Shakespeare is a famous homosexual, and his sonnets are addressed to all his gay lovers. According to British media reports, a British collector recently reaffirmed his identity as a family painter. The original name of this charming "woman" is Henry III, a gay couple who does not exist in Shakespeare's legend.
Alex Cobb said in an interview that he always thought it was named after a young nanny, Mrs. Norton, because Mrs. Norton's words were written in the back painting. However, a few years ago, an accidental art collector told Cobb that he didn't think the nanny was a woman, but a male colleague disguised as a woman. These words awakened the dreamer, and it was not until the beginning of this year that Cobb began to re-examine his true identity. The history of this painting can be traced back to the late16th century. The Earl of Southampton in the painting wears makeup, lipstick on his lips, exquisite earrings on his left ear, and baggy hands on his chest hair, which looks very feminine. The British Heritage Administration, sponsored by the National Association, confirmed that it was a real oil painting. This painting was completed from 1590 to 1593 when Shakespeare lived in your house, Earl of Southampton. Although Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, his true sexual orientation has always been a controversial topic in literary critics.
The legend that the Earl of Southampton is gay has a long history, and his relationship with Shakespeare is even more confusing. The count has agreed that Shakespeare should live in their apartment. Shakespeare's famous The Sonnets is dedicated to a beautiful young man, If America Were a Woman. Students think that positive sonnets are more respectful than a dozen children and cannot be understood as the capital to solve boyfriends. After a long test, according to many historians, the admiration for Shakespeare's poems may turn to handsome boyfriends who play with women. [Edit this paragraph] Shakespeare's works are about 1590 16 12. He wrote 37 plays in more than 20 years (for example, Two Expensive Relatives co-written with Fletcher is 38), but he also wrote two long poems, Venus and adonis and Lucretius' Shame. Many of his plays are based on the existing historical records, novels, folklore, old plays and other materials, reflecting the historical reality of the transition from feudal society to capitalist society, in order to publicize the ideas and theories of the emerging bourgeoisie from the perspective of humanity and humanitarianism. On the one hand, it draws lessons from ancient drama, English medieval drama and emerging European culture and art, on the other hand, it deeply observes and understands society and grasps the pulse of the times, which enables Shakespeare to create a large number of vivid characters, describe a broad social life and colorful pictures, and make it integrate sadness, joy, poetry and imagination, and is famous for its unified and contradictory changes and rich spiritual life concepts and key features.
Generally speaking, Shakespeare's drama creation can be divided into the following three periods:
The first stage (1590 1600) is to write historical plays and comedies. 9 historical dramas, comedy 10, and 2 tragedies.
In the History broadcast on the 9th, except King John, which is about English history at the beginning of13rd century, the other eight historical dramas are grouped into two four-step dramas: Henry VI, Charles III, charles ii, Henry IV (known as the most successful historical drama), The Next One and. It reflects Shakespeare's opposition to feudal separatism, his support for centralized condemnation of tyrannies and tyrants, his demand for enlightened monarchs' top-down reform and the establishment of harmonious social relations, political and moral humanistic ideals.
10 The comedies The Wrong Comedy, The Taming of the Shrew, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Much ado about nothing, A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wife of Windsor, Much ado about nothing and Twelfth Night are mainly about love, friendship and happiness. Praise progress and wonderful fresh air, but also gently expose and ridicule old, shabby and ugly things, such as asceticism, Puritans and usurers' hypocrisy. Shakespeare's drama creation, the basic mood of this period is optimistic, clear and full of humanistic ideals. In order to solve the confidence of social contradictions, the tragicomedy Romeo and Juliet written in this period is also full of comedy atmosphere. Although the hero is a martyr, the ideal love triumphs over death in exchange for the reconciliation of feudal feuds. However, the color of the mature comedy The Merchant of Venice in the later period of this period has both melancholy and tragic factors, advocating love, friendship and sincere love, reflecting the class oppression and racial discrimination in the jungle of Christian society, indicating that the author has realized that there is an intractable conflict between ideal and reality.
The second issue (160 1 1607) wrote three Roman dramas, tragedies and three "black comedies" or "problem dramas".
The Roman plays Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra and Cory Ollanu are historical plays adapted from Plutarch's Biography of Greek and Roman Heroes.
Four tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth and the tragedy Timon of Athens, marked that era. After thinking deeply about life, they made great efforts to create a group of such tragic heroes in the new era: they woke up from the imprisonment and ignorance of the Middle Ages, shone with the light of modernization, were enterprising, and wanted to make or perfect themselves, but their limitations could not be overcome. Hamlet revenges his father, finds himself closed the tenon of "the whole era" and decides to take the responsibility of "reorganizing the universe". As a result, his ambition was empty and he was powerless to return to heaven. Othello is honest and sincere, but I believe that people are evil. Have pity on the man who committed suicide. Don't cry, the pursuit of perfection will be rewarded with evil. The power of "King Lear" has brought him honor and pride, as well as substantial loss of self-confidence, insanity and fantasy, which has enabled the country to prove that it is right not to be king, and at the same time, being an ordinary person can do the same or more things, thus standing in a painful ordeal. Macbeth, this is a positive way to show the true colors of heroes, goodness and beauty. Because of the temptation of the throne and the drive of ambition, he became a remorseless sinner from bloody to bloody. The tragedies of these characters profoundly reveal all kinds of social ugliness that began to appear in primitive accumulation of capital period and the irreconcilable contradiction between bourgeois egoism, humanistic ideal and cruel reality, which is of high generalization significance.
Due to the deepening of drama and realism in this period, troilus and Cressida, Marriage and Tit for Tit, and Comedy also showed their dark side, shrouded in the shadow of treachery and intrigue, and were called "problem dramas" or "black comedies".
The tragicomedy or sitcom in the third issue (1608 16 13) tends to compromise and fantasize.
His main works are four tragicomedy or sitcoms, Prince Tilrick Reese, cymbeline, Winter Story and The Tempest. These works are about separation, reunion and framed rehabilitation. Although we still adhere to the ideal of humanism and expose the darkness of reality, the solution of contradictions mainly depends on magic, fantasy, opportunity and chance to preach forgiveness, tolerance, compromise and reconciliation.
The historical drama Henry VIII and the legendary drama Two Expensive Relatives written by Shakespeare and Fletcher are the income of some Shakespeare's plays in recent years.
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Shakespeare's creative background
Shakespeare's early works from 1590 to 1600 are also called historical drama and comedy period. During this period, Shakespeare's humanistic artistic style gradually formed. At that time, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the royal family was firmly United and the economy was prosperous. Shakespeare realized the ideal of humanism in reality. Optimistic and bright colors, confident work. During this period, he wrote historical plays, including Richard III (1592), Henry IV (two episodes) (1597 to 1598) and Henry V (1599). The basic theme of the script is to support the central monarch, the feudal tyrant and praise the enlightened monarch. For example, Henry IV shows civil strife on the screen, and the nobles unite against the king, but the resistance is finally quelled; The prince used to spend a lot of money, but later realized his mistake and made great contributions to quelling the rebellion. Drama is a highly unified historical fact and artistic fiction. Falstaff, the most vivid character, is selfish, lazy, timid, not alert, smart and optimistic, which makes people laugh.
During this period, it was composed of the poetic comedies A Midsummer Night's Dream (1596), The Merchant of Venice (1597) and Windsor (1598), which reflected people's customs and life, to publicize nothingness (65438). The basic themes of these plays are love, marriage and friendship, which are strongly lyrical and express Shakespeare's humanistic ideal life. At the same time, he also wrote Romeo and Juliet (1595) and other tragedies. Although there are sad works, their basic spirit is with comedy. Shakespeare also wrote a poem, Venus and adonis (1592 to 1593), The Humiliation of Lucretius (1593 to 1594) and 154 sonnets.
/kloc-in the 7th century, the social contradictions and social ugliness between Elizabeth I of Britain and the James I regime became increasingly exposed. During this period, Shakespeare's mature thought and art, humanistic ideal and social reality collided fiercely. He felt that his ideal was difficult to realize, and he went from praising the humanistic ideal in the early stage of his creation to exposing and criticizing the society in the dark. Shakespeare wrote the second period (160 1 to 1607), also known as the tragic period. He has written Hamlet (160 1), Othello (1604), King Lear (1606), Macbeth (1606) and Ty of Athens. Desdemona married Othello the Moor in private, regardless of the opposition of aristocratic father and society. She opposed the theme of racial prejudice, not only because of their tragedy Othello Jealousy, but also because of the powerful evil forces represented by Iago. Othello's sobriety before hanging included the victory of human reason. King Lear shows a divided society. King Lear paid the price of his life because of his willfulness, but it also brought great disaster to the country and people. The protagonist has changed from the absolute authority of the feudal monarch to a homeless old man with nothing, and the fate and character of the characters have changed greatly, which is Shakespeare's most distinctive work. The hero in Macbeth became an ambitious man and a tyrant because he instigated his ambitions from inside and outside. In its tragic sense, personal ambition and selfishness can destroy those who are not evil in other ways. Generally speaking, these tragic decadent feudal nobles, monstrous egoism, money, evil relations and the suffering of working people have been deeply exposed; Reduce the joyful style, romantic atmosphere, depression and sadness, increase the image and become more proficient in the language.
1608 Shakespeare entered the last period after his creation. At this time, I saw that Shakespeare's humanistic ideal could not be realized in the real world, so I began to write tragedies and sitcoms, and started from the dark social reality to expose and criticize the fantasy world. Therefore, this period is called Shakespeare's legendary drama period. This time, his works often solve the contradiction between ideal and reality through myth and fantasy and supernatural power; The works are permeated with the spirit of forgiveness and reconciliation, and there is no joy in the early stage or pessimism in the middle stage, but full of beautiful fantasy and rich romance about life. The Tempest (16 1 1) best represents the style of this period and is called "a will written in poetry." In addition, he also wrote cymbeline, The Story of Winter and three other melodramas and historical dramas Henry VIII.
Starting from real life, Shakespeare profoundly reflected the modern style and social nature. He believes that playing "is like giving up a mirror with natural luster: looking at their own face virtues, looking at their absurd gestures, and looking at the image and imprint of their own times and society." Marx and Engels are regarded as Shakespeare's classic realistic writers, and their drama creation should be more Shakespearean. This is a creative principle aimed at the disadvantages of "creating individual spirit of the times into a simple mouthpiece". The so-called "Shakespeare" is a person who requires writers such as Shakespeare to be good at showing a broad social background from real life, and his works and activities provide a typical environment of the times with rich functions; The plot of the work should be vivid and rich, the characters should be distinctive, but they should also have typical significance. The atmosphere of realism and romanticism depicted in the works is skillfully combined, and the language is rich, which shows the writer's description of plots and characters that are often hidden and naturally expressed.
Shakespeare's works include:
Tragedy: Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet, Othello, Titus, Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, Leolin nast, Troai, Timon Athens, etc.
Comedies: Mistake, Marriage, Happiness, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Nothing Wrong, Nothing Wrong, Tit for Tit, The Tempest, The Taming of the Shrew, Twelfth Night, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, The futility of love, and
History: Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VIII, King John Richard II and Richard III.
Sonnets: Lover's Complain, Lucretius's Transformation, Venus and adonis, Enthusiastic Pilgrim, Phoenix and Turtledove, etc. [Edit this paragraph] The achievements and influence of Shakespeare's plays are based on old plays, novels, chronicles or folk literature and art, but they are rewritten with their own ideas and old themes, giving them novel, rich and profound connotations. In artistic expression, he inherited the three traditional dramas of ancient Greece and Rome, Europe and Britain in the Middle Ages and Renaissance and their development, and made creative innovations in content and form. All three of his plays have broken the boundary between tragedy and comedy, trying to reflect the truth of life and dig deep into the inner mysteries of the characters. It can create a large number of complex and diverse characters, real and vivid typical characters, paint a huge and colorful picture of social life, and its profound, poetic and philosophical names.
Shakespeare's Drama Stage and Popular Theatre for Audience English Writing. Therefore, it is a mixture of sadness and joy, free taste and time, trying to mobilize the imagination of the audience on the original stage, and other compensation. Voltaire accused the classicists in the 18 th century, and the performance was arbitrarily deleted. It was not until the beginning of19th century that Shakespeare's true value was realized when his expositions and other criticisms in Coleridge and william hazlitt began. However, Shakespeare's performances still often include a five-act drama model. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, W. Eber Road and H. Weiback strongly opposed gorgeous performances, while the traditional concept of Shakespeare's performance in Queen Elizabeth Theatre was that there was no scenery to restore its inherent characteristics.
/kloc-In the 7th century, Shakespeare was introduced to Germany, France, Italy, Russia and Nordic countries, and then it gradually exerted a great and far-reaching influence on the development of national drama in the United States and other countries in the world, becoming an important link and inspiration for the development and exchange of world culture. China began to introduce and translate Shakespeare at the beginning of this century, and published it on the basis of 1978, and revised the complete set of Zhu Shenghao's Translation of Shakespeare translated by 1 1. 1902, students from St. John's University in Shanghai presented the English performance The Merchant of Venice for the first time. According to incomplete statistics, there are 65 professional and amateur performing groups in China, and the repertoires performed include English, Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian, Cantonese, Civilization, Drama, Modern Drama, Drama, Ballet and Puppet Show. Shakespeare became a school in China and a teaching institution in universities, which was particularly dramatic. The important role of Shakespeare's actors has opened a vast world for China culture.
Shakespeare left the world with 37 plays, including some he usually co-wrote with others. In addition, he wrote 154 sonnets and three or four poems.
The activities of religious leaders, scientists, politicians, explorers, philosophers or inventors often affect many fields, such as those that human beings strive to develop. For example, the progress of science has a great influence on economy and politics, but it also affects religion, philosophy and art.
A famous painter may have a great influence on later painters, but his influence on music and literature may be small. In fact, human efforts in exploration and other fields have no influence. A similar statement applies to poets, playwrights and composers. Generally speaking, only literary figures are influential in literature, but in fact they are only influential in their special fields. For this reason, there are no literary, musical or artistic properties listed in the top 30, and only a few people only include them in this book.
So, why is there a literary character in this book? This is because everyone's appreciation of the art of living has a certain direct influence (although this influence is not always great). In other words, a person may spend some time listening to music, some time reading, some time painting, and so on. We listen to music, even if it doesn't affect other activities in our time (this is of course an exaggeration), it still represents some boring times in our lives.
An artist's influence on our lives may take us more time than listening, reading or watching his works. This is because his works are likely to have creative activities of other writers, which will affect their works, because we have experienced and appreciated them.
In some cases, some literary works have more or less clear philosophical content, which will affect our views on other issues. Of course, literary or artistic works are often just for fun. For example, in Romeo and Juliet (Act III, Scene I), Shakespeare asked the prince to say, "The murderer can't be kind, otherwise it encourages killing." The ideas put forward here (whether people accept them or not) have distinct philosophical contents, which may affect people's political attitudes, rather than appreciating the Mona Lisa and other influences.
Shakespeare seems to be unparalleled among all the major literary figures. Relatively speaking, few people talk about Chaucer, Virgil or even Homer today, but Shakespeare's plays are sure to have a large audience. The genius of Shakespeare's neologisms is unparalleled, and his words are often quoted-even those who have never seen or read his plays. Besides, his fame is not a flash in the pan. In the past 400 years, his works have brought joy to many readers and critics. Just as Shakespeare has stood the test of time, it seems reasonable to assume that it will be widely welcomed in many centuries to come.
To evaluate Shakespeare's influence, we should consider this. Without him, there would be no works (of course, every character in literature and art is similar, but this factor is not particularly important in evaluating the influence of ordinary artists).
According to statistics, Shakespeare's power grid has more than 20,000 words. It is widely used in folk languages (such as folk songs, slang, proverbs and humorous ancient texts). ), pay attention to absorbing foreign words, and also use metaphors, metaphors and puns in a large number, which can be said to be a masterpiece of English. Many famous sayings of Shakespeare have become modern English idioms, allusions and aphorisms. Relatively speaking, in his early plays, he likes to use gorgeous and sonorous phrases; Later, mature works will be more handy. No matter in rich and varied languages, they can vividly express the characteristics of different characters, and can also be used to convey simple and natural exciting feelings and ideas.
Although Shakespeare wrote in English, he was a truly world-famous figure. Although English is not a complete world language, it is closer to the world language than any other language. Shakespeare's literary works have been translated into many languages, and many countries have read his works, and his plays have also been staged.
Of course, some popular writers will be despised by literary critics, but unlike Shakespeare, literary scholars spare no effort to pay tribute to his works. Generations of playwrights have studied his works, trying to get his literary temperament. It is precisely because Shakespeare and other writers have great influence and are constantly appreciated by the general public that he ranks quite high in this book.
The preface of Shakespeare's plays is like this for some versions:
He has a strong artistic appeal. He created a typical hero with distinctive personality and complex interpersonal relationships through his image, and revealed his own personality contradictions in their actions. This kind of light from fierce drama humanism, excellent and bold artistic skills, its significance far exceeds the scope of his era and country.
The influence of literature is so great that it is no wonder that his friend, the famous playwright ben jones, said, "He belongs not only to one era, but to all centuries."