The gentleman in "Dog Son" said: You can't learn.

Green is taken from blue, and green is blue; Ice, water, but colder than water. The wood is straight in the middle (Z Hong) rope, and the stirrup (r ou) is the wheel, which bends in the middle. Although there is a high storm (general), people who no longer stand up will naturally. Therefore, the wood is straight by the rope, the gold is beneficial by the tip (l i), the gentleman is knowledgeable, and the Japanese ginseng (can) province (xTng) depends on himself, so the knowledge is clear and not absurd.

I think about it all day, not as good as what I learned at the moment; I'm looking forward to limping (breathing), so I'd better be knowledgeable when climbing the mountain. Climb a trick, the arm does not lengthen, but the person you see is far away; Calling with the wind, the sound does not add disease; And the smell is obvious. Those who cheat horses are not good enough, but cause thousands of miles; A man who pretends to be a boat can't swim, but he can't swim. Prosperity is not different, and goodness lies in personal leave.

In translation

Indigo is extracted from bluegrass, but it is greener than bluegrass; Ice is condensed from water, but it is cooler than water. The wood is straight and conforms to the straight ink line, the fire is bent to make the wheel, and the radian conforms to the circle planned by the compasses. Even if you do it again, it won't be straight, which is why it is like this. Therefore, the wood will be straight after being coated with ink lines, and the sword will be sharp after being ground on the grindstone. A gentleman can learn from others and check himself every day, so as to be wise and knowledgeable and not make mistakes in his behavior.

Daydreaming all day, the result is not as great as learning in an instant; I stood on tiptoe and looked far away, but I couldn't see widely when I climbed high. Climbing and waving, the arm has not increased, but people can see it from a distance; Shouting with the wind, the voice is not strengthened, but the listener can hear it clearly. With the help of horses and chariots, people can travel thousands of miles without walking fast; People who use boats can cross the river instead of swimming. A gentleman is no different from ordinary people in nature. The key is that they are good at using foreign things.

Yuan Wenxia

Accumulated soil becomes mountains, and the wind and rain are prosperous; The water drops merged into the ocean and the dragon was born; Accumulate goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared. Therefore, if you don't take a k u T step, it is a thousand miles; If you don't accumulate small streams, you won't be a river. Miracle took a step, but not ten steps; Nu is a horse with ten drivers, which is a great contribution. Give up, the dead wood will not fold; Perseverance can carve a stone (Lou). Earthworms do not have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. They eat the earth and drink the yellow land with their hearts. The crab kneels six times (g ui) and pinches twice (ao), who is not the point where the snake and scorpion have no sustenance and are impatient. "

The gentleman said: learning can't stop.

translate

The soil accumulates into mountains, and the wind and rain start from there; The accumulated water forms a deep pool where dragons grow; Accumulate good deeds and cultivate good moral character, then the spirit can naturally reach a high level, and the sage's thoughts will be possessed. Therefore, if you don't accumulate steps, you can't reach thousands of miles; Without converging streams, it is impossible to form rivers and seas. A good horse cannot jump ten steps at a time; A bad horse can pull a cart for ten days and go a long way. Its success lies in its constant walking. Give up after carving, you can't carve rotten wood; If you don't stop carving, stones can also be carved. Earthworms don't have sharp claws and strong bones and muscles, but they can eat the soil and drink the underground spring water. This is because they are single-minded. Crabs have six feet and two claws, but there is no place for snakes and eels, and they are impatient.

Snakes and eels have no place to put their bodies in caves because of their impulsive intentions.

content analysis

This lesson focuses on the central argument that "learning alone is not enough", and systematically and hierarchically expounds the significance, function and attitude of learning. The characteristic of this article is the extensive use of metaphors to illustrate the facts.

The full text sticks to the center and explains why "learning is not enough". Let's talk about the meaning of learning first: it can change people's nature. "A gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself every day, so he knows clearly and does nothing wrong." Then it expounds the function of learning: you can gain the knowledge accumulated by predecessors for a long time in a short time and become a talent with this knowledge. "Gentlemen are the same, and good and evil are also in things." This is to clarify the truth of "insufficient learning" from the perspective of intelligent development. The third paragraph expounds from the attitude of learning. Full-text analysis has many levels. The first level says that learning lies in accumulation, and the accumulation of knowledge and good deeds can make people's spirit and wisdom reach a lofty realm. The second layer says that persistence is the key to learning, even if the conditions are worse and the knowledge is harder, you can succeed; If you don't persist, no matter how good the conditions are and how eager to learn, you will accomplish nothing. The third layer says that learning lies in concentration. Concentration leads to poor subjective conditions and considerable achievements, while inattention leads to good subjective conditions and nothing. The three meanings all revolve around the central argument put forward at the beginning.

This article uses metaphors to illustrate the truth. These metaphors are taken from familiar things and contain rich meanings, so we can make the truth easy to understand and thought-provoking.

Reading teaching

(1) Climb high and recruit, the arm is not lengthened, but the viewer is far away; Call with the wind, the sound does not add disease, but the listener is obvious.

If the underlined sentence is understood as "the person who looks can stand in the distance" and "the person who listens is very clear", it is wrong: if the person who looks can't see clearly from a distance, and the person who listens can hear clearly and get close, how can he show the effect of "being good at faking" (climbing high and looking far, calling with the wind)? In fact, "far" and "Zhang" are intertextual, that is to say, the former sentence omits "Zhang" and the latter sentence omits "far", that is, "those who see it are far away" and "those who hear it are far away" can see clearly, and those who listen are far away and can hear clearly. In this way, Wen is angry and thinks about it.

(B) Classical Chinese rhetoric has a "combination narrative" style. "Combined narration" is a rhetorical device that pursues compactness. It combines several independent narratives. For example, "the wind and frost are noble and clean, and the water comes out, which is the four seasons in the mountains" in "Zuiweng Pavilion". The author combines "wind and frost" and "noble and clean"; Readers should understand it separately: the wind is high and the frost is clean. In this paper, "a gentleman who attends Japan knows how to save himself, so he knows how to be clear without fault" is also a sentence of "joint narration" when reading. We should understand it separately: a gentleman who attends Japan knows how to be clear; A gentleman who cares about himself every day has done nothing wrong. /wenyanwen/gaozhong/5080.html

(3) There are many metaphors in the text, so we should pay attention to two points when reading:

1. Grasp the internal relationship between metaphors

(1) have a plenty of related juxtaposition. Such as: green, from blue, green is blue; Ice, water, but colder than water.

(2) Some of them are dual. Such as: "Climb high and recruit" and "page wind and shout", see and smell. "Fake horse" and "fake boat" are a land and water. Are objective conditions, repeatedly stressed.

(3) Some are positive and some are negative. Such as: "accumulate soil ... accumulate water ... don't accumulate mistakes ... don't accumulate small streams", "leap forward" ... recall ten times "and" persevere "... persist". In contrast, positive truths are strongly emphasized.

2. Master the order of car and ontology.

In most cases, this paper uses metaphor first, and then puts forward the original intention. For example, "the accumulation of soil into mountains ... the accumulation of goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared." "Wood is straight, gold is sharp, and a gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself, so he knows what is clear and does not do it."

well-known saying

1 Unable to learn. 2 green is taken from blue, and green is blue.

Three Xu, ten drivers, thanks. Perseverance, the stone can be carved.

5 If you don't accumulate steps, you can't go to Wan Li Road; If you don't accumulate small streams, you won't be a river.

Common sense of culture and literature

There are 32 articles in Gouzi, of which 26 were written by Xunzi and the last 6 were written by his disciples. "Encouraging Learning" is the first article of "Gouzi".

Gou Zi was born in Zhao at the end of the Warring States Period, about 3 13 ~ 238 BC. A famous thinker, writer and representative of Confucian school, Han Fei and Li Si are all his students.