Cannot deduce

The conclusion you want to prove cannot be inferred from the arguments given.

For example: Because you have no money, that’s why she doesn’t stay with you.

There are four prerequisites for this inference to be true:

She will be with whoever is rich.

Only you are rich, or the richest, in the world.

She knows you have money.

Her behavior and thoughts are consistent. She must and must do this if she thinks this way.

3. False causation

The causal relationship between the two is false, it just happens one after another in time.

Commonly caused by bias in attribution.

For example: the vase was broken, and a child came in to play before, so the child broke the vase.

False causation is only a possibility, not a definite fact.

4. Slippery Slope Fallacy

Claim that something will be followed by a series of usually dire consequences, but without sufficient evidence to support the inference.

Over-emphasis on the importance of a certain detail, infinitely deducing its possible consequences, step by step, and finally arriving at a terrible conclusion.

For example: If you don’t study hard, you won’t be able to get into a good university; if you can’t get into a good university, you won’t be able to find a good job; if you can’t find a good job, you won’t have money; if you don’t have money, you won’t be happy.

It’s not that you can’t deduce this, but that every step must be treated strictly and cannot be brushed off.

Avoid the slippery slope fallacy: Provide sufficient evidence for each step of the argument, and do not ignore conditions and chain reasoning in vague terms.

5. Concept substitution

In the debate of viewpoints, the commentators will deliberately change the topic to find an angle that is beneficial to themselves, and finally become self-talk.

For example: Money can buy love, because dating and having children all require money.

Here, "love can be obtained with money" is transferred to "love can be supported with money."

During discussions, it is common to move from one concept to another to facilitate understanding. But at this time, we should pay attention to the rationality of concept conversion and distinguish between equivalent and non-equivalent parts.

6. Appealing to illogicality

Appealing to authority

Famous quotes are not necessarily the truth. They must also be tested by logic and cannot be used directly. Support an argument.

Celebrity remarks are suitable to assist arguments and serve as materials to strengthen arguments. If you must use celebrity remarks, you need to completely reproduce the entire logical process.

Appeal to public opinion

Public opinion does not mean legitimate, legal, or correct. Something supported by the majority of people does not necessarily mean it is correct. In the actual order of values, there are values ??that take precedence over public opinion.

Appeal to emotions

Sentimentation replaces logic, and emotions dominate thinking. It’s not that having emotions is bad, but it’s easy to make wrong judgments under the influence of emotions. If it is a non-judgmental event, it can naturally be emotional, such as entertainment, leisure creation, etc. But when making decisions and making judgments, emotions can bring bad results.

As the saying goes, calm down first and then decide.

Appeal to ignorance

What I don’t know is something that doesn’t exist, and what others can’t prove is something that doesn’t exist.

Usually, people think that they are right because the other party cannot answer or explain.

For example: I don’t know this thing is yours, so I can take it as my own; you can’t prove that there is no ghost, so there is a ghost.

Appeal to morality

Carry out moral criticism from a certain moral vantage point.

Criticize an event by associating it with a certain morality, but it is unclear why and how the event is related to the morality.

Resorting to silence

Silence does not mean admission of guilt, and the suspect has the right to remain silent.

To think that you cannot refute or not to refute is to admit that you are wrong.

When couples quarrel, it often happens: If you don’t speak, you admit it.

Resorting to metaphors

Using metaphors as a means of argument is actually a substitution of concepts. Involves the difference between metaphor and analogy. Metaphors cannot be used as analogies.

For example: A man is like an umbrella, he wants to protect the woman he loves from the wind and rain, so he must work hard to make money.

First of all, there is no good evidence to support why men must be compared to umbrellas; secondly, umbrellas do not necessarily provide shelter from wind and rain, but can also be used as clothing accessories (in lolita style, umbrellas can be used as accessories) ; Finally, the umbrella is replaceable and can be used by multiple people.

The four concepts of men, umbrellas, responsibility, and making money are not strictly demonstrated when jumping, and their correctness cannot be guaranteed. But it can be used as material for prose, poetry, novels and other literary styles.