teaching goal
knowledge goal
1. accumulate classical Chinese knowledge and master the phenomenon of flexible use of ancient and modern synonyms and parts of speech.
2. Understand the characteristics of the prose of Mencius and understand Mencius' political views.
3. Recite two short passages and accumulate famous sayings and epigrams.
Ability goal
1. Read repeatedly, understand the meaning of the text, and cultivate students' self-learning ability in classical Chinese.
2. Learn the methods of reasoning and argumentation of the ancients, and taste the expressive effects of rhetoric such as comparison and parallelism.
The goal of moral education
Understanding "the right time, the right place", "harmony between people" and "getting more help", enhancing the understanding of the political situation of national stability and unity,
Teaching emphasis
Clarifying the argumentation ideas and grasping the reasoning methods.
teaching difficulties
correctly understand the times significance of "getting more help from the Tao" and "being born of hardship".
teaching methods
1. The key to learning classical Chinese by reading aloud is reading aloud. Especially for a literary article like Mencius, reading is particularly important. Through different reading methods, students can be guided to read the text beautifully and read the cadence and beauty.
2. Discuss the method of
3. Competition method
4. Comparative method
Preparation of teaching AIDS
Multimedia, tape recorder, teaching tape
Class arrangement
1 class
Teaching process
[teaching points ]
Reading materials; Teachers and students * * * study the book "How to help when you get the word, but how to help when you get the word", and read the text aloud. Overall perception: translate and read the text, accumulate knowledge about classical Chinese, grasp the meaning of the text, clarify the reasoning ideas, grasp the reasoning methods, and taste the language: extend and expand, and deepen the understanding of the article's viewpoints.
[Teaching Steps]
First, lead design
Students, do you still remember the news with great wealth, "People's Liberation Army Million Troops Crossing the Yangtze River"? What is the reason for the victory of marked army? (students answer together; "Those who win people's hearts win the world." ) Today, we are going to learn "How to Help When You Get the Way, How to Help When You Lose the Way", and deeply explore the primary conditions for defeating the enemy.
Second, materials help reading
1. Mencius and Mencius
Mencius (372-289 BC), whose name is Ke ("Mencius" is people's honorific title for him), and Zou Ren, are Confucius' grandson, Kong Wei's re-transmitted disciples. A famous thinker, educator and debater in Chinese history. He is a representative figure of the Confucian school after Confucius, and together with Confucius, he is called "Confucius and Mencius" and is known as "Ya Sheng".
Lobbying between Qi and Liang Dynasties was not taken seriously, and instead he wrote books with his disciples, such as Gong Sunchou and Zhang Wan. Inheriting Confucius' theory, he put forward the slogan of "benevolent government" and advocated the restoration of "Jingtian system" and "Shiqing system". At the same time, he advocated that "the people are more important than the monarch", called the tyrant "a husband", believed that human nature is good, and emphasized the efforts of inner cultivation such as nourishing the heart and deliberately, which became the foundation of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, his status was respected day by day. In the first year of Yuan Zhishun, he was named as the sage of Zou Guoya, and in the ninth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, he was named as the sage of Mencius, which was second only to Confucius in Confucianism. Most of his thoughts and deeds can be found in Mencius.
Mencius is one of the classic works of Confucian school, which describes the words and deeds, political opinions, philosophical opinions, personal cultivation, ethics and other ideological views and political activities of Mencius and his disciples. * * * Seven articles, co-authored by Mencius and his disciple Zhang Wan. Together with The Analects of Confucius, The University and The Doctrine of the Mean, they are called four books.
The articles in Mencius have always been famous for their eloquence. Reading Meng Ziwen makes people feel magnificent, emotional and sharp. Out of indignation at the greedy and brutal behavior of the rulers at that time, sympathy for the people struggling in suffering, hostility to other schools' theories, strong desire to carry out their own opinions, and the sense of salvation that "if you want to rule the world, in today's world, you can save others"? Make Mencius' article radical, rigid and confident. He is also good at using all kinds of techniques to lure the enemy into submission, and his writing is sloppy, sometimes sharp, and he likes to use a lot of parallel sentences, so his writing style is aggressive.
2. Writing background
During the Warring States period, the war of annexation among vassal countries became increasingly fierce. In order to survive and even establish hegemony, monarchs of all countries unanimously advocated force without caring for the people. Faced with this reality, Mencius put forward his ideal of governing the country.
Third, read the text, overall perception
1. The teacher plays the demonstration reading tape, and the students listen to it.
Pay attention to the pronunciation, pause and stress.
2. Teachers demonstrate reciting the text and pay attention to the momentum of reading the article.
3. Students read the text together, and the teacher gives a little reading guidance.
Pay attention to the rhythm of the parallelism sentences, such as: the boundary between the territory and the people, the border between the country and the people, the danger of mountains and streams, and the advantage of the world. Those who have gained the Tao/help more, those who have lost the Tao/help less. Little help/to, relatives/to: more help/to, the world/to.
Fourth, translate and read the text, and grasp the meaning of the text
1. Students translate the text by themselves, circle and sketch, and mark the difficult words.
2. Group discussion, questioning and solving doubts.
"Three-mile City, Seven-mile Guo": Ancient cities were divided into inner and outer cities, with "City" as the inner city and "Guo" as the outer city; "Sanli" and "Qili" are not real, which shows that the cities are small.
The word "yes" in the sentence "It's not as good as the geographical location" is used as a pronoun, which means "this (that is)". When used together with "ye", it constitutes a judgment, which means "this is the truth of ...".
"harmony between people" refers to the will of the people, unity from top to bottom, etc.
"domain people": "domain", boundary, can be interpreted as "restriction", and nouns are used as verbs.
"Consolidate the country" and "solidify", originally adjectives, are used here as verbs to "consolidate the country".
"Wei Tian Xia": "Wei", originally an adjective, is used here as a verb and as a "deterrent".
"little help": "zhi", a verb, as "zhi".
"Pan": a generic word for "rebellion", betrayal.
3. Teachers guide students to accumulate classical Chinese knowledge.
Teachers distribute written materials, the contents of which are as follows:
(1) Generic words:
Little help comes, relatives are nearby ("rebellion" and betrayal)
(2) ancient and modern synonyms
Three-mile city, seven-mile country (city, inner city; Guo: Out-of-town)
Fortunately, I left. Today's meaning: to, to
relatives and friends, including parents and brothers. This refers to a family or its members who are married to their own family. )
The pool is neither deep nor (moat. This refers to the pond. )
(3) The word is ambiguous;
the people of the region are unable to leave without attacking the frontier of the three-mile city, because its geographical position is not as good as that of people and (favorable)
(pronoun)
If the world is smooth (useful), it will help as much as possible to help (to) the military revolution is not unswerving (sharp)
(4 Restriction)
Consolidating the country does not take the risk of mountains and streams (adjectives are used as verbs to consolidate)
Threatening the world does not take advantage of military reform (adjectives are used as verbs to deter)
Ring: nouns are used as adverbials
(5) Different meanings in ancient and modern times
Relatives: (ancient) parents and brothers; (today) married
go: (ancient) leave; (today) to
pool: (ancient) moat; (Today) Pond
(6) Supplementary key substantive words
Tao: King's Way, Benevolence
Rice millet: generally referring to grain
Weather, season
Location: Geographical conditions
People and peace: People's will, internal unity
City:
the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as the harmony between people. Not as good as the will of the people in the battle, internal unity. )
the people of the territory don't take the border of the frontier, they don't take the risk of mountains and streams to consolidate the country, and they don't take advantage of the war to conquer the world. To make the people settle down and not move to other places, we can't consolidate national defense by drawing the boundaries of the frontier, we can't rely on the dangers of mountains and rivers, and we can't conquer the world by force. )
If the husband attacks it, there will be a winner, but the winner is that the weather is not as good as the geographical position (using four sides; Siege by encirclement-you must have got weather and season favorable to combat, but you can't win, because the weather and season favorable to combat are not as good as the geographical situation favorable to combat. )
If a gentleman doesn't fight, he will win. (With the condition that all the people submit to him, he will attack the helpless king who even his relatives oppose. Therefore, if the monarch doesn't fight, he will win. )
5. Think about reading the text, clarify the argumentation ideas, and recite the text
1. Analyze the text.
Question: What is the central point of the essay "If you get the word, you will get more help, but if you lose it, you will get less help"?
clear: the central argument is the first two sentences of the article. Mencius put forward three concepts: the right time, the right place, and the harmony between people, and compared these three concepts to promote them layer by layer. With two "not as good as", the importance of "harmony between people" is emphasized. The comparison between the three is essentially the comparison between the former two and the latter, emphasizing that all kinds of objective conditions and many factors are not comparable to the subjective conditions of people and the factors of "harmony between people" in the war, and it is people rather than things that determine the victory or defeat of the war. It is extremely impressive to argue in comparison. The sentence patterns are also very similar, the tone is very positive, and there is no doubt about it.
Question: How did the author demonstrate the central argument after it was put forward?
Clarity: The second and third paragraphs focus on the central argument, and two arguments are used to further demonstrate it. In the second paragraph, the example of attack and war is selected to illustrate that "the weather is not as good as the geographical position". A small town is surrounded on all sides and cannot be defeated. Even if it has the "weather", it can't win, aiming at explaining that "geographical position" is more important than the weather; The same example in the third paragraph aims to show that even though the city is in a favorable position-"the city is not high", "the pool is not deep", "the army is not strong" and "there are not many rice and millet", some people abandon the city and flee, because "favorable position" is hard to compare with "harmony with people". These two examples are not actual examples of war, but generally, that is, except in special circumstances. Therefore, the debate has universal significance and certain persuasiveness.
induction: the above syllogism proves the truth that "the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as human harmony".
Question: Since the central argument has been demonstrated, why write the fourth paragraph?
After leading the students to discuss, it is clear that the function of the fourth paragraph is to further elaborate on the basis of the first three paragraphs, and to push the scope of the argument from war to governing the country, thus fully embodying Mencius' political views and making the article more universal. Secondly, "winning the Tao" can actually be understood as "winning people's hearts", that is, "harmony between people". Those who win the hearts of the people are obedient and invincible; Those who lose people's hearts are opposed to each other and will collapse without attack. Therefore, paragraph 4 is by no means redundant.
Pay attention to the following words:
"Old saying" plays an inheritance role in the article. "So" sums up the above three paragraphs, and "Yue" always leads the following discussion.
"Gentleman" is the "enlightened person" mentioned in the article.
Conclusion: Paragraph 4 further demonstrates the truth that "if you get the word, you will get more help, but if you lose it, you will get less help".
2. specifically understand that
the Tao helps more
the Tao helps less: get it, implement it; Tao, benevolent governance; Few, few
The weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as people. Good weather, favorable weather; Geographical location, favorable geographical situation; Harmony between people, will of the people, unity from top to bottom
Discussion: What is the argument in this paragraph (the second paragraph)? What's the role?
besiege a small town but can't win. This paper demonstrates the first half of the central argument: "the weather is not as good as the geographical position" and emphasizes the importance of "geographical position".
what rhetorical devices are used in this paragraph? What are the characteristics of sentence patterns? Discuss its role?
parallelism and double negation formula are used. From many aspects, it is emphasized that the defending city side occupies the best geographical position, but the result is to abandon the city and flee, which strongly proves the importance of "harmony between people" The neat sentence patterns make the article full of momentum and strong persuasiveness
Learn the fourth part and discuss:
1. Underline the parallelism sentences in the article and talk about their functions.
from the opposite inference, it is very convincing to point out that "citizens", "consolidating the country" and "dominating the world" should rely on "harmony with people". 2. On this basis, what conclusion does the author draw?
those who gain the Tao help more, but those who lose the Tao help less
3. What is the essence of "harmony between people"?
it is about "getting the right way", that is, implementing benevolent policies and winning the support and support of the people.
4. What argumentation method does the author use? Comparative demonstration
5. What is the role of this paragraph in the full text? Summarize the full text, deepen the argument
and clarify the structure: this paper divides the article into levels in the order of "putting forward the argument-analyzing and demonstrating-drawing a conclusion".
VI. Summarize and sublimate
The teacher suggested, "Six Classics Note Me, I Note Six Classics". When learning classical Chinese, we should pay attention to connecting with reality, make the past serve the present, and endow classic works with the significance of the times; How do you know about "harmony between people"? Please contact the reality and talk about your opinion.
students discuss.
health 1: I think "harmony between people" is to form a clique. If you don't notice, in this world, it is easy to do things in groups.
Health 2: Some anti-China forces in Japan tampered with history textbooks without authorization, which led to unanimous opposition from people of insight at home and abroad, leaving the public behind; It is in response to Mencius' old saying that "if you get the Tao, you will get more help, but if you lose the Tao, you will get less help."
Health 3: Mencius' proposition emphasizes that everything must be done according to the people's will, which reflects Mencius' foresight and insight at that particular stage of historical development. However, it should also be noted that Mencius put forward "harmony between people", the fundamental purpose of which is to safeguard the interests of the ruling class, which inevitably brought about the limitations of the times.
health 4: I think the victory or defeat of a war depends on the nature of the war and the people's hearts. To "dominate the world" can only depend on "the right time and the right place", but the theory of "harmony between people" can only be applied to the ancient society with underdeveloped science. In today's high-tech development, if you want to win the battle, you must have the most advanced weapons, and the rest are secondary. Isn't the US-Iraq war a good example?
health 5: power can only run rampant for a while, but never for a lifetime. The political structure of the world has developed to this day. Although the developed countries in Europe and America are still relatively dominant, we can see that the hegemonic position of big countries has been in a declining situation. Whether it is moral in the operation of world politics is becoming