I. Biological factors
1. Heritage
Heredity is a biological phenomenon. Through inheritance, some biological characteristics of ancestors can be passed on to future generations. The most important thing in psychological development is the structural and functional characteristics of the nervous system, and these genetic biological characteristics are also called genetic qualities.
The role of heredity in people's psychological development mainly includes the following aspects:
A. provide the most basic natural material premise for developing human psychology.
Children with brain hypoplasia caused by genetic defects often find it difficult to overcome their mental retardation. Under the good living conditions and careful training of human beings, the intellectual development of orangutans can only reach the level of children. These facts prove that normal genetic quality is the premise of children's psychological formation and development.
B. lay the initial foundation for individual differences in children's psychological development.
Except identical twins, every individual in the world has a unique genetic model. The difference of genetic model determines the difference of material ontology on which psychological activities are based, thus affecting psychological function. There are obvious behavioral differences among newborn children, such as sensitivity to various sensory stimuli, adaptability to daily changes, the speed and stability of conditioned reflex formation, and the basic tendency of emotional response. It is generally believed that the development of special abilities is greatly influenced by heredity.
The brilliant achievements of some famous musicians, athletes and painters depend on their own efforts and acquired training, but it is undeniable that this is the result of making full use of and giving full play to the favorable conditions provided by genetic quality. Making full use of good genetic quality can achieve twice the result with half the effort. Therefore, it can be said that genetic quality determines the possible optimal development direction of children, and children with different genetic qualities have different optimal development directions.
D. individual differences in genetic quality affect the differences in children's intelligence.
The average IQ of patients with Down syndrome is only 25 to 50. The difference in intelligence between these children and normal children is basically caused by genetic factors.
E. Genetic factors not only affect the development of children's special abilities and general intelligence, but also affect the formation of their personality to some extent.
Bloody children tend to form agile thinking quality and lively and optimistic personality, while depressed children tend to form profound thinking quality and develop into melancholy and introverted personality.
2. Physical maturity
Physical maturity refers to the degree or level of physical growth and development. Physiological maturity mainly depends on the genetic growth process of organisms, which has certain regularity.
The role of physiological maturity in people's psychological development mainly includes the following aspects:
A. The process of physical maturity restricts the order of children's psychological development.
On the basis of the original natural materials provided by heredity, after the development of the fetus, the child has experienced more than ten years of physiological maturity after birth.
B. Physical maturity provides a material premise for children's psychological development.
The natural law of physical maturity determines that children may learn to walk and talk at a certain time (about one or two years old). If Ben tries his best to let his children learn to walk and communicate in language before 1 year old, it is tantamount to encouraging them, because he does not have the preconditions for physical development.
C individual differences in physical maturity are the physiological basis of individual differences in children's psychological development.
Second, environmental factors.
Children's natural and social environment and various educational influences can be said to be the environmental factors of children's psychological development. Watson has a famous saying: "Give me a dozen healthy children, and I can change them at will in a special way, or make them become doctors, lawyers, artists, businessmen, beggars and thieves ..."; Skinner believes that human behavior can be arbitrarily shaped through "operation" and "reinforcement". He said that "once the consequences of a special form called reinforcement are arranged, our technology allows us to shape the behavior of an organism almost at will" and "just like a plastic artist shaping a piece of mud". But they all ignore the influence of human subjective initiative and biological factors on human development.
1. Social factors
Social environment refers to children's social life, including social production development level, social system, children's status, family situation, surrounding social atmosphere and so on.
The social environment makes it possible for the psychological development provided by heredity to become a reality. Indian wolf children Kamala and Amara, French wild child Avilon (1) and Indian wolf child bhaskar, 10 years old, can't walk upright, can't learn to speak, and have no human movements and emotions. Walking and talking upright are originally human characteristics, but for every specific child, heredity only provides the possibility of walking and talking upright. Without human social environment, this possibility cannot be realized.
2. Education
Education plays a leading role in children's physical and mental development. Education is a purposeful, directional and organized environment to guide children's development.
3. Family education
According to a report by Blatz, the five identical sisters are very different in character and ability: the eldest is serious and confident, and is most loved by the sisters; The second child shows certain social leadership ability; The third child seems very complacent; Old four is a bit capricious and unpredictable; The fifth kind of people need to be taken care of by others and are highly dependent. The main reason for these differences is that the outside world (parents) have different requirements for children in different positions among the five sisters.