A: Under the current language environment of civil servants' application subjects, strategic articles are basically equivalent to articles that focus on countermeasures and also discuss countermeasures. Judging from the history of the examination and articles, the theory of strategy in a strict sense is a subject in the ancient official selection examination. The official name is "Policy Question", which is an examination presided over by the emperor himself. The written test questions are prepared in advance and put forward to intellectuals who have passed the preliminary examination procedures such as the general examination. The topic is called "questioning strategy" and the candidate's answer is called "countermeasure". Most of its topics are practical problems in governing the people, officials and the country that the supreme ruling group pays attention to, such as what kind of officials are needed, how can officials be loyal to the emperor, cultivate themselves as officials and govern the country. A typical test question, such as the policy question of the five-year court exam in Wanli, is "Learn the skills of the first king, and rule before the ancient and modern times", requiring candidates to elaborate the principles and methods of governing the country and the people in the ancient and modern times; The next question in the eight-year court exam of Wanli is "Pursuing the rule of ancient emperors with thoughts, using it with caution", that is, expounding the law of governing the country in ancient times. The examinee's answer is called "countermeasure", but it is completely different from the meaning of "countermeasure" in modern Chinese, which corresponds to the meaning of "seeking advice". It can be seen that the content of ancient decision-making exams is biased towards ethics and ideological orientation, and does not involve current politics or specific issues. There are no questions such as "how to deal with the Yellow River flood and how to prevent the disaster relief funds from being embezzled and misappropriated", and there is no requirement to answer specific and feasible measures, that is, to formulate "countermeasures" in the modern sense, which is essentially different from the contemporary application examination to test candidates' ability to solve practical problems through specific questions. The answer to the policy exam is called countermeasures, and the content is actually based on theory. For example, in the eighth year of Wanli, Zhang Maoxiu wrote at the beginning of the book "Countermeasures Volume": "I heard the emperor Wang Zhidao, and heaven is also there. Therefore, there must be a way to end the original rationality in harmony with heaven; There must also be a constitutional rule to make it better. " Subsequently, the main body of the answer sheet is the theory of interpretation, which clarifies the examinee's understanding of "the rule of ancient emperors", and does not put forward specific measures and suggestions in combination with the actual problems in current political life. The exam does not require measures, but the current exam requires answering countermeasures. The strategy test is the examinee's theory, moral cultivation and written expression ability. In addition to the above items, the application examination also has the practical working ability to formulate countermeasures and solve problems, with the focus on practical working ability; The questions asked by the questioner contain a lot of written "materials", including the opinions expressed by the questioner on behalf of the emperor on the problems to be solved, which have a certain guiding and prompting effect on the answer, similar to the given information in the application, but the content of the questions asked by the questioner is completely theoretical, which is essentially different from the theories and facts mixed in the application. More importantly, the guiding ideology of the ancient decision-making examination is the ideological system of Confucian idealism, and neither the questioner nor the respondent can violate the Confucian ideology nor be divorced from this ideological system, which is essentially different from the proposition that the application examination is based on the Marxist ideological system and modern scientific spirit. According to the above comparison, we can draw a conclusion that the ancient decision-making exam is completely different from the popular application exam now. Although they have a certain origin and comparability, it is not appropriate to equate the decision-making articles in the application with the historical decision-making test and its answer sheet. There is also a corresponding noun in the ancient official selection examination, which is the highest-level imperial examination subject presided over by the emperor himself-the system examination. The article on strategy is separated from the article on theory. The article on countermeasures is called "strategy" and the article on explaining things is called "theory". In the sixth year of Song Jiayou, Emperor Renzong held an irregular subject examination, and Su Shi took the examination, and formulated 25 "strategies", among which "teaching war" was one of the "strategies"; He has written 25 articles about Jin Lun, including Hou Lun and On Chao Cuo. The countermeasures here are basically synonymous with the same nouns in current Chinese. Countermeasures and discussion contents can be unified in the article, but the name "Ce Wen" or "Ce Wen" did not appear in the history of ancient examination or article writing. The "strategic article" in the modern application examination is defined from its literal meaning. Generally speaking, it is an article that unifies the countermeasures and the contents of the discussion. Judging from the content of the article, the so-called "strategy" in Shen Lun is close to the "strategy" in ancient political essays, which aims at a practical problem in national political affairs and puts forward strategies and countermeasures against the opinions of the emperor and the state. Its basic routine is to ask questions at the beginning of the article, such as "how to make people prepare for danger in times of peace"; Then analyze all aspects of the problem, such as not knowing the harm of safety, the significance of being prepared for danger in times of peace, and the necessity of taking measures to urge people to be prepared for danger in times of peace; The main part is to explain the solution to the problem, and the measures are generally specific, such as carrying out national defense education, organizing the masses to participate in militia training, and commending and rewarding outstanding models. We can see that the political style of "strategy" which introduces countermeasures from discussion has been used since ancient times, and its writing content and basic structure are the same as those of today's "countermeasure suggestions" and "strategy articles", and the form is similar. It can be considered that an article that satisfies problem analysis, theoretical exposition and countermeasures at the same time is a strategic article. Drawing lessons from ancient "strategic articles", citing some famous aphorisms as an example of knowledge accumulation and reference, such as memorials presented to emperors by famous ministers on current political issues, and referring to their arrangement structure, organizational materials, methods of expounding arguments and even some viewpoints that are still valuable today, are of positive significance. For the respondents, the most practical way to understand the term "strategic article" is to remember that the article must have countermeasures and focus on countermeasures. There are many ways to improve the ability of refining, forming and expressing countermeasures, and reading and learning ancient "strategic articles" is one of the feasible ways.