When Guan Zhong was in power, he was good at turning evil into good and failure into success. He attaches importance to the priorities of different things and carefully weighs the pros and cons of things. In fact, he was very dissatisfied with his remarriage and attacked Cai southward. Guan Zhong found an excuse to attack Chu and blamed it for not paying tribute to the Zhou royal family. In fact, Duke Huan sent troops to the north to attack goodness and harmony, and Guan Zhong took the opportunity to let Yan rectify the politics and religion of the period. When he was in Kedi, Duke Huan wanted to break the covenant he was forced to make, so Guan Zhong complied with the situation and advised him to abide by the covenant, so his ministers surrendered to Qi. Therefore, it is said: "Knowing how to give is the truth of getting, which is the magic weapon of governing the country."
2. Discrimination: granaries know etiquette by eating, and clothing and food know honor and disgrace. More than 2,600 years ago, Guan Zhong, a great politician who helped Qi Huangong become the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period, said, "The people are the sky, and food is the sky for the people. Those who can know the sky can be embarrassed. " Under Guan Zhong's management, the economy of Qi developed rapidly at that time, which laid a solid foundation for Qi Huan's hegemony. "Food is the most important thing for the people" has also become a famous saying, especially in the era of famine, which has strong practical significance. After decades of reform and opening up, hunger and poverty have gradually left us, and the practical significance of "food is the sky for the people" has also weakened.
In the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian quoted another passage from Guan Zhong when he wrote Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi: "The granary knows etiquette, and food and clothing know honor and disgrace." In today's situation, Guan Zhong's exposition on economic development and spiritual civilization construction has once again attracted attention. Faced with many strange phenomena and unhealthy trends in society, some people lament that "a granary may not know etiquette, and food and clothing may not know honor and disgrace."
In the original text of Guanzi-Herdsmen, this sentence is "granary actually knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace". In the process of quoting Historical Records, one word was changed: "Ze" was changed to "Er". The ancients cherished ink as gold and used words with caution. We should not underestimate this change. There are many articles in it.
In Guanzhong era, the political order established by the Zhou royal family still existed, but it was declining, and everything was ready except the east wind. At that time, it was still an orderly society, and social customs could still form effective constraints on people of all countries. At that time, the ethics of the whole people had not been effectively challenged. For all countries, the "world" environment is similar, but the difference is the level of economic development of each country. Therefore, Guan Zhong used the word "Ze" to explain the relationship between "having ample food and clothing" and "knowing the honor and disgrace". Guan Zhong's keen sense of political smell gave Qi a head start in ruling other countries.
In the era of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, where Sima Qian lived, the environment was very different. After the famous rule of Wenjing in history, the economic development level of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty reached an unprecedented height. However, there was a special imperial edict in the fifth year of Han, Yuan and Shuo, which reflected the social outlook at that time. The imperial edict said: "Gaiwen guides the people to be polite, and the wind enjoys it." Today, the ceremony collapsed. I am embarrassed. Therefore, I want to extend the world-famous people and recommend them to all dynasties. He ordered the ceremony officer to persuade students to discuss the news, to raise the legacy and promote the ceremony, thinking that it was the best in the world. "
The early Western Han Dynasty was a political pattern of "one country, two systems": that is, the traditional feudal system of "closing land to build houses" in the Zhou Dynasty and centralization of authority initiated by the Qin Dynasty coexisted in the Han Dynasty. By the time of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, the social high-level gradually recognized the centralized system and began to reform, which led to social unrest such as the "Seven Kings Rebellion". During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, although the economic development reached an unprecedented level of prosperity, the old social order was broken, the new order had not yet been established, and social contradictions were still outstanding.
Liu Che, the brilliant Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, himself felt that it was still an era of "ritual collapse and bad music". It is not difficult for us to understand the confusion of social development during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: the momentum of economic development is optimistic and gratifying, but the whole society always looks very disharmonious and wrong.
From this imperial edict, we can know that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty has realized that there is not an inevitable connection between "strengthening the granary and having ample food and clothing" and "knowing etiquette and knowing honor and disgrace". In today's words, "a solid warehouse with adequate food and clothing" is a necessary condition, not a sufficient condition, for "knowing etiquette and knowing honor and disgrace". In other words, "a solid warehouse and adequate food and clothing" is only a prerequisite.
When Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, he changed Guan Zhong's original words and used the word "Er" to explain the relationship between "solid existence, ample food and clothing" and "knowing etiquette and knowing honor and disgrace". From top to bottom, the tacit understanding between the supreme ruler and historians embodies a rare knowledge formed at that time and creates an era that is still praised by people today.
3. The granary knows etiquette "The granary knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace" comes from Guan Zhong who helped Qi Huangong become the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. In the original text of Guanzi Herdsmen, "the granary knows etiquette, and food and clothing know honor and disgrace". Sima Qian, a historian of the Western Han Dynasty, quoted a sentence from Historical Records and Biographies of Yan Guan, and changed the word "Ze" to "Er". He came up with the saying that "the granary knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace", which is talked about by later generations. At present, it is generally believed that "granary knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace" comes from Historical Records. "Biography of Yan Guan": "The granary knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace, and clothes are solid. If the four dimensions don't open, the country will die. Ordering food is like running water, making it popular. " Interpretation is: when the granary is full, you will know the etiquette; Eat and wear warm clothes, and you will know the honor and disgrace; The enjoyment of kings has a certain system, and the six relatives are closely linked; If the ethics of propriety, justice and shame are not publicized, the country will perish. Promulgating laws is like flowing water from the source, and it must conform to the people's hearts.
Does the economic basis of "granary knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace" determine the superstructure? Sima Qian, a historian of the Western Han Dynasty, quoted this sentence in Historical Records and Biography of Yan Guan. However, from the records of Historical Records, especially the criticism of "hamster latrine rat" in Li Si's biography, we can see that the profound thought that "whoever steals a hook will punish those who steal the country, and those who treat it will have different opinions", as well as Sima Qian's evaluation of Confucianism and his admiration for Taoism, all show that his original intention is not fully agreed with Cang Li, and his implied views are as follows:
Only when people have money can they have manners and improve their moral standards? The great fallacy is purely the flow of Lisi, and both natural fairness and the law of ecological balance say no to this-all things in the sun, moon, stars, mountains and rivers will not accept long-term oppression and inequality! The ancient civilization understood this very deeply and implemented it in place, so that it could be combined with other countries, and the laws of the 28 th and 28 th classes in the era of the Five Emperors of the Yellow Emperor could not exist. Because if we abandon the concept of inequality and do the opposite, how much material can satisfy the delusion of hundreds of millions of people? Can it help to eliminate unequal disputes and really bring about moral promotion and the discovery of kindness? I believe that if the world is really fair and equal, wealth will be homogenized-will various sports continue to rise in a straight line? On the other hand, it is common for Zhu men to be rich and heartless, and who can really rest assured? The conclusion is that there must be at least a balance between equality and widowhood (rice bowl and conscience), and too much emphasis on either side is not enough-this is what the ancients finally put forward: "A high level is safe, and a high level is dangerous."
4. Analysis topic: "The warehouse knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace" comes from Guan Zhong's strategy of governing the country in the Spring and Autumn Period. The whole sentence is: "The country is rich and the people are strong, those who are far away come, the land stays, Satoru etiquette, food and clothing know the honor and disgrace." Guan zhong (? -645 BC), named Yiwu, Chinese character, from Yingshang County. Guan Zhong lost his father at a young age, his mother was in the hospital, and he lived in poverty. He had to shoulder the burden of his family early. In order to make a living, he joined the army after doing business with Bao, and after many twists and turns, he was recommended by Bao as the minister of Qi, assisting him to become the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Guan Zhong attached importance to the economy, opposed empty talk, advocated reform, and made Qiang Bing rich. He said, "If the country is rich and rich, it will come from far away and stay in the ground. It is sincere to know etiquette, have ample food and clothing, and know honor and disgrace." Qi Huangong respected Guan Zhong as "Guan Zhong" and authorized him to preside over a series of political and economic reforms: dividing administrative regions throughout the country, organizing military establishment and setting up official administration; Establishing a talent selection system can be regarded as "the praise of superiors" (assistant) after three trials; Taxes are classified according to land.
This sentence comes from Guan Mu, a famous politician in the Spring and Autumn Period. The whole sentence is: "The country is rich and the people are strong, those who are far away come, the land stays, Satoru etiquette, food and clothing know the honor and disgrace." Guan zhong (? -645 BC), named Yiwu, Chinese character, from Yingshang County. Guan Zhong lost his father at a young age, his mother was in the hospital, and he lived in poverty. He had to shoulder the burden of his family early. In order to make a living, he joined the army after doing business with Bao, and after many twists and turns, he was recommended by Bao as the minister of Qi, assisting him to become the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. Guan Zhong attached importance to the economy, opposed empty talk, advocated reform, and made Qiang Bing rich. He said, "If the country is rich and rich, it will come from far away and stay in the ground. It is sincere to know etiquette, have ample food and clothing, and know honor and disgrace." Qi Huangong respected Guan Zhong as "Guan Zhong" and authorized him to preside over a series of political and economic reforms: dividing administrative regions throughout the country, organizing military establishment and setting up official administration; Establishing a talent selection system can be regarded as "the praise of superiors" (assistant) after three trials; Taxes are classified according to land, and nobles are forbidden to plunder private property; Develop the salt and iron industry and adjust the price of coins. The essence of Guanzhong reform is to abolish slavery and transition to feudalism. Guanzhong's reform has achieved remarkable results, greatly enhancing the national strength of Qi. Some people say that this training comes from Mencius and has not been tested.
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5. Cang Hou knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace. Warehouse knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace.
This sentence comes from Guan Mu, a famous politician in the Spring and Autumn Period. The whole sentence is: "The country is rich and the people are strong, those who are far away come, the land stays, Satoru etiquette, food and clothing know the honor and disgrace." Guan zhong (? -645 BC), named Yiwu, Chinese character, from Yingshang County. Guan Zhong lost his father at a young age, his mother was in the hospital, and he lived in poverty. He had to shoulder the burden of his family early. In order to make a living, he joined the army after doing business with Bao, and after many twists and turns, he was recommended by Bao as the minister of Qi, assisting him to become the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. Guan Zhong attached importance to the economy, opposed empty talk, advocated reform, and made Qiang Bing rich. He said, "If the country is rich and rich, it will come from far away and stay in the ground. It is sincere to know etiquette, have ample food and clothing, and know honor and disgrace." Qi Huangong respected Guan Zhong as "Guan Zhong" and authorized him to preside over a series of political and economic reforms: dividing administrative regions throughout the country, organizing military establishment and setting up official administration; Establishing a talent selection system can be regarded as "the praise of superiors" (assistant) after three trials; Taxes are classified according to land, and nobles are forbidden to plunder private property; Develop the salt and iron industry and adjust the price of coins. The essence of Guanzhong reform is to abolish slavery and transition to feudalism. Guanzhong's reform has achieved remarkable results, greatly enhancing the national strength of Qi. Some people say that this training comes from Mencius and has not been tested. The literal meaning of this sentence is that if there are enough things in the warehouse, people can understand etiquette; A well-fed man knows honor and disgrace. In other words, matter is the foundation of spirit. First of all, economy is the foundation of cultural development. "Rites are engaged in knowledge, and honor and disgrace are known from food and clothing." This sentence emphasizes that the development of social economy determines the level of cultural development. In this sense, this sentence is reasonable. Second, culture has its own inheritance and relative independence. This sentence is obviously that as long as the material conditions are good, the spiritual culture will naturally get better, and the material conditions are almost the same, so it is impossible to do a good job in spiritual culture. This sentence is incorrect in this respect. Three: cultural development also has a certain reaction to economic development, which is obviously ignored in this sentence. So generally speaking, economy is the foundation, economic development will determine or drive the development of culture, culture has its relative independence, and cultural development will also have a certain reaction to economic development.
Guan Zhong, a great statesman in the Spring and Autumn Period, made great efforts to help Qi Huangong, the leader of the "Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period", and left an eternal famous sentence: "Be honest and courteous, and be well-fed and know the honor and disgrace".
There is a similar record in The Analects of Confucius. Once, Confucius came to Weiguo at that time, and when he saw that there were many people in Weiguo, he said that there were many people in Weiguo. Someone next to him asked him, what should so many people do? Confucius said, "Rich". It means making them rich. Others asked, what will happen when they get rich? Confucius said, "Teach it". It means educating them. Confucius was really a great educator. He thinks that only when people are rich can they receive education. The purpose of education should be to make them understand etiquette, honor and disgrace and increase their wisdom. In fact, Guan Zi's thought should be consistent with that of Confucius. They all advocate "honesty-oriented, ample food and clothing" as the first, which is the premise of "knowing etiquette and knowing honor and disgrace".