Hermann hesse (1877- 1962) is a German writer and poet. Born in Germany, he moved to Switzerland in 19 19 and became a Swiss citizen in 1923. 1946 Nobel Prize in Literature. Known as "the last knight of German romanticism", this writer has been searching for himself and exploring the way out of human spiritual dilemma all his life.
For everyone, there is only one real duty: to find yourself. Then stick to your life profile hermann hesse in your heart, heart and soul, and never stop.
Hermann hesse, a German, witnessed great changes in his 85-year life: Germany was unified at birth and divided at death. He witnessed the power politics of several generations, experienced two world wars and witnessed the crisis and revival of capitalism. Like us, he crossed the wandering river of youth and climbed up the lonely spiritual wasteland. He is different from us-he finally learned to coexist peacefully in this sense of crisis and persisted in a journey to his inner soul in his life and creation.
Known as "the last knight of German Romanticism", this writer has left more than 50 works including novels, essays and poems, and more than 40,000 letters from readers. However, his novel Demian: Wandering Youth, written a hundred years ago, has become a masterpiece that truly expresses the connotation of all his works at all levels. This product, which got rid of the mental crisis after World War I, became a monument in the external world and internal self-transformation, witnessing and predicting the fate of Hesse's life.
As a teenager, "whoever wants to live must first destroy a world."
Demian tells the story of Sinclair's pursuit of self. Sinclair is a good boy, living in the "bright world" of parents, hymns, love and wisdom, but he feels that there is another "dark world" full of shadows and temptations. He was controlled by cromer, a juvenile delinquent, and forced to steal and lie. A mysterious boy named Max Demian rescued him from his predicament.
Sinclair is Byakki Smoker of Hesse. 1On July 2nd, 877, Hesse was born in Calve, a small town in southern Germany. He often mentioned that he was born in the shining night of Sagittarius, which became a symbol of the character of the tramp in Hesse. Calve is located on the edge of the black forest, and the air is full of the smell of hay and the smell of apples. Childhood Hesse lived with orchards on the ground and fish in the water, and liked to sing the songs of nature. Adult Hesse wrote more than 40 essays describing his hometown. For Hesse, who left his hometown when he was young, childhood was decisive.
He is a citizen of the world. His father is Russian-German and his mother is French-Swiss. Growing up in a strong religious atmosphere, my father is a Protestant priest and my mother was born in India and is also a believer. My grandfather Herman Kendall was a famous missionary who was proficient in many languages and had preached in India.
Grandfather fascinated Hesse with oriental culture. Since then, German classical culture, oriental philosophy and Christian church spirit have become the knowledge background of Hesse's works. In Hesse's childhood memory, his grandfather's house is his paradise. In the autobiographical fragment novel "The Magician's Childhood", he wrote: "People pray and read the Bible in this room, study and study Indian philosophy, and play many beautiful music. There are people who know the Buddha and Laozi, and there are guests from many different countries. "
Hesse likes such a family, but the world he dreams of is more colorful. He hopes to be a magician, "bring people back to life" and "make apples grow up in winter". The magic he craves most is invisibility, from which he can "escape from the outside world and concentrate on himself wholeheartedly". This romantic temperament of indulging in the fantasy of the world, coupled with the spiritual nutrients learned in his youth, made Hesse get what he wanted-he became a magician of language and a poet.
Hesse began to write poetry at the age of seven. "At the age of 13, he knew that he was either a poet or nothing." He is a little tyrant at home, introverted and fierce. Throughout his youth, he experienced the flickering of life with delicate feelings. He saw shadows and evil lurking in the bright world, coming in and out of the priest's hall, and emerging in the hearts of children. He trembled and was curious, which was the bud of his literary theme.
Hesse was asked to carry on the family tradition-to become a priest. Hermann hesse, who was forced to enter Moreblon Theological Seminary, was born wandering and was destroyed by the scholastic education. He escaped in less than half a year and made his parents dare not interfere again by suicide. From 1892 to 1899, Hesse worked as an apprentice and a bookstore clerk. At the same time, he read a lot of literature and philosophy of 18 and 19 centuries, and fell in love with Goethe and Holderlin. China's Laozi and Zhuangzi also became idols of his oriental philosophers.
1898, Hesse 2 1 year-old, published his first poetry collection "Song of Romanticism" and prose collection "One hour after midnight" at his own expense, which was not recognized by the public. It was not until 1904 that the first long article "Peter Kamenqing" came out that Hesse's spring as a writer came.
After that, he married his first wife, Maria, and moved to the lake Boden, where he finished the autobiographical novel Under the Wheel, the musician's novel Song of Life and some poems. The apparent happiness is just a symptom of Hesse's inner dissatisfaction. In order to find the oriental paradise in his heart, he visited Asian colonies such as Ceylon in 19 1 year, but failed to do so. After I came back, I wrote the novel "The Fate of the Artist". "A successful artist can never be a successful husband and father".
Hesse's attitude towards life in the first 40 years was extroverted-playing truant, staying away from family life and traveling all over Europe and Asia, and he needed to break free. In Demian, Max, who is both good and evil, said to Sinclair, "That bird is struggling to get out of its eggshell. That egg is the world. Whoever wants to live must first destroy a world. "
The "wolf" saved himself from hell to heaven and became himself.
Near the age of no doubt, Hesse was confused. 19 14 When World War I broke out, Germany became fanatical and even intellectuals cheered. Hesse commented: "Friend, give up that style!" Criticism pervades Europe's bellicose mentality. His anti-war attitude angered the German authorities and became a "traitor". His relatives and friends are far away from him, and only the French writer romain rolland supports him.
It never rains but it pours. 19 16 years, my father died, my young son was seriously ill, and my wife was mentally ill. Hesse, who suffered from depression, had to suspend his service in a German prison camp. He received 72 psychoanalytic treatments from Dr. joseph long. He was a student of Jung, the founder of analytical psychology. He became interested in Jungian psychology and tried to cure it with painting.
19 17 In autumn, Hesse met Jung for the first time. He wrote in his diary: "Jung called me from Zurich and invited me to a hotel in Bonn for dinner. ..... My impression of him changes from time to time. The first thing I felt was his confidence. " 192 1 year, Hesse asked jung for psychoanalysis. "I am with Jun Fan. At this time, I am experiencing a very difficult and sometimes unbearable life crisis, and I am also experiencing the impact of psychoanalysis. It shakes your heart and is accompanied by pain. But it is effective. "
Inspired by two psychologists, Hayes gradually recovered. Jung's psychology is famous for its prototype theory, among which Hesse is most impressed by the theories of shadow and self-identity. Jung believes that the shadow is a personality that hides in people's hearts and makes them feel ashamed, but people can realize the integration of all parts of the mind by directly facing the shadow, and finally "people become independent and inseparable individuals."
The direct product of Hesse's spiritual liberation is Demian, which was written in one go in 19 17. In the novel, Sinclair is influenced by the organist Pistorius, and his prototype is Dr. Lang. This work exploring one's own destiny is the poetic precipitation of Hesse's psychotherapy. He settled everything in the past and accepted the chaotic state of good and evil in his consciousness. This novel has a strong spiritual shock to the German youth who collapsed after the defeat, and Hesse was reborn for the first time.
The Weimar Republic, which defeated Germany, did nothing, and the Nazis gradually came to power. Germany will once again fall into the abyss of world war. 1923 Hesse gave up German citizenship and joined Swiss citizenship. He married twice again and stayed with his third wife, Ninon, until his death.
Nationality has changed, but conscience has not. Hesse wrote a letter to his friend, German National Socialism, to help his friend escape from the clutches of the Nazis. He said: "The difference between Marx and me is that he wants to change the world, and I want to change the individual, but the dimensions he involves greatly exceed mine;" He faces the public and I face the individual. "
After the age of 40, Hesse listened to his conscience more and more in the public and private fields. However, as a "bird" who broke free from the "egg" in his dream, he experienced an inner rage of spiritual reassessment in the process of breaking out of his shell. He said that "Demian" was a "journey to hell", and the most * * * was written in the novel "Wolf".
From World War I to 193 1, Hesse deeply felt the collapse of civil society order and the collapse of old European values. He tried to find the value of existence from his own heart. The Wolf in the Wilderness expresses a generation of intellectuals' desperate mental anguish. "Wolf of the Wilderness" Harry was torn by his inner humanity and wolf nature. As a representative of old European intellectuals, Harry's despair is a disease of the times. Facing the approach of modernity, his illness can only be cured through self-analysis.
By 1930, the publication of Narcissus and Goldmont, which explored the theme of harmony between soul and flesh, Hesse ended the crisis and began to explore the spiritual ideal world. Hesse is now an "unpopular writer" in Germany. He lives in seclusion in the Swiss countryside and wears a straw hat to clean up dead leaves in the yard early in the morning.
Although he lives in seclusion, he is not a hermit. Hesse never escapes from the times, fascism runs rampant in Europe, and Hesse tries to see the future of the world from eastern and western religions and philosophies. He wrote the surreal novella Journey to the East. In this novel, people went to Asia to find their beliefs, and then spent ten years completing the novel The Glass Ball Game, describing their yearning for a utopia with a highly developed spiritual culture.
In his later years, Hesse was reborn. From Wolf in the Wilderness to The Game of the Glass Ball, he got rid of his narrow self and went to a wider universe.