"When the enemy advances, we retreat, while the enemy is stationed, we harass, when the enemy is exhausted, we fight, and when the enemy retreats, we chase" is a "sixteen-character formula" of guerrilla warfare put forward by Comrade Mao Zedong in the practice of Jinggangshan struggle, which has a prominent position in the revolutionary history of China and the military history of the world. However, you may not think that this creative guerrilla warfare theory is inspired by King of the Mountain.
In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, before the establishment of the revolutionary base area, Jinggangshan was once a place where bandits haunted and green forests sheltered. 19 12 12 in February, Zhu Kongyang, the company commander of the army stationed in Hunan and Guangdong, was dissatisfied with his boss's deduction of his salary, and once led his troops into Jinggangshan as a "mountain king" and became a famous greenwood armed force in Jinggangshan.
In order to cope with the loyalist invasion, Zhu Kongyang made use of the favorable conditions such as being familiar with the terrain and environment to deal with loyalists flexibly in the vast mountains, which made loyalists extremely busy and helpless. He has a famous saying about encirclement and suppression: "You don't need to know how to fight, as long as you can turn around." Liao Liao's numerals contain extremely simple guerrilla tactics.
In the early days of Jinggangshan base area, the enemy was strong and we were weak, and all sides were white and terrible. In order to defeat the powerful enemy and expand and consolidate the revolutionary base areas, the Red Army urgently needs to formulate a set of strategies and tactics suitable for fighting against the enemy. Therefore, Mao Zedong, who is eclectic, pays attention to absorbing nutrition from the guerrilla tactics of Jinggangshan greenwood armed forces in the past, and learning from it is for our use. 1927 65438+In February, he said to the troops attacking Chaling: "The impermanence law of war should be good at making a great change in tactical thinking according to the situation of the enemy and ourselves, under the principle of destroying the enemy and preserving ourselves." He also told everyone: "In the past, there was a' mountain king' in Jinggangshan named Zhu Deaf (nickname), who had dealt with officers and men for many years, and the' circle' summed up was a good experience. Of course, the bandit circle is negative. Our revolutionary army of workers and peasants must be able to fight and fight. The purpose of hovering is to avoid the real and attack the virtual, annihilate the enemy, and constantly consolidate and expand the base area. " "In short, if we win, we will fight. If we don't win, we'll leave. If you make money, you won't make a loss. This is our tactic.
Principle. "
1928 In May, after the two armies of Zhu Mao joined forces, the enemy forces of Hunan and Jiangxi launched the first joint "suppression" in Jinggangshan. The main force of the Red Fourth Army adopted the operational policy of concentrating superior forces and annihilating the enemy all the way. It went south to Huang 'ao, went straight to Wudou River and walked around the mountain, and conquered Yongxin County for the first time. A few days later, Mao Zedong held a meeting of cadres. At the meeting, he widely quoted ancient and modern Chinese and foreign war cases, combined with the tactics of the Red Army, once again talked about tactical issues, and formally put forward the "16-character formula" for the first time. He said: "The White Army is strong and the Red Army is weak. We can only use guerrilla tactics to attack the weak. What are guerrilla tactics? Simply put, it is' the enemy advances and retreats, the enemy is harassing me, the enemy is tired and I fight, and the enemy retreats and I chase'. " Since then, the "16-character formula" has become a magic weapon for the Red Army to defeat the enemy and has been recorded in the glorious history of the China Revolution.
* The Red Army Company in Jinggangshan has a foreigner *
The revolutionary struggle in China was supported and helped by many foreign comrades and friends, and foreigners participated in many major events. During the Red Army's Jinggangshan struggle, a foreign comrade served as the company commander of the Red Army. He is from Chen Longhe, Korea.
During the First Revolutionary Civil War, China's vigorous and great revolutionary movement inspired Chen Longhe, a Korean youth studying in China. 1926, 65438+ 10, entered whampoa military academy and became the fourth student of the school. During my school days, I participated in the actions organized by the school to defend Guangzhou, defend Huangpu, and station troops in Humen and Huizhou, and was tempered and baptized in the struggle practice. June 65438+the same year 10, graduated from Wu Zhonghao, Lin Biao and Chen Yi, and participated in the Northern Expedition.
1June, 927, our party assisted the Zhang Fakui Department of the National Revolutionary Army to set up the General Command Guard Corps, with Lu Deming as the head and Chen Longhe as the member. 1 927 August1day, Lu Deming led a guard regiment to Nanchang to prepare for the uprising according to the instructions of the party organization. However, when we arrived in Wuning, we learned that the Nanchang Rebel Army had gone south, so the troops had to go back to Xiushui and Tonggu to rest. On September 9th, Chen Longhe participated in the autumn harvest uprising on the Hunan-Jiangxi border led by Mao Zedong and Lu Deming.
After the Autumn Harvest Uprising, Chen Longhe went to Jinggangshan with his entourage and served as the platoon leader and division commander of the 1st 1 1 division 3 1 regiment in Mao Zedong. Participated in the famous battles of Wudou River, Long Yuan Mouth and Sandong Yongxin.
1 In August, 928, Mao Zedong led a 3 1 group to Hunan to join the Red Army Brigade, and1battalion stayed in Jinggangshan. The enemy of Hunan and Jiangxi took advantage of the situation to attack with four regiments. He led the whole platoon of dangerous terrain, cooperated with Yuan 32 regiment to repel the enemy's repeated attacks, and won the battle.
1929, Chen Longhe was appointed as the company commander of the 3rd Company of the 31st Red Regiment. When Changting was reorganized, the 3 1 regiment was reorganized into the third column, and the following year it was co-edited with the local armed forces in southern Jiangxi to form the 12 th Red Army. 1in April, 934, the 12th Red Army took part in the battle of Zhangzhou and captured the towns in southern Fujian. In the fierce battle, Chen Longhe unfortunately died heroically.
* Pravda once introduced the struggle in Jinggangshan to the world *
Many people think that Edgar, an American writer who came to China in Yan 'an period. Si Nuo was the first foreigner to introduce Jinggangshan to foreign countries. In fact, as early as the end of the 1920s, Pravda, the most authoritative newspaper in the Soviet Union at that time, gave a true and objective report on the struggle in Jinggangshan.
The following precious historical materials are recorded in relevant historical archives-1928. From 9 to 25 February, * * International held the 9th plenary session of the Executive Committee. On March 1 day, Pravda reported in a report entitled "The plenary session of the International Executive Committee of * * Industry discussed the China issue": "In Hunan Province, besides the south, peasant uprisings were also held in Chaling, Yongxing and Lingxian. In Jiangxi province, according to letters from local comrades, Yongxin, Lianhua and Quannan counties organized Soviet political power. " Chaling, Lingxian, Yongxin and Lianhua mentioned in the article are only a part of Jinggangshan base area.
1July 2, 929, Pravda published an editorial "The Illusion of China's Unification". The editorial pointed out: "The Red Guerrilla Movement fought against Peng, Fang Junmin (Fang Zhimin), Yuan, especially Zhu De, ... in many regions and provinces within two years, occupying cities and pools, causing revolutions everywhere. Their epic heroic actions are very eye-catching and of great significance, and will surely attract millions of new forces to join the new uprising army. "
On July 24th of the same year, Pravda published its signature. Ivan's article "Peng" highly praised the struggle in Jinggangshan and the commander of Peng Hongjun: "Zhu De,,,,,, Yuan ... Soviet readers know nothing except the first two names. However, their names are the bane of celebrities, gentlemen and landlords in Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangdong. Peng led the Red Army of Workers and Peasants last year.
On June+10, 5438, Zhu De, leaving Jinggangshan, Peng and the left-behind continued to fight and resisted tenaciously. It was not until the enemy's heavy artillery destroyed all the fortifications on the mountain that they began to retreat. "The article not only appeared the place name" Jinggangshan ",but also reported that Peng led his troops to Jinggangshan and stayed in Jinggangshan for hard struggle.
* Why was "Zhu Maohong Army" originally named "Red Fourth Front Army" *
At the end of April, 1928, Zhu Maohongjun successfully joined forces in Jinggangshan. On May 4th, the Fourth Army of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army was proclaimed. However, why is this earliest Red Army in the history of our army called "Red Fourth Front Army" instead of "Red First Army"?
1In July, 925, the Guangzhou National Government established the Military Commission, which unified all the troops in Guangdong into the National Revolutionary Army, with a total of eight troops. Among them, the Fourth Army of the National Revolutionary Army was expanded from the first division of the Guangdong Army, with Li as the teacher, Li as the commander and party member Liao Gan as the fifth party representative. Influenced by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, Li advocated ethnic cooperation, so all the ministries of the Fourth Army had party member as a political worker.
1926 In May, the Fourth Army of the National Revolutionary Army, headed by the Ye Ting Independent Regiment, advanced into Hunan, which started the Northern Expedition. 1927 65438+ 10, the 12th division where the Ye Ting Independent Regiment is located was expanded into the army, which was called the Fourth Army of the National Revolutionary Army, and the Independent Regiment was reorganized into one of the divisions. After the "April 12th" coup, the Fourth Army marched into Jiujiang and Nanchang. /kloc-in August, 2000, the fourth army controlled by our party participated in the Nanchang Uprising and then went south to Guangdong. After that, he moved to southern Hunan under the leadership of Zhu De and Chen Yi, and held an uprising in southern Hunan.
After Jinggangshan joined forces, in order to carry forward the fine tradition of heroic fighting of the four armies, the first new people's army established under the leadership of our party was named "the Fourth Army of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army".
In the history of our army, in addition to the Red Fourth Army founded by Mao Zedong and Zhu De, there are two Red Fourth Army: one is the Red Fourth Army founded by He Long in western Hunan and Hubei on June 1928, which is the predecessor of the Red Second Army; The other is 193 1 year 1 month, which is the basis of the Red Fourth Front Army and consists of the Red First Army led by Xu and the Red 15th Army led by Cai. Later, the three "Red Fourth Front Army" gradually developed into three legions of the Red Army. In this regard, it should be said that these three "Red Fourth Front Army" have contributed greatly.