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Historical background of medieval Europe:

The era after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and before the Renaissance is called the "Middle Ages". At this time, feudal regimes across Europe used church power and religion to monopolize social culture. This period was called the "darkest period" by historians. Although humanistic thoughts have been restrained and the solemnity and solemnity of artworks have become the product of religion, they are not without achievements. The spread of Christianity has made art more closely related to people's spiritual life, and arts and crafts directly related to religion have achieved unprecedented development.

Medicine:

①Medical revolution. During the Renaissance movement, suspicion of dogma and opposition to authority arose. As a result, a medical revolution occurred in the medical field, represented by Paracelsus (1493-1541).

In medieval medical schools, Avicenna's "Code of Medicine" and the works of Galen and Hippocrates were mainly taught. The teacher followed the script, followed the rules, and was lifeless. The craze of the Renaissance soon spread to the medical field. Paracelsus pointed out that the life processes of the human body are chemical processes. When he was teaching at the University of Basel, he advocated writing books and lectures in popular German to make medicine more accessible to the public. This was a great reform. He valued practice, opposed cumbersome scholasticism, and opposed the stubborn concepts of tradition and authority in the Middle Ages. He said: "No one can become a doctor without science and experience. My work does not quote ancient authoritative works, but relies on the greatest teachers. --Written by experience." He bravely fought against legalism and blind worship, publicly burning the works of Galen and Avicenna.

②The establishment of human anatomy. Ancient people believed that the body is where the soul resides. In feudal society, all ethnic groups prohibited dissection of corpses without exception. Therefore, human anatomy could not be developed. In medical books of this era, such as Galen's Anatomy, almost all anatomical diagrams were drawn based on animal internal organs. On the contrary, the culture of the Renaissance era placed people as the center of attention. In the field of medicine, the first thing people paid attention to was studying the structure of the human body.

The first person to revolutionize anatomy was Leonardo da Vinci in Italy. He believed that as a realist painter, it was necessary to understand anatomy, especially bones and muscles, so he engaged in human anatomy. However, of the more than 700 anatomical drawings he drew, more than 150 are still handed down today. The paintings are mostly accurate and beautiful. He first had questions about Galen's anatomy. He once blew air into the trachea, but no matter how hard he tried, he could not see the heart expanding, so he concluded that Galen's theory that the lungs and the heart are connected was wrong. He also examined the structure and shape of the heart, and the heart diagram he drew was much more accurate than previous drawings. In addition, he also discovered the activity and properties of the aortic root valve, proving that the function of the valve is to prevent the backflow of blood. The cardiovascular problems he mentioned soon attracted the attention of medical scientists.

The work of writing a textbook on human anatomy based on direct observation was completed by A. Vesalius. Vesalius first studied at the University of Louvain and then transferred to the University of Paris. At that time, when anatomy was taught in these two universities, professors still gave lectures in high chairs, with assistants and craftsmen operating under the stage, and only a maximum of 3 or 4 dissections were allowed in a year. Vesalius was not satisfied with this situation and once went to the wild at night to steal corpses for dissection. At that time, the University of Padua in Italy had the best anatomy classroom in Europe. So he went there to teach. In 1543, he compiled the materials accumulated in his work into a book and published it publicly. This book is "The Structure of the Human Body". This book points out that Galen made more than 200 errors, such as five lobes of liver, two mandibles, etc. He also pointed out that Galen's anatomy was based on animals such as monkeys. Although Vesalius was also criticized by the conservatives of his time, his students developed anatomy.

③A. Parley improved the status of surgery. In the Middle Ages, surgical procedures were despised for their filthy nature, and most surgeries were performed by barbers. Paré of France was a barber-surgeon. A former military doctor, he used ointment instead of boiling oil to treat firearm injuries in the treatment of war wounds, and achieved good results. He also used ligation instead of cautery to stop bleeding, performed ectopic fetal inversion, and created prosthetic hands and feet. He did not understand Latin and did not believe in Catholicism. His works were written in his native language, French.

④New insights into infectious diseases. From the 14th to the 16th century, infectious diseases were very prevalent and claimed countless lives. At this time, G. Fracastoro (about 1478 ~ 1553) proposed new insights on infectious diseases. He believed that infectious diseases were caused by a "particle" that could reproduce. He also pointed out three routes of infection.

In short, in the 16th century, European medicine got rid of the shackles of ancient authority and began to develop independently. Its main achievement was the establishment of human anatomy. This not only indicates the resurrection of an ancient discipline at a new level, but also marks the beginning of a new journey for medicine.

17th century In the 16th century, a revolution occurred in the Netherlands, resulting in the independent bourgeois country of the Netherlands; in the 17th century, Britain overthrew the autocratic monarchy and established a bourgeois parliamentary system. In order to develop industry and commerce, the emerging bourgeoisie supports science and technology and advocates tolerance, all of which have a progressive effect.

In philosophy, Bacon proposed empiricism, advocated observation experiments, advocated that all knowledge comes from experience, and advocated induction; his famous saying "knowledge is power" inspired future generations' enthusiasm for exploration. Descartes is a representative of rationalism. He valued people's thinking ability. At the same time, he applied the mechanistic perspective to the study of physiological problems, which had a great influence on the life sciences of later generations. Some scientific societies also emerged during this period, which promoted communication and promoted scientific progress. In the 17th century, British science was at the forefront.

Reference materials: /view/608486.htm

People’s clothing:

Food, clothing, housing and transportation: The color and style of clothes are regulated by law, and non-nobles Persons are not allowed to wear gold or silver, nor are they allowed to wear velvet or fur clothes. Peasants could only wear black and gray, while nobles could pursue splendor. They were the promoters of clothing reform at that time; but the clothing at that time still had many flaws, such as no shirts and pajamas, and there was not much difference in the styles of men's and women's clothes.

There is also an academic discussion about the clothing of medieval Europe. There are too many! (All major European countries have them) but it is very comprehensive. The author can refer to /viewthread.php?tid=9488

< p>I hope the information I found will be helpful to the original poster.