Inexperienced first love is charming, but love that can stand the test is priceless. Marlinsky
Healthy body and high-intensity physical training are important conditions for effective mental work. -Krupskaya
The secret of success is never to change your set goals. -Rousseau
People who never waste time have no time to complain about lack of time. Jefferson
Proverbs can embody a nation's creativity, wisdom and spirit. bacon
It shouldn't be difficult to tell the truth. I'm telling the truth, and I'm not telling the truth, nor am I saying the right thing. Say what you think; Say what you think, that is, tell the truth. -Ba Jin
Honesty can be simply defined as an illogical belief in the impossible. -Mencken
Life is precious and intimate, and it is never too early to make friends. -Yuan Zhongdao
Who can't rest and who can't work. -Lenin
Friendship is the combination of souls, and this combination can be divorced. This is a tacit contract between two sensitive and honest people. -Voltaire
New mathematical methods and concepts are often more important than solving mathematical problems themselves. -Hua
Personal wisdom is only limited. Plautus
Advanced and complex labor is the performance of such a kind of labor force, which needs higher education expenses than ordinary labor force, and its production needs to spend more labor time. Therefore, it has high value. Marx
Edison was poor when he was a child.
Buy newspapers, do child labor, support the family,
After failing the test on the train,
A slap in the face leads to deafness.
In order to develop a suitable metal as filament,
Edison failed 999 times and was laughed at.
Nobel failed to invent gunpowder n times,
I lost my home.
I was sleepy, so I thought about it.
Forgive me!
The curies
Pierre curie was born in a doctor's family in May 1859. In childhood and adolescence, I was thoughtful, hard to change my mind, taciturn and slow to respond, unable to adapt to the perfusion knowledge training in ordinary schools and unable to keep up with classes. People say he is mentally retarded, so he has never been to primary and secondary schools since he was a child. His father often took him to the countryside to collect samples of animals, plants and minerals, which cultivated his keen interest in nature and learned how to observe things and explain them. When Madame Curie 14 years old, his parents hired a math and science teacher for him. He has made rapid progress in mathematics and science. 16 years old, after entering the University of Paris for two years, she obtained a bachelor of science degree and a master's degree in physics. 1880, when he was 2 1 year old, he studied the characteristics of crystals with his brother Jacques Curie and found the piezoelectric effect of crystals. 189 1 year, he studied the relationship between magnetism and temperature, and established Curie's law: paramagnetic material's magnetization coefficient is inversely proportional to absolute temperature. In his scientific research, he also created and improved many new instruments, such as piezoelectric crystal scale, Curie balance and Curie electrometer. 1895 On July 25th, pierre curie married Marie Curie.
Marie Curie (1867165438+1October 7) was born in Warsaw under the rule of Russia, and her father was a middle school teacher. 16 years old, she graduated from Warsaw Middle School with a gold medal. She had to be a tutor for six years because her family couldn't afford to continue her studies. Later, with my own savings and the help of my sister, 189 1 went to Paris to study. At the University of Paris, she studied diligently under extremely difficult conditions. Four years later, she got two master's degrees in physics and mathematics.
In the second year after the Curie couple got married, that is, 1896, Bacquerel discovered the radioactive phenomenon of uranium salt, which aroused great interest of the young couple. Madame Curie was determined to study the nature of this unusual phenomenon. She first examined all the chemical elements known at that time and found that thorium and thorium compounds were also radioactive. She further examined the radioactivity of various complex minerals and unexpectedly found that the radioactivity of pitchblende was more than four times higher than that of pure uranium oxide. She concluded that uranium ore obviously contains a more radioactive element besides uranium.
Based on his experience as a physicist, Curie immediately realized the importance of this research achievement, put down his crystal research and joined Madame Curie in searching for new elements. Soon after, they determined that uranium ore contained not one element, but two undiscovered elements. 1in July, 898, they named polonium for the first time to commemorate Madame Curie's native Poland. Not long after, 1898 65438+ February, they named another element radium. They worked hard to obtain pure polonium and radium. I worked day and night in a broken shed for four years. I stirred the boiling pitchblende slag in the pot with an iron bar, and my eyes and throat endured the stimulation of smoke from the pot. After repeated refining, I got one tenth of radium from several tons of pitchblende slag. Because of the discovery of radioactivity, the Curies and Bacquerel jointly won the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics.
1906, pierre curie died in a car accident at the age of 47. After pierre curie's death, Madame Curie endured great grief and succeeded her husband as a professor of physics at the University of Paris, becoming the first female professor at the university. She continued her research work on radioactivity. 19 10, she and French chemist Debel Nuo analyzed the pure radium element, and determined the atomic weight and position of radium in the periodic table. She also measured the half-lives of radon and other radioactive elements and sorted out the systematic relationship of radioactive element decay. Because of these great achievements, he won the Nobel Prize in chemistry at 19 1 1, becoming the only scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice in history.
The Curies personally experienced the physiological effects of radium, and they were burned by laser rays more than once. Together with doctors, they studied the application of radium in cancer treatment and started radiotherapy. During the First World War, she participated in the battlefield health service for the motherland Poland and the second motherland France, organized X-ray cars and X-ray studios to serve the wounded soldiers, and treated the wounded soldiers with radium, which played a great role.
After World War II, Madame Curie returned to Paris, where she established the Radium Science Institute to continue her research and train young scholars. In his later years, he completed the refining of polonium and actinium. Madame Curie has been engaged in radium research for 35 years without any protective facilities. In addition, during the war, she established an X-ray room for four years, which seriously damaged her health and caused her severe anemia. She had to leave her beloved laboratory on May 1934 and passed away on July 4 1934.
The curies were indifferent and humble all their lives. They don't like worldly compliments and compliments, and they don't care about personal reputation and status. After radium was discovered and successfully extracted, they did not apply for a patent and did not reserve any rights. They believe that radium is an element and should belong to all mankind. They disclosed their method of extracting radium to the whole world. It took them more than ten years to prepare more than one gram of radium, worth about100000 dollars, and all of them were handed over to the Radium Research Institute without taking a penny. One gram of radium donated to her by the American Women's Association was not for personal use, half was given to the French Radium Institute and the other half was given to the Warsaw Radium Institute. When radium was used to treat cancer, they could have become millionaires overnight, but they agreed not to take away all the material benefits of their invention. The purpose of their hard work is to obtain happiness for mankind from new discoveries.
Mendeleev and the periodic table of elements
What is the universe made of? The ancient Greeks believed that it was the four elements of water, earth, fire and air, and China believed in the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire and earth in ancient times. In modern times, people gradually realize that there are many elements, not just four or five. In the18th century, scientists have explored more than 30 elements, such as gold, silver, iron, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. By the19th century, 54 elements had been discovered.
People will naturally ask, how many elements have not been discovered? Do these elements exist separately or are they interrelated?