1. Is there any ancient text about the word "Tao"?
Road: Tao, the path followed.
——"Shuowen" expresses the way of saying it. ——"Erya" is frank.
——"Yi Lu" A hundred people have a river, and there is a road on it. A thousand people have a river, and there is a road on the river. Ten thousand people have a river, and there is a road on the river. ——"Zhou Li·Di Guan Sui Ren".
Note: "One track can accommodate two tracks for vehicles, and three tracks for roads." The roads are rough, but the people like them.
——"Laozi" Chapter 53: The Tao is said by ear. ——"The Analects of Confucius Yang Huo" From then on, the road to our army is only twenty miles away.
——"Historical Records of Xiang Yu" died of thirst. ——"The Classic of Mountains and Seas·Overseas Northern Classic" It's raining heavily today, the road is blocked, and the time has passed.
——"Historical Records·Chen She Family" Another example: Avenue, asking questions to the blind; important road; sidewalk; driveway; broad road; fellow Taoist (a polite term for strangers when traveling) ; Daodian (a hotel located next to the road) Morality, moral justice, justice: if you get the right way, you will get more help, but if you get the wrong way, you will get less help. ——"Mencius Gongsun Chouxia" The unjust attack will punish the Qin Dynasty.
——"Historical Records·Chen She Family" Another example: Daoguang (the brilliance of morality); Taoism (moral scholarship; also refers to medicine, medical skills) Taoist teachings 〖Taoi *** 'sdoctrine〗 Hao Little did the young man know that he would come around a hundred times without stopping. ——Han Yu's "Huashan Girl" Taoism; Taoist priest: My brother looks like Tao, but his sharp edge is too handsome.
——"Shishuoxinyu·Reward" Erxi worshiped Taoism and Erhe worshiped Buddha; both bribed with money. ——"Shishuoxinyu Paidiao" Another example: Taoqing (songs sung by Taoist priests, with the content of warning the world and admonishing good deeds); Daoshu (Taoists' literary form of worshiping heaven and earth to pray for blessings), Daoliang (Taoist priests' rations); Dao Xing (monastic practice of Kung Fu) lines or slender traces 〖line〗.
For example: draw a diagonal journey; itinerary 〖journey〗 travels day and night, double the journey. ——"Sun Tzu · Military Struggle" Another example: a long road, a short road; a road separated by a distance (the two places are far apart) way, method; skill 〖way; method〗 is the way to open up his wealth.
——Chao Cuo's "On Guisu Shu" Foresight and foresight, the way of marching and using troops, is not the way of a man who looks forward to the times. ——Jia Yi's "On Passing the Qin Dynasty" The policy is not based on the right way.
——Han Yu of Tang Dynasty's "Miscellaneous Theory" Another example: the way to make money; the way to maintain health; Taoism (Tao industry. Means of livelihood; occupation; work) The way of water flow 〖course; river〗.
For example: river; the zoning name of waterway area〖prefecture〗. In the Han system, the barbarians in the county were called "Dao".
Later, it generally refers to the general administrative area. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it referred to the supervisory areas set up between provincial governments.
For example, the academic or religious teachings of "Fenglu Road" 〖doctrine;reason;law〗Yue Zhougong and Zhongni's way. ——"Mencius Teng Wengong" The way of Ran Mo is based on universal love. I will eventually be able to live up to you.
——Ming Dynasty Ma Zhongxi's "Zhongshan Langzhuan" Another example: preaching; Taoism (written articles promoting religious doctrines) refers to the ontology of the universe and its laws〖law〗If you practice Taoism, then Heaven will not be able to do it disaster. ——"Xunzi·Tianlun" After hearing the Tao, I think that I am the one who is the best.
——"Zhuangzi·Qiu Shui" A teacher is a teacher, so he preaches, accepts karma and resolves doubts. ——Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty, "Shi Shuo" What the minister likes is Tao; it is the advancement of skills.
——"Zhuangzi · Health Preservation Master" Direction; ambition 〖direction; ambition; aspiration〗 cannot follow the path, so tell the past and think about the future. ——Sima Qian's "Report to Ren An" Another example: Like-minded people, Tao Dao Dong said, talking about 〖say; talk; speak〗 ten thousand households is not enough! ——"Historical Records: Biography of General Li" is not enough for outsiders.
——Jin Dynasty Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Spring" Another example: as the saying goes; be able to speak eloquently; tell the truth with one word; Daoding (said, speak accurately); Daohua (conversation, speaking); Daoda (speaking) Clear, explain clearly; express, convey); Daozhi (inform, explain); Daosang (announcement of funeral) means 〖express〗. For example: Daowei (to express condolences); Daosui (to admit one's mistake; to apologize). Take the road, pass through 〖via; bywayof〗, go from the foot of Lishan Mountain to Zhiyang.
——"Historical Records·The Chronicles of Xiang Yu" Daohai'an and Rugao are three hundred miles away. ——Song Dynasty Wen Tianxiang's "Guide Record·Post-Preface" Another example: Taoist scriptures (passing by) guide, guide〖guide〗Know all things around and help the world with Taoism.
——"Book of Changes·Xici" The Tao is governed by politics, the order is punished, and the people are exempted from corruption. ——"The Analects of Confucius·Wei Zheng" The gate of Taoism and the people is the priority of the superiors.
——"Guanzi·Herdsman" is to learn to live without grains, which leads to lightening the body. ——"Historical Records·Liuhou Family" material; Think, think〖Think〗Tai Gong Liu was shocked. He only thought that sooner or later, he was talking about fate and trying to persuade the king, but he heard that he was calling for help.
——"Water Margin" Jie Cong, from 〖by〗 various envoys came to Chang'an. ——"Han Huainan Biography" Morality dàodé 〖morals; ethics〗: one of the social ideologies, which is the code and norm for people's common life and behavior. The return of morality has its day.
——Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty said in "The Collection of Mr. Chang Li of Zhuwen Gong School": Righteousness. Demon: evil spirit.
This is a Buddhist statement that warns believers not to be tempted by the outside world. It means that it is difficult to cultivate righteousness, but evil spirits are easily higher than righteousness. This is a metaphor for the struggle for justice, which will inevitably be under great pressure from reactionary forces.
It also means that after achieving success, there will be more difficulties. It is also a metaphor for the rise of new things, and soon there will be new ones that are one foot higher than the path above them, and the devil is ten feet high, and the karma will always be with you, and you must pay it back eventually.
——"Surprise at the First Moment" The Tao is one foot high, the devil is one foot high, and he is sexually promiscuous and in a state of confusion. ——"Journey to the West".
2. Classical Chinese articles about establishing virtue
The Tao can be Tao, but it is not Tao. The name can be named, but it is not named. The nameless beginning of heaven and earth; , I want to observe its performance. These two have the same origin but different names, and are both called xuan. Mystery is both mysterious and mysterious, and it is the door to all mysteries.
Huainanzi: "Name and Tao are not distinct. People receive names. , then the Tao will not be used; if the Tao overcomes people, then the reputation will cease. The Tao competes with people, and those who regulate people will also be the ones who stop the Tao. If people regulate the Tao and cease, the danger is not far away. If there is a great reputation in this world, the day will come when it will decline. .Those who want to be famous must do good deeds; those who want to do good deeds must do good things. When things happen, they should pay attention to public affairs and engage in private affairs, memorize the numbers and let them go. If they want to be praised for doing good deeds, and establish a name for their quality, then they will be cured. If you don't fix the faults, you won't get things done when they are needed. If you don't fix the faults, you will have many responsibilities. If you don't fix the faults, you will have no merit. If you have many responsibilities and little merit, and there is nothing to block them, you will make mistakes and invite the ones you deserve. The success of one's work is not enough to replace one's responsibilities; the failure of one's affairs is not enough to destroy one's body. Therefore, if one emphasizes good deeds and vice versa, it is less important than the Dao."
Confucius's famous sayings
1. Wealth cannot be lascivious, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be subdued.
2. Old people are as old as others, and young people are as young as others.
3 , Born in sorrow, died in peace and happiness.
4. If you gain the right path, you will get a lot of help, but if you lose the right path, there will be little help.
The ancient scholars must have teachers. Teachers, so preaching, receiving karma and solving doubts. Who can be free from confusion if he is not born with knowledge? If you are confused and do not follow the teacher, you will be confused and will never understand it.
If you are born before me, you will hear the way before me, so I will learn from you; if you are born after me, you will hear the way. It was me first, so I learned from him. My teacher is the way, do you know who was born in my year? That’s why there is neither high nor low, neither long nor short. Where the Tao exists, the teacher exists.
Sorry! It’s been a long time since teachers’ teachings were passed on! It’s hard to be free from confusion! The ancient saints were far away from others, and they still asked if they were teachers. Today's people are also far away from the saints, and they are ashamed to learn from their teachers. Therefore, the saints benefit the saints, and the fools benefit the fools. The reason why saints are Holy lord, is this the reason why fools are stupid?
If you love your son, you will choose a teacher and teach him; for him, you will be ashamed of the teacher and confused. The teacher of the boy teaches the book and then learns his sentences. This is not what I call teaching his way. He is the one who solves his confusion. He doesn’t know how to read a sentence, and he doesn’t understand the confusion. Either he is a good teacher or he is not good at it. He has learned a lot from elementary school but I haven’t seen his clear understanding.
A man with hundreds of skills, including witch doctors, musicians, and musicians. Don't be ashamed of the physiognomist. The clan of scholar-bureaucrats, who said that the master said to his disciples, would gather together and laugh. When asked, he said: "He is similar to that year, and the way is similar. A low position is shameful, and a high official is It’s close to flattery.” Woohoo! It can be seen that the way of teaching is no longer the same. A man who is a witch doctor, a musician, and a master of various skills is looked down upon by a gentleman, but now his wisdom is beyond his reach. How strange that is!
The sage is the teacher of impermanence. Confucius taught Tanzi, Changhong, Shixiang, and Laodan. Tanzi’s disciples were not as wise as Confucius. Confucius said: If three people are walking together, there must be my teacher. Therefore, he is a disciple There is no need to be inferior to the teacher, and the teacher does not have to be better than his disciples. There is a sequence of learning, and there are specialties. , learned from Yu. Yu Jia said that he was able to practice the ancient ways and wrote "Shi Shuo" to teach him.
5. When heaven is about to assign a great responsibility to a person, he must first strain his mind, strain his muscles and bones, and starve his body and skin. .
There are also eight principles of virtue discussed by the pre-Qin scholars
Knowing the male and guarding the female are the streams of the world. , keep its humiliation, and become the valley of the world. For the valley of the world, constant virtue is sufficient, and return to simplicity. Knowing its whiteness, and guarding its blackness, it is the style of the world. It is the style of the world, constant virtue is not excessive, and it returns to the infinite. The simplicity is the utensil. , when a sage uses it, he becomes an official, so he has great wisdom. Laozi’s Tao Te Ching 3. An ancient passage on morality and etiquette
Original text
Confucius said: "Tao (1) To govern, to regulate (2) to punish, to exempt the people (3) and to be free (4), to govern with virtue, to regulate with courtesy, to be shameful and moral (5). )
Notes
(1) Tao: There are two explanations: one is "guidance"; the other is "governance". The former is more appropriate.
(2) Qi: neat and constrained.
(3) Avoid: avoid, avoid.
(4) Shame: the feeling of shame.
(5) Lattice: There are two interpretations: one is "to"; the other is "zheng".
Translation
Confucius said: "Use legal prohibitions to guide the people, and use criminal laws to restrain them. The people just want to avoid being punished for crimes, but they lose their integrity
Use moral education to guide the people and use rituals to unify their words and deeds. The people will not only feel ashamed, but also abide by the rules. ”
Commentary
< p> In this chapter, Confucius cites two completely different approaches to governing the country. Confucius believed that punishment can only make people avoid committing crimes, but it cannot make people understand the reason why committing crimes is shameful. However, moral education is much more advanced than punishment. It can not only make people obey the rules, but also make people behave. The people have a sense of shame. This reflects that moralityhas different characteristics from the legal system in governing a country. However, it should also be pointed out that Confucius's thought of "governing with virtue" should pay attention to morality, but it ignores the role of criminal administration and legal system in governing the country. 4. The original text and explanations of key words in the classical Chinese text "The Way is good, many help, the bad way is little help"
⑴ [Tianshi] refers to the weather and season that is conducive to combat. ⑵ [Geographical convenience] refers to the geographical situation that is conducive to combat. ⑶ [People and people] fight for the will of the people and internal unity. ⑷ [City of Three Miles] An inner city with a radius of three miles. ⑸ [Guo] Outer City. A wall built outside the city. ⑹ [Ring] Surrounded. ⑺[Pool] moat. ⑻ [Military leather] generally refers to weapons and equipment. Soldier, weapon; leather, armor, armor used for personal protection and the like. ⑼ [Commission] to give up; [to] leave. ⑽ [Domain] is used as a verb here, which means restriction. ⑾ [Frontline] The demarcated boundary. ⑿ [solid] consolidate. ⒀ [mountain stream] terrain; mountains and rivers. ⒁ [A Taoist] A monarch who implements "benevolent government". The person, the second place specifically refers to the monarch. The same applies to everyone. ⒂ [Unjust person] A monarch who does not implement "benevolent government". ⒃ [to] the extreme. ⒄ [Pan] Tong "rebellion", betrayal. ⒅ [Shun] submit, obey ⒆ [So] So. (20) [It is] this
Tongjiazi
Pan, Tong: "treason", betrayal.
Different meanings between ancient and modern times
The ancient meaning of city: city wall. Today’s meaning: city pool. Ancient meaning: moat. Today’s meaning: small pool. Ancient meaning: giving up. Today’s meaning: grievance, unwillingness. Ancient meaning of the country. Meaning: National defense Today’s meaning: National relatives Ancient meaning: Relatives, including paternal and maternal relatives Today’s meaning: Family or other members who are related by marriage or blood relationship with one’s own family Go Ancient meaning: Leave Today’s meaning: Go to, to the domain Ancient meaning : Boundary, restricting the people of the territory, not to the boundaries of the frontier. Today’s meaning: The territory is the ancient meaning: This is that the weather is not as good as the geographical advantage. Also the present meaning: Judgment verb. Soldiers. The ancient meaning: Weapons. The present meaning: Soldiers. However, the ancient meaning: This is the case. Today’s meaning: Indicates a turning point. The conjunction of the word has many meanings. The weather is not as good as the favorable geographical conditions. The military revolution is not unsteady and sharp. The city of three miles is not unsteady. The pronoun of the auxiliary word is more helpful to the world. It refers to those who have attained the Tao
"Hehe" Relevant famous sayings
1. When two people are of the same mind, they can cut through metal. 2. Everything will be prosperous if the family is harmonious. 3. Brothers are united in exchange for gold, and sisters-in-law are united and the family is never separated. 3. When everyone gathers firewood, the flames rise. 4. Unity is strength. 4. When people unite, Mount Tai will move.
Translation
The weather conditions that are conducive to combat are not as good as the geographical situation that is conducive to combat. The geographical situation that is conducive to combat is not as good as the aspirations and aspirations of soldiers during combat. Internal unity. The inner city of three li and the outer city of seven li were surrounded and attacked, but they couldn't win. To encircle and attack it, we must have the weather that is conducive to combat, but we cannot win because the weather conditions that are conducive to combat are not as good as the geographical situation that is conducive to combat. The city wall is not too high, the moat is not too deep, the weapons and equipment are not poor, and the food supply is not insufficient. However, the defenders abandoned the city and fled. This is because the geographical situation that is favorable for the battle is not as good as the people's will and the people in the battle. Unity. Therefore, it is said: To make people settle down, we cannot rely on territorial boundaries; to consolidate national defense, we cannot rely on the dangers of mountains and rivers; to deter the world, we cannot rely on the strength of weapons and equipment. Those who practice benevolent government will have more people who will help and support them; those who do not practice benevolent government will have fewer people who will help and support them. If the number of people who help him reaches the extreme, all his brothers and sisters will betray him. The number of people who helped him reached the extreme, and everyone in the world surrendered to him.
On the condition that everyone in the world submits to him, he attacks those who have betrayed his brothers and sisters. Therefore, those who implement benevolent government will definitely win if they do not fight. 5. I am urgently looking for an ancient classical Chinese article about governing the country
Haha, the most famous one is of course "Ten Thoughts on Remonstrance to Emperor Taizong"!
[Tang Dynasty] Written by Wei Zheng
I heard that those who seek the growth of trees must strengthen their roots [1]; those who wish to flow far away [2] must dredge up their springs [3] ]; Those who think about the security of their country must accumulate virtue and justice. The source is not deep, but the stream is far away; the roots are not solid, but the tree is long; the virtue is not strong, but the country's security is thought of. Although the minister is stupid, he knows that it is impossible, but how can he be wise and wise? The king should be the most important of the divine weapons [4] and the one who lives in the largest territory [5]. He will admire the majesty of the sky and never rest without borders. He will not think about living in peace and be prepared for danger. He will abstain from extravagance and be frugal [6]. His virtue is not as generous as his love. If the desire cannot be overcome, this is also the case for cutting down the roots in order to make the wood grow taller, and blocking the source in order to make the flow grow longer.
All heads of state (7), who inherit the destiny of heaven and scenery (8), all talk about it without worry. Success will lead to a decline in virtue. Those who are good at the beginning will be successful, and those who will conquer the end will overwhelm the few (9). Is it easy to obtain but difficult to keep? In the past, we had a surplus when we took it, but now we have not enough to keep it. Why? When a husband is worried about Yin (10), he will treat his subordinates wholeheartedly; once he has achieved his ambition, he will indulge in pride (11). If you are sincere, Wu and Yue will become one, and if you are arrogant, your flesh and blood will make you travel together. Although Dong Zhi used severe punishments [14] and shocked him with power and anger [15], he still refused to be spared without benevolence, and looked respectful but was not convinced. The resentment is not great, but the fear of others is to be cautious.
If you can sincerely see what you want, then you will think and know enough to guard yourself; if you are about to do something [16], then think and know to calm others; if you think of high danger, then think modestly and rush to self-care [17]; if you are full of fear If it overflows, then you will think about the rivers and seas [18]; if you enjoy traveling around [19], then you will think of the three drives to overcome it [20]; if you are worried and slack, you will think of starting cautiously and respecting the end [21]; if you are worried about obstruction, you will think of being humble and with an open mind. If you are afraid of slander and evil, you will think about rectifying your body and deposing evil [22]; when you are favored, you will think about rewards without joy; when you are punished, you will think about punishments without anger. In summary, these ten thoughts lead to nine virtues [23]. Just let them do what they can [24], choose the good and follow it, then the wise will do their best, the brave will do their best, the benevolent will spread their benefits, and the believers will follow their loyalty [25]. Civil and military affairs are in full swing, and the emperor and his ministers have nothing to do. They can enjoy the pleasure of traveling in Henan, they can support the life of pines and trees, and they can play the harp and hang the bows, which goes without saying. Why bother thinking so hard just to do the job of a hundred ministers? 〔26〕
——Excerpted from the punctuated edition of Zhonghua Book Company's "Old Book of Tang·Biography of Wei Zheng" 6. Regarding the issue of ancient texts, thank you for your help. :
In the original text, the weather (1) is not as good as the right place (2), and the right place is not as good as the people (3).
A city of three miles ⑷ and a country of seven miles ⑸ can be attacked without victory if surrounded by ⑹. If you attack the husband's ring, you will definitely get the right time. However, if you don't win, the right time is not as good as the right place.
Therefore, it is said: The people of the region do not rely on the boundaries of the territory, the country does not rely on the dangers of mountains and rivers, and the power of the world does not rely on the benefits of military revolution.
Those who are on the right path will get a lot of help, and those who are on the wrong path will get little help. When there is little help, relatives will rebel (rebellion).
The more help you can get, the better the world will be. If the people of the world are in obedience, attack the territory of relatives (rebellion). Therefore, if a gentleman refuses to fight, he will definitely win in battle.
Notes ⑴ [Weather time] refers to the weather season that is conducive to combat. ⑵ [Geographical convenience] refers to the geographical situation that is conducive to combat.
⑶ [People] fight for the will of the people and internal unity. ⑷ [City of Three Miles] An inner city with a radius of three miles.
⑸ [Guo] Outer City. A wall built outside the city.
⑹ [Ring] Surrounded. ⑺[Pool] moat.
⑻ [Military leather] generally refers to weapons and equipment. Soldier, weapon; leather, armor, armor used for personal protection and the like.
⑼ [Commission] to give up; [to] leave. ⑽ [Domain] is used as a verb here, which means restriction.
⑾ [Frontier] The boundary demarcated. ⑿ [solid] consolidate.
⒀[Mountain Stream] Terrain; Mountain River. ⒁ [A Taoist] A monarch who implements "benevolent government".
The person refers specifically to the monarch. The same applies below. ⒂ [Unjust person] A monarch who does not implement "benevolent government".
⒃ [to] the extreme. ⒄ [Pan] Tong "rebellion", betrayal.
⒅ [Shun] surrender, obey ⒆ [So] So. (20) [Yes] The word "tong" means "treason", betrayal.
Ancient and modern meanings: city ancient meaning: city wall modern meaning: city pool ancient meaning: moat modern meaning: small pool ancient meaning: give up modern meaning: grievance, unwillingness country ancient meaning: national defense modern meaning: country Relatives Ancient meaning: Relatives, including paternal and maternal relatives Today’s meaning: Family or other members who have marriage or blood relations with one’s own family Go’s Ancient meaning: Leave Today’s meaning: Go, to domain Ancient meaning: Boundary, limit the territory’s residents. To enclose the boundary. Today's meaning: Territory is the ancient meaning: This is because the weather is not as good as the geographical advantage. Today's meaning: Judgment verb. Soldier's ancient meaning: Weapons. Today's meaning: Soldier. However, the ancient meaning: This is the modern meaning: A conjunction that expresses a transition. One word has multiple meanings. The weather is not as good as the favorable geographical conditions and the military revolution is not a city that is not strong and sharp. The auxiliary words will help it so much that the world will be smooth. It refers to the person who has achieved the Tao. Famous aphorisms related to "humanity" 1. Two people are of the same mind, and their sharpness can break the metal. . 2. Everything will be prosperous if the family is harmonious.
3. Brothers are united in exchange for gold, and sisters-in-law are united in the same family. 3. When everyone gathers firewood, the flames rise.
4. Unity is strength. 4. When people unite, Mount Tai will move.
Translation The weather conditions that are conducive to combat are not as good as the geographical situation that is conducive to combat, and the geographical situation that is conducive to combat is not as good as the people's aspiration and internal unity of soldiers during combat. The inner city of three li and the outer city of seven li were surrounded and attacked, but they couldn't win.
To surround and attack it, you must have weather that is conducive to combat, but you cannot win because the weather conditions that are conducive to combat are not as good as the geographical situation that is conducive to combat. The city wall is not too high, the moat is not too deep, the weapons and equipment are not poor, and the food supply is not insufficient. However, the defenders abandoned the city and fled. This is because the geographical situation that is favorable for the battle is not as good as the people's will and the people in the battle. Unity.
So it is said: To make the people settle down, we cannot rely on the boundaries of the territory; to consolidate national defense, we cannot rely on the dangers of mountains and rivers; to deter the world, we cannot rely on the strength of weapons and equipment. Those who practice benevolent government will have more people who will help and support them; those who do not practice benevolent government will have fewer people who will help and support them.
There are so few people to help him that all brothers and sisters will betray him. The number of people who helped him reached the extreme, and everyone in the world surrendered to him.
Based on the condition that everyone in the world submits to him, he attacks those who have betrayed his brothers and sisters. Therefore, those who implement benevolent government will definitely win if they do not fight. Brief analysis The central argument is the first two sentences.
Mencius proposed three concepts: time, location, and harmony, and compared these three concepts and advanced them step by step. The use of two "not as good as" emphasizes the importance of "harmony" and reflects the "benevolent government" mentioned by Mencius.
The comparison between the three is essentially a comparison between the former and the latter, emphasizing that various objective and many factors are inferior to human subjective conditions and "human harmony" in war. factors, it is people, not things, that determine the outcome of a war. In comparative terms, the impression is extremely profound.
The sentence structure is the same, and the tone is very certain, unquestionable and unquestionable. The second and third paragraphs focus on the central argument, use two arguments to further demonstrate, and use negative parallelism.
The second paragraph selects an example of an offensive battle to illustrate that "the right time is not as important as the right location." It is a small town that is surrounded on all sides and cannot be defeated. Even if it has the "right time", it cannot win. Yu Tianshi; Paragraph 3 also uses examples of offensive battles to illustrate that even in the case of "geographical advantages" - "the city is not not high", "the pond is not not deep", "the military revolution is not not strong", "the rice and grain are not not" Not many", but some people abandoned the city and fled, because "the location" is not as good as the "people". These two examples are not actual combat examples, but general references, that is, except for special circumstances, this is generally the case.
This makes the debate universally significant and persuasive. The above three paragraphs demonstrate the view that "the weather is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as the people."
The function of the fourth paragraph is to further elaborate on the discussion in the first three paragraphs and extend the scope of the argument from war to governance, thereby fully embodying Mencius' political opinions and making the article more universal. Secondly, "getting the way" can actually be understood as "winning people's hearts", that is, "harmony".
Those who win the hearts of the people will be submissive and invincible wherever they go; those who lose the hearts of the people will be against the will of the people and will collapse without attack. Therefore, paragraph 4 is by no means unnecessary.
Questions to explore 1. What is the central argument of the short article "The right person will get many help, but the wrong person will get few help"? The central argument is the first two sentences. Mencius proposed three concepts: favorable weather, favorable geographical conditions, and human harmony, and compared these three concepts and advanced them step by step.
Using two "not as good as" emphasizes the importance of "humanity". The comparison between the three is essentially a comparison between the first two and the latter, emphasizing that various objective conditions and many factors are inferior to human subjective conditions and "harmony" factors in war. It is people, not things, that determine the outcome of a war.
The comparison is extremely impressive. The sentence structure is also very similar, and the tone is very certain, categorical and unquestionable.
2. What happened to the author after the central argument was put forward.