-called "hermits" at that time. He served as a Kanto herdsman with Han Fu, Liu Dai, Kong Bo and others, and at the same time set out to crusade against Dong Zhuo, belonging to a famous man at that time. In the coalition against Dong Zhuo, what Sun Jian did was intolerable not only to Yuan Shao, Liu Dai, Kong Bo and others, but also to Yuan Shu and Liu Biao.
Sun Jian killed Wang Rui and Zhang Zi in order to capture Jingzhou. He was the Changsha satrap, fighting in Lingling and Guiyang, while Jiangxia satrap Liu Xiang and Sun Jian were "concentric". The biography of the Sage of Lingling was quoted in the biography of the Three Kingdoms Shu Zhi Liu Ba, while Wuling satrap Cao Yin was his accomplice in killing Wang Rui, and Lu Wu was quoted in the biography of the Three Kingdoms Wu Zhi Sun Jian, indicating that Sun Jian had basically controlled Jingzhou at this time. After killing Wang Rui and Zhang Zi, it was easier for him to further occupy Jingzhou. Unexpectedly, Liu Biao took the lead, and the Eastern Han government officially appointed him as the secretariat of Jingzhou, and gained the support of local representatives of the cremation, such as Kuai Yue and Cai Mao, and began to gain a foothold; At the same time, Liu Biao showed kindness to Yuan Shu, saying, "He is the prefect of Nanyang". Liu Biao and Yuan Shu teamed up temporarily to use each other, with the purpose of dealing with Sun Jian. Liu Biao was appointed as the secretariat of Jingzhou, and Yuan Shu was appointed as the satrap of Nanyang, in order to punish Yuan Shao, Liu Dai, Kong Dian and others in Dong Zhuo's allied forces for their hostility towards Sun Jian. The enemy was surrounded, and for Sun Jian, it was completely under siege at this time. It should be said that Sun Jian was forced to hand over the Nanyang site to Yuan Shu.