William? Feng Te (1832- 1920), a German psychologist and philosopher, was the founder of the first psychology laboratory and a representative of constructivism psychology. His Principles of Physiological Psychology is the first and most important work in the history of modern psychology. 1866, Feng Te received a doctor's degree in medicine. 1875, he became a professor of philosophy at the university of Leipzig, where he established the world's first psychology laboratory.

One of the most amazing things about Feng Te is how the child has grown into such a great person. In his childhood and youth, he didn't look like a man who would make any progress at all. He has no motivation and talent, let alone become an outstanding giant in science and higher education. In fact, he looks silly.

Feng Te was born in Neckalou near Mannheim on 1832. In southwest Germany, he can be regarded as the younger brother of a scholarly family. His father was a Lutheran priest in the village, but his ancestors were university presidents, doctors and scholars. For many years, Feng Te has never shown talent and has no interest in learning; When he was a child, his only best friend was a mentally retarded boy, but at school, he habitually wandered around and looked in a trance. When Feng Te was in the first grade, one day, his father came to see him at school and found him absent-minded. In a rage, I slapped him in front of my classmates. Feng Te will never forget it, but it didn't change him anything; /Kloc-When he was 0/3 years old, he attended a Catholic professional school in Sal, Broussy. He is still a dreamer who is not motivated. His teacher often slaps him in public, and another teacher laughs at him in front of other students-most of them are farmers' children, not reading materials. The teacher's punishment doesn't work either; He failed this year, and his face was full of shame.

Then, Feng Te's parents sent him to the society in Heidelberg. There, among some students who felt the same as him, he slowly controlled his absentmindedness. After high school, his grades were always mediocre. When he graduated, he didn't know what he wanted to do, but because his father had died and his mother had only a small pension, he had to prepare to find a job to maintain a decent life. He chose medicine and applied to the University of Tubingen. He played behind his mother's back for a year and learned nothing. But when he came home at the end of the year, he realized that there was almost no money at home for him to finish college for three years, and he had an amazing change. In the autumn of this year, he went to the University of Heidelberg to study medicine, devoted himself to his studies with great enthusiasm, completed his studies in three years, and got the first place in the national medical examination of 1855.

However, in the process of learning, he found that clinical practice was not attractive to him, but he was very interested in science courses in the curriculum. 1855 After getting a master's degree, I spent a year with Johan at the University of Berlin? Muller was appointed as a lecturer in physiology at the University of Heidelberg under Emile du bois Raymond, 1857. The following year, the famous Herman? When Helmholtz came to the school to establish the Institute of Physiology, Feng Te applied to be his laboratory assistant and got the job. His work for Helmholtz further concentrated his interest in physiological psychology.

At this time, he was only in his early twenties, and Feng Te had completely turned into a workaholic. In addition to working in the laboratory, he also gave lectures, compiled teaching materials to earn money, conducted his own research on sensory perception theory, and began to draft a large volume of this subject, namely, Essays on Sensory Perception Theory, which was published in 1862. In this book, Feng Te, who is only 30 years old, challenges the respected philosopher and mechanistic physiologist. He said that psychology can only become a science on the basis of experimental results, and consciousness can indeed be explored through experimental means.

1864, Feng Te was promoted to teaching assistant, and then resigned as Helmholtz's assistant to concentrate on his own research. He no longer had the opportunity to enter Helmholtz's laboratory, so he built one at home, collected and made the necessary instruments by himself, and conducted psychological experiments by himself. He continued to teach experimental physiology, but more and more psychological materials appeared in his class. It was not until he was in his thirties and nearly 40 years old that he left his job, spent enough time chasing a girl and finally got engaged to her. However, due to economic reasons, they had to postpone the wedding.

Helmholtz left the University of Heidelberg on 187 1. Feng Te seems to be his most logical successor. However, although the university constantly assigned him a lot of work in Helmholtz, he was only given a self-taught teaching post, and his salary was only a quarter of Helmholtz's. This promotion married him to his girlfriend. However, he worked harder than before and wrote the book Principles of Physiological Psychology for a long time, hoping that this book would make him leave the University of Heidelberg.

Really did it. The first part-this book appears in two parts, divided into two years-1873 and1874-Feng Te said without any hint. My work dedicated to the public here is to draw a scientific boundary. ? This job brought him what he wanted, that is, a professorship at the University of Zurich. A year later, he got a better professorship at the University of Leipzig.

Feng Te went to the University of Leipzig in 1875, and this idea occupied Covent's room for storage and demonstration. Four years later, he began to use it as a private research institute. His lectures were very popular, and his personal reputation and the fame of the laboratory attracted many assistants to Leipzig. 1883, the university increased his salary, gave him a formal position in the laboratory, gave him extra vacant rooms, and asked him to expand the laboratory into a suite with seven rooms.

He himself spends less time in the laboratory, but most of his time is spent in lectures, management research institutes and writing, revising his thick psychological works. Later, he wrote many works about logic, ethics and philosophy. Every day he is under strict supervision, just like Emmanuel? Like Kant. He spent most of the morning writing, then consulted for an hour, visited the laboratory in the afternoon, took a walk, considered the content of the next class, finished the class, and then went to the laboratory. He is quiet at night. Apart from concerts, he avoids public life and almost never travels. But he and his wife often entertain students in advanced classes and invite his assistants to eat at home on most Sundays.

At home, Feng Te is kind and formal, but in college, he is dogmatic and bookish. He acts like a big shot, and he thinks he is such a person. When he lectures-the most popular in the university-he will wait until everyone is seated, all the assistants are here, and everyone is sitting in the front row. Then the door will suddenly open and he will walk in, dressed in a black robe and very academic. Without glancing left and right, he would go straight to the podium along the aisle, fiddling with the chalk and paper on the podium, and finally face the anxious audience, holding the podium and talking with Kan Kan. He talks about Kan Kan with great passion and doesn't read his notes at all. Although his articles are always boring and ambiguous, he will make people laugh in a calm academic way when giving lectures. For example, what he said about the mental energy of dogs is this:

? I spent a lot of time trying my own poodle to see if it can clearly show whether there is an empirical concept. I taught the dog to close an open door so that it could hear my voice again? "Close the door" command, close the door as usual with your front paws. At first, it learned this trick on a special door in my study. One day, I hoped it would repeat this action on another door in the study, but it looked at me in surprise and did nothing. I made great efforts to teach him to repeat his tricks in a changed environment. However, after that, it did not hesitate to obey orders. When it meets two doors like this, it can close (however, although) the association of some special concepts has developed into a real similarity-association, but there is no minimum instruction, which can show that there is the main feature of concept formation in its consciousness-that is, the consciousness that special objects can alternatively represent the category of the whole object. When I ordered it to close a door opened from the outside, it simply did the same thing: open the door, but don't close it. Although I repeated the order impatiently, it could do nothing else. However, it is obvious that it is extremely depressed because it can't complete the task. ? This is the most merciful degree of Feng Te, even Edward, one of Feng Te's most loyal disciples? Iron minister son also thinks he is usually? No sense of humor, indomitable, aggressive? . Because he is extremely knowledgeable, he considers himself an authority. William? James wryly wrote to his friend:

? Because there must be professors in this world, and Feng Te is the most praiseworthy person. We can't praise him too much. He is not a genius, he is a professor-his duty is to know everything, he must have an opinion on everything in the world, and he must also be related to himself. ?

For his graduate students, Feng Te is extremely willing to help and care for them, full of love-but also very bossy. At the beginning of a school year, he often orders the students in the graduate class to gather in the graduate school. They have to stand in line in front of him, and he will read out the list of some research projects that must be watched in that year, arrange the first project for the first student standing at the edge of the queue, give the second project to the second student, and so on. According to Raymond? Fancher's statement:

? No one dares to object to these assignments. Students are responsible for completing one task after another, which in most cases has become their doctoral thesis (Feng Te) to guide the writing of these reports to be published. Although he sometimes lets students express their opinions in these reports, he often picks up a blue pen and practices hard. His last American student reported that Feng Te showed well-known German characteristics, and he enthusiastically defended the basic principles of his academic views. About one third of my thesis failed to support Feng Te's assimilation view, so it was deleted. ?

To be fair, we have to say that Feng Te became soft-hearted and kind in his later years. He likes to entertain young guests and listeners in his study and recall some interesting things about his youth. He taught, wrote and directed psychological research until he retired at the age of 85 in 19 17. From then on, he was busy with narration until 1920 was 88 years old. Eight days before his death, he was still writing.