In my opinion, what ancient literati admired most were the three immortalities, namely establishing virtue, meritorious service, and establishing words. Since I am answering the question, let me briefly explain what the three immortals refer to based on my personal understanding. 1. Morality: correct moral values ??are recognized and respected by people. 2. Make meritorious deeds: Do a great undertaking to bring tangible benefits to the country and its people. 3. Li Yan: Let’s focus on talking about it. People often think that Li Yan is a kind of behavior such as words and deeds. I personally think that Li Yan means that ancient literati wanted to use their cultural accomplishments to create a few famous quotes or a work to impress the country or their family. .or the common people and future generations will always remember themselves and be widely respected. Only by achieving these three immortalities would ancient literati probably think that this would be a perfect life! This question is answered based on my personal understanding. Chifeng Feng Zhixue hopes to get everyone's recognition. Thank you [prayer] [prayer] [prayer]

Good question, the ancients talked about the three immortals: "The most important thing is to establish virtue, the second is to perform meritorious service, and the second is to establish words." The three establishments are just one. Not many people can achieve ideals, but moral integrity is a common requirement. Virtue contains too many things. Yehu believes that integrity contained in virtue should be the most respected thing by ancient literati. 1. What is integrity?

Integrity is often defined as ambition and integrity. This definition is difficult to satisfy. The word "qi" alone is complicated enough, let alone "integrity". There are many concepts in ancient China that cannot be defined. Generally, people only vaguely grasp and understand them as a whole, because those concepts themselves are open and vague, such as the concept of "Tao" and "integrity". in this way. Yehu reluctantly explains "integrity". If it is unsatisfactory, please feel free to discuss it in the comment area.

When talking about integrity, we must start with Mencius’s “Awesome Qi”. Mencius put forward the theory of nourishing Qi, saying that he was good at nourishing Qi and explained the Qi. Mencius said that this kind of Qi fills the space between heaven and earth, is vast and strong, is slowly cultivated with justice and morality, and emerges from human beings themselves. Mencius described the image of a true man: "Wealth and honor cannot be kinky, poverty and lowliness cannot be moved, and power cannot be surrendered." A true man is full of this kind of integrity. Wen Tianxiang's "Song of Righteousness" praises the righteousness of heaven and earth, which is the integrity of a man respected by literati. The most fundamental thing in Chinese philosophy is the unity of man and heaven and earth. The righteousness of heaven and earth is the integrity respected by literati.

Sometimes we talk about integrity and ambition. The words are different, but the essence is the same. In the script of Guo Moruo's "Qu Yuan", Chan Juan scolded Song Yu and said: "You have no spine, a literati." This is probably the harshest thing to scold a literati, because integrity is what literati value most.

The pursuit of literati will inevitably affect the entire social atmosphere. The importance of "qi" is also reflected in the language of ordinary people in daily life. Even now, we can often hear: a person must have integrity and must have integrity. If you are ambitious, you should fight for your parents' reputation and your life. The words and expressions are different, but in essence they all emphasize the issue of moral integrity.

The content of integrity is not specific, but consistent with traditional moral values, loyalty is the most important content of integrity. Sellers who seek glory, value sex over friends, betrayal of trust, betrayal in times of danger, etc. are most looked down upon by others, because losing these things means losing integrity. The ancients attached great importance to the expression of integrity

Poetry expresses aspirations. The most commonly used poems in ancient poetry are "plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum". The most commonly used subject matter in ancient literati paintings is also "plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum". So, these plants embody the integrity pursued by literati.

In history, Su Wu and Wen Tianxiang are heroes revered by later generations. They perfectly embody the integrity that literati should have. When Cai Jing and Qin Hui became prime ministers, their calligraphy and literary talents were first-rate. Later generations despised them, and no one studied their calligraphy. It was not that their calligraphy was not good, but that they did not have the integrity of a scholar and no loyalty.

Zhao Mengfu, Wang Duo, Wu Meicun, etc., even if they cause major damage due to objective reasons, it is difficult to be forgiven, and it is difficult for them to forgive themselves. Zhao Mengfu became a high-ranking official in the Yuan Dynasty. He went to visit his brother who was hiding in the mountains. His brother would not let him enter the house through the front door and let him come in through the back door because he had lost his integrity. You can imagine how painful he felt in his heart. Wu Meicun became the second minister. When he died, he left a last word and asked his family to bury him in monk's clothes, just to atone for his sins. Even though there was a reason for the incident, Li Ling failed to persuade Su Wu to surrender. He sighed and said, "The sins of Ling and Wei Ling are linked to heaven."

Tao Yuanming's "Don't bend your waist for five buckets of rice", Li Bai's "An Neng can crush his eyebrows and bend his waist to serve the powerful, but I can't be happy", Zhu Ziqing's "not eating American relief food" can be widely appreciated, no matter what It is not because their words and deeds reflect the integrity of literati.

For thousands of years, Confucianism has been the mainstream thought in society. Under this thought, integrity has been continuously emphasized and valued. The issue of integrity is not only highly respected by literati. The whole society attaches great importance to integrity, and integrity has also become an important content in the national spirit. 3. The modern significance of moral integrity

Ancient literati are equivalent to modern scholars. Everyone in modern times goes to school, but the issue of moral integrity is far less valued than it was in history. Utilitarianism and liberalism are prevalent, and things that violate morality for personal fame and gain can be seen everywhere.

Although the issue of moral integrity is not directly mentioned now, the content contained in moral integrity must still be adhered to. History talks about loyalty, don’t we talk about patriotism now? Look at those sycophants who always call themselves European and American. Almost all of them have received higher education and can be regarded as contemporary literati. But where is the integrity that literati should have?

There are even more social phenomena that are greedy for profit. Look at the counterfeiting of various commodities and food safety issues. Which of these problems is not the creation of modern cultural people.

Nowadays, it is necessary to reiterate the integrity of intellectuals and scholars. Traditional things still have the power of tradition, so let’s emphasize integrity in a big and positive way.

In my opinion, the three immortalities that ancient literati respected most were establishing virtue, meritorious service, and speech.

Wang Yangming is known as the first person in the Ming Dynasty for integrity, articles, and achievements, and is considered to be the true "Three Immortals". In Wang Yangming's case, his scholarship is "mind learning", which is to establish his words; his achievements are practice, which is to achieve meritorious service; his integrity is to take responsibility, which is precisely to establish morality. This is Wang Yangming’s true “Three Immortals”.

When Wang Yangming was "ignorant" and yearned to "learn to be a sage", he had no idea what a "sage" was, but the seeds planted in his youth and the aspirations that sprouted in his youth were actually a kind of The responsibility to serve the country and society was called "integrity" by people at that time. Therefore, at the age of 15, he went out to Juyongguan to investigate the "captive situation", and had the motive to write to the emperor stating his opinions on border defense; when he was the director of the Ministry of Punishment, he dared to eliminate the long-standing abuses in the prison and dared to execute criminals with strong backgrounds; in the Ministry of War When he was in charge, he dared to speak out against the evils of the times. Although he offended the powerful, was punished by imperial staff, was sentenced to prison, and was demoted to Longchang, he did not change his original intention. Although Wang Yangming has not yet proposed the "unity of knowledge and action" at this time, everything is "the unity of knowledge and action".

As the governor of southern Jiangxi, Wang Yangming quelled decades of "rebellious bandits" within one year, and Wang Yangming's achievements began to reach its peak; then, he quelled the long-planned "rebels" within forty days, becoming The third civil servant in the Ming Dynasty who was awarded the title of earl for his military achievements, Wang Yangming's achievements reached the peak of his life. It was at this time that Wang Yangming's academic influence began to reach its peak. Just imagine, if Wang Yangming, like all previous governors, was helpless to deal with the refugees, and if he could not put down the Ningwang rebellion, could he still talk about "conscience" with confidence and "unity of knowledge and action" with peace of mind? Without merit, it would not affect Xue Xuan, Hu Juren, and Chen Xianzhang from entering the Confucius Temple, but without merit, it would be impossible to "force" the temple to recognize Wang Yangming's scholarship. For Wang Yangming, there is no academic achievement that does not fall on merit, and there is no merit apart from academic achievement. He himself is a "unity of knowledge and action."

In the process of quelling the refugee rebellion in southern Jiangxi, Wang Yangming proposed that "it is easy to break the mountain, but it is difficult to break the heart." The word "conscience" was about to emerge. After putting down Prince Ning's rebellion, dealing with rumors and rumors from all sides and all kinds of difficulties and suspicions from those in power were the biggest problems Wang Yangming encountered in his life. It was only at this time that the word "conscience" was finally revealed, so he emphasized: "The theory of conscience is obtained from hundreds of deaths and thousands of difficulties. It is not easy to see this." In Wang Yangming's view, " The word "conscience" is the essence and true meaning of one's life's academic work. This is the real "way of the saint". It is in everyone's heart, "it can be obtained without learning, and it can be obtained without worrying", and it is also in "the way of the saint". Only through the hardships of hundreds of deaths and thousands of difficulties can I realize this.

Wang Yangming realized the deep "conscience" in his heart in "a hundred deaths and a thousand difficulties", which was the mutual stimulation of academics and achievements, and the ultimate motivation came from "integrity", from the respect for the country and society of responsibility. When King Ning raised his troops, many officials were waiting and watching. Only Wang Yangming publicly declared that "King Ning was rebellious" and raised troops to put down the rebellion. The ancients' "three immortals", the first of which is "morality", makes sense. What is "morality"? Mencius said, "Sacrificing life for righteousness", Wen Tianxiang said, "Since ancient times, no one has died, and his loyalty will be remembered by history." Lin Zexu said, "If you live and die to benefit the country, how can you avoid it because of misfortunes and blessings?" Wang Yangming used his actions to set an example for the world: to have a conscience in your heart and act responsibly. This is Wang Yangming’s best interpretation of “unity of knowledge and action”. In Wang Yangming's view, "knowledge" in "the unity of knowledge and action" is not only the understanding of things, but also "conscience". The heart of right and wrong plus the spirit of responsibility is the "conscience". The "unity of knowledge and action" with "conscience" as the soul is the true "unity of knowledge and action". In Wang Yangming, virtue, meritorious service and reputation are integrated and indispensable.

I think what ancient literati admired the most is "If you are successful, you can help the world, and if you are poor, you can be alone."

Patriotism and loyalty to the emperor should be put first, "to solve the affairs of the emperor and the world, to win the world" "Name before and after life", to share the worries of the king, to take responsibility for the country, to benefit the people, to establish virtue, meritorious service and reputation for oneself.

This should be the most respected thing by most literati of.

If you are good at learning, you will become an official. Serving as an official for one term brings benefit to one party. If you don't make decisions for the people when you are an official, it is better to go home and sell sweet potatoes. Worry when the world is worried first, and rejoice when the world is happy later. ...The simple and sincere remarks left to us by ancient literati can infer from one aspect what these "excellent in learning" literati admired.

This is a "da" situation.

When they are frustrated, they will express dissatisfaction, anger, worry, depression, desire, expectation, longing... in various implicit ways, hoping that they can still fulfill their ambitions and work on their own platform. Be loyal to important matters. Even if they were demoted repeatedly, they could still perform their duties in their humble positions in order to "help the world." If the hope of "reaching" is slim, most of them can't help but want to break free from the cage, return to nature, return to themselves, and realize their self-worth in another way.

This is a "poor" situation.

Character

That is the avenue!

Tao

The time span in ancient times is too large. We should not just talk about one recommended standard, but can explain it in different periods.

Before the Spring and Autumn Period, there were basically no literati. The upper class society emphasized the unity of nature and man. The numerous divination texts that have survived illustrate this point.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, literati established sects one after another, created a school of thought, and recruited many disciples to spread it.

After the Western Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism, "benevolence, justice, etiquette, wisdom, and trustworthiness" became the self-cultivation principle respected by literati. This principle also became the basic personality and spiritual structure of Chinese literati in all dynasties, but later generations continued to make changes to this structure. Rich in connotation.

Among them, a passage by Zhang Zai, a great scholar in the Ming Dynasty, is the most insightful summary: "Establish a heart for the heaven and earth, establish a destiny for the people, carry forward the unique knowledge for the saints, and create peace for all generations."

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In addition, the Ming Dynasty philosopher and thinker Wang Yangming’s sentence “the unity of knowledge and action” also influenced the knowledge and behavior of countless scholars in later generations.

The above are relatively basic, of course, the middle There are also periods such as the Wei and Jin Dynasties when people praised Huang Lao's thought of being born in the world.

Others include "worry when the world is worried, and be happy when the world is happy", "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world", and "investigating things." "To cultivate one's knowledge, cultivate one's moral integrity, govern one's family, and bring peace to the world" and so on, can also be considered to be highly respected by the literati community.

Establishing virtue, meritorious service, and speaking up.

What ancient literati most respected should be It is understandable that literati should use what they have learned throughout their lives to serve the emperor and the court.

In ancient times, merchants had a relatively low status and were the lowest level among scholars, farmers, and merchants. Therefore, making money through business was not highly regarded by literati. Moreover, making money in ancient times was closely tied to official power. There was no There is no gold or silver in the official position.

As for the three cardinal principles and five constant principles, benevolence, justice, propriety, wisdom and trust, that is a kind of self-restraint and a basic requirement of ancient literati who believe in Confucianism. To say that we admire it or not

There are also the following alternative answers:

1. Respect the three immortals of "establishing one's virtues, making meritorious service, and establishing one's words";

2. If you are poor, you can be good for yourself; if you are prosperous, you can help the world;

3. The first thing is to study and become a sage (Wang Yangming said)

4. Cultivate yourself, manage your family, and govern the country. The world.

5. Establish a heart for the world, establish a destiny for the people, carry forward the unique knowledge for the past saints, and create peace for all generations (Zhang Zai-Hengqu Four Sentences)

As for whether the above-mentioned alternative answers that have been passed down to this day are great and righteous, or whether they are false and empty, it is a matter of opinion whether they are regarded by most ancient literati as the most respected life creed and practiced by example.