Uneasy: She was moved by Madame Curie and decided to help her.
Marie Curie (1867- 1934), a French and Polish scientist, studied radioactive phenomena and found two radioactive elements, radium and polonium, and won the Nobel Prize twice in her life. Marie Curie (1867- 1934), a French and Polish scientist, studied radioactive phenomena and found two radioactive elements, radium and polonium, and won the Nobel Prize twice in her life. As an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie has social influence that ordinary scientists do not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her model has inspired many people. Many people heard her story when they were young, but they got a simplified and incomplete impression. The world's understanding of Madame Curie. It was greatly influenced by the biography Madame Curie published by her second daughter 1937. This book beautifies Madame Curie's life and deals with all the twists and turns she encountered in her life. American biographer susan quinn spent seven years collecting unpublished diaries and biographical materials, including Madame Curie's family members and friends. Last year, a new book, Maria Curie: A Life, was published, which described her hard, bitter and struggling life in more detail.
Madame Curie: a great scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice.
Marie Curie is an immortal name in the history of world science. This great female scientist, with her diligence and talent, has made outstanding contributions in the fields of physics and chemistry, so she became the only famous scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice in two different disciplines.
First, I entered the University of Paris through self-study.
Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland on 1867. She is the youngest of five children. Her father is a middle school math and science teacher with limited income, and her mother is also a middle school teacher. Mary's childhood was unhappy. Her mother has a serious infectious disease and is taken care of by her sister. Later, my mother and elder sister died when she was less than 10 years old. Her life is full of difficulties. Such a living environment not only cultivated her ability to live independently, but also tempered her very strong character since she was a child.
Mary has been studying very hard since she was a child. She has a strong interest in learning and special hobbies. She never misses any learning opportunities easily, and shows tenacious enterprising spirit everywhere. Since primary school, she has been the first in every subject. 15 years old, graduated from high school with a gold medal. Her father studied physics at St. Petersburg University earlier, and his thirst for scientific knowledge and strong enterprising spirit also deeply nurtured little Mary. She likes all kinds of instruments in her father's laboratory since she was a child. When she grew up, she read many books on natural science, which filled her with fantasies. She is eager to explore the scientific world. But her family at that time did not allow her to go to college. /kloc-started to be a tutor for a long time at the age of 0/9, and taught himself various subjects at the same time. In this way, until the age of 24, she finally came to study at the Faculty of Science of Paris University. With a strong thirst for knowledge, she listened carefully to every class. Hard work has made her worse and worse, but her academic performance has always been among the best, which not only envied her classmates, but also surprised her professors. Two years after entering school, she confidently took the Bachelor of Physics exam, ranking first among 30 candidates. The next year, she won a bachelor's degree in mathematics with the second place.
At the beginning of 1894, Mary accepted the magnetic research project of various steels proposed by the French National Association for the Promotion of Industry. In the process of completing this scientific research project, she met pierre curie, a teacher of Physical Chemistry School, who is a very successful young scientist. The agreement to use science for the benefit of mankind is willing to combine them. After Mary got married, people addressed her as Madame Curie. 1896, Madame Curie finished the post examination for college graduates with the first place. In the second year, she completed the research on the magnetism of various steels. However, she is not satisfied with her achievements, and she is determined to take the PhD exam and determine her own research direction. Stand at a new starting line.
Second, the light of radium.
1896, French physicist becquerel published a work report, which introduced in detail the uranium element he discovered through many experiments. Uranium and its compounds have a special ability to automatically and continuously emit a kind of invisible ray. This kind of ray is different from ordinary light, it can make photographic film sensitive through black paper, and it is also different from X-ray discovered by Roentgen. Without high vacuum gas discharge and high voltage, uranium and its compounds constantly emit rays and radiate energy outward. This aroused the great interest of Madame Curie. Where does this energy come from? What is the nature of this unusual ray? Madame Curie was determined to uncover its secret. From 65438 to 0897, Madame Curie chose her own research topic-the study of radioactive substances. This research project has brought her into a new scientific world. She worked hard to open up a virgin land, and finally completed the discovery of radioactive element radium, one of the most important discoveries in the history of modern science, which laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry and made great contributions to mankind.
In the experimental research, Madame Curie designed a measuring instrument, which can not only measure whether a substance has radiation, but also measure the intensity of radiation. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is directly proportional to the uranium content in the material, but has nothing to do with the existing state of uranium and external conditions.
Madame Curie made a comprehensive investigation of known chemical elements and all compounds, and made an important discovery: an element called thorium can automatically emit invisible rays, which shows that the phenomenon that an element can emit rays is not only the characteristics of uranium, but also the same characteristics of some elements. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and called elements with this property radioactive elements. The radiation they emit is called "radiation". According to the experimental results, she also predicted that minerals containing uranium and thorium must be radioactive; Minerals that do not contain uranium and thorium must not be radioactive. The instrument inspection completely verified her prediction. She excluded those minerals that did not contain radioactive elements, concentrated on those that were radioactive, and accurately measured the radioactive intensity of elements. In the experiment, she found that the radioactive intensity of a pitchblende is much higher than expected, which shows that the mineral in the experiment contains a new unknown radioactive element, and the content of this element must be very small, because this mineral has already been accurately analyzed by many chemists. She resolutely published her findings in the experimental report and tried to prove it through experiments. At this critical moment, her husband, pierre curie, also realized the importance of his wife's discovery, and stopped studying crystals to study this new element with her. After several months' efforts, they separated a substance mixed with bismuth from the ore, which was far more radioactive than uranium, and was later listed as polonium No.84 in the periodic table of elements. A few months later, they discovered another new element and named it radium. However, the Curies did not immediately get the joy of success. When they got a little compound of new elements, they found that the initial estimate was too optimistic. In fact, the content of radium in ore is less than one millionth. Because this mixture is extremely radioactive, substances containing trace radium salts are hundreds of times more radioactive than uranium.
The road to science has never been smooth. For centuries, the discovery of polonium and radium and the characteristics of these new radioactive elements have shaken some basic theories and concepts. Scientists have always believed that atoms of various elements are the smallest unit of matter, and atoms are inseparable and unchangeable. According to the traditional view, the radiation emitted by radioactive elements such as polonium and radium cannot be explained. Therefore, both physicists and chemists are interested in Madame Curie's research work, but they all have doubts in their hearts. Chemists in particular are more rigorous. In order to finally confirm this scientific discovery and further study the properties of radium, the Curies must separate more and purer radium salts from asphalt ore.
All the unknown worlds are mysterious. At the beginning of the study of separating new elements, they didn't know any chemical properties of the new elements. The only clue to find a new element is that it is highly radioactive. Based on this, they created a new chemical analysis method. But they have no money, no real laboratory, only some simple instruments they bought or designed themselves. In order to work efficiently, they conducted research separately. The characteristics of radium are determined by Mr. Curie's experiments; Madame Curie continued to refine pure radium salt.
Where there is a will, there is a way! Any mystery of nature will be revealed by those who stubbornly solve it. At the end of 1902, Madame Curie extracted one tenth of extremely pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. Since then, the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a natural radioactive substance, which is extremely difficult to obtain. Its shape is white crystal shining like fine salt. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral line of any known element. Radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by human beings, but it is the most radioactive element. Using its powerful radioactivity, we can further discover many new properties of radiation. Therefore, many elements can be further applied to practice. Medical research has found that laser rays have different effects on different cells and tissues, and those rapidly multiplying cells will be destroyed quickly once they are irradiated by radium. This discovery makes radium a powerful means to treat cancer. Cancer is made up of cells that reproduce very quickly, and the damage caused by laser rays is far greater than that caused by surrounding healthy tissues. This new treatment method was quickly developed all over the world. In France, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium has fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, which is of great significance for promoting the development of scientific theory and its application in practice.
Third, a heart of gold.
Due to their amazing discovery, the Curies and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics in February 1903. Their scientific achievements are unparalleled, but they are extremely contemptuous of fame and fortune and most tired of those boring social parties. They devoted everything they had to the cause of science, without any selfish interests. After the successful extraction of radium, they were suggested to apply for a patent right from the government to monopolize the manufacture of radium in order to make a fortune. Madame Curie said, "That is against the scientific spirit. Scientists' research results should be published publicly, and others should develop them without any restrictions. "Besides, radium is good for patients, so we should not use it for profit. The Curies also donated their Nobel Prizes to others.
1906, Mr. Curie died in a car accident, and Madame Curie suffered great pain. She is determined to redouble her efforts to realize her scientific ambition. The University of Paris decided that Madame Curie would take over from Mr. Curie to teach physics. Madame Curie became the first female professor in the history of the famous Paris University. When the couple separated the first batch of radium salts, they began to study the various properties of radiation. From 1889 to 1904, they published 32 academic reports and recorded their exploration footprints in the field of radiation science. 19 10, Madame Curie finished the book Radioactivity Monograph. She also cooperated with others to successfully prepare metal radium. 19 1 1 Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. A female scientist, in less than 10 years, won the highest prize in world science twice in two different scientific fields, which is unique in the history of world science!
19 14, the institute of radium science was established in Paris, and Madame Curie served as the research director of the institute. After that, she continued to teach at the university and engaged in the research of radioactive elements. She spread scientific knowledge to all who want to learn without stint. She has been studying and working for 50 years since 16. But she still doesn't change that strict lifestyle. She has a high spirit of self-sacrifice since she was a child. In her early years, in order to provide for her sister's schooling, she was willing to work as a servant in someone else's house. During her study in Paris, she studied in the library every night in order to save fuel and heating costs, until the library closed. The pitchblende needed to extract pure radium was very valuable at that time. They saved money bit by bit from their living expenses and bought 8 or 9 tons successively. After Mr. Curie's death, Madame Curie donated radium, which was painstakingly extracted and valued at more than 654.38+100,000 gold francs, to the laboratory for cancer research and treatment.
1932, 65-year-old Madame Curie returned to China to attend the opening ceremony of Warsaw Radium Institute. Madame Curie has been away from the motherland since her youth and went to study in France. But she never forgot her motherland. When she was a child, her motherland Poland was occupied by Russia, and she hated the invaders. When the couple separated a new element from the mineral, she named it polonium. This is because the roots of polonium are the same as those of Poland. She expressed her deep nostalgia for the motherland enslaved by Russia.
On July 1937, Madame Curie died of illness. She eventually died of pernicious anemia. She created and developed radiation science all her life, studied strongly radioactive materials fearlessly for a long time, and finally contributed her life to this science. In her life, * * * won 10 famous awards including the Nobel Prize, and won 16 medals issued by international advanced academic institutions; Governments and scientific research institutions around the world have awarded more than 100 titles. But she is as modest and prudent as ever. Comments by Einstein, a great scientist+Chinese teaching plan
Primary school Chinese teaching plan Volume 12
The twelfth volume of primary school Chinese teaching plan
Hesheng Yanting county shuangbeixiang central primary school
In the autumn of 2006, with the joint efforts of teachers and classmates, our Chinese class won the first place in the same grade in the school district in the final teaching quality test, and achieved the goal of keeping the first place in the same grade in the school district in the annual passing exam last year. In order to continue to do a good job in Chinese teaching this semester, on the basis of the previous period, we will strive for a higher level of Chinese performance in our class this semester, and continue to maintain the first place in the school district, so that most students can make progress in all aspects and lay a solid foundation for entering junior high school. The teaching plan of this volume is formulated as follows:
First, the analysis of learning situation:
Judging from the students' study and examination last semester, due to the teacher's emphasis on the cultivation of students' study habits and the guidance of learning methods, students have a strong interest in learning Chinese, and their cooperative learning, inquiry learning and autonomous learning abilities have all been improved, especially their self-study ability, reading ability and writing ability have been improved rapidly. Most students have clear learning objectives, correct learning attitudes, good study habits, proper learning methods and good learning results, especially He, Pan, Feng Liangjuan, Pan Zhipeng. However, there are also some students who have a particularly correct learning attitude and work very hard, but their academic performance is not good and their final exam results are not ideal, such as Zhou, Liu Guo, Liu, He Mingjuan and Li Xiaoyi. If these students work harder on their learning methods, there is still a lot of room for development. There are also some students who don't study hard enough at ordinary times, but they did well in the final exam and achieved excellent results, such as Hong, Mu Juan and Jie. If these students have a more correct learning attitude, they can make greater progress.
Underachievers, Pan Hong, Li Ming, Mu Shilin, Liang Xiaohu, He, Zhang Hongchuan and He Shuangquan failed to achieve satisfactory results in the final exam. Among them, Mu Shilin and Li Ming have done their best because of their poor foundation and low level of intellectual development, while Pan Hong, Liang Xiaohu, He, Zhang Hongchuan and He Shuangquan have poor academic performance, mainly.
To sum up, as long as teachers try their best to tap students' potential this semester, students' Chinese level still has a lot of room for development, and the graduation exam will certainly make by going up one flight of stairs more brilliant.
Second, teaching material analysis:
This textbook has the following characteristics: fully implementing the educational policy of the party and the country, striving to fully embody the concept of quality education, paying attention to cultivating students' good moral sentiments and humanistic spirit, advocating independent, cooperative and exploratory learning methods, designing and arranging colorful Chinese practice activities according to the law of learning Chinese and the needs of children's physical and mental development, improving students' Chinese quality in Chinese practice and laying the foundation for their lifelong development.
This textbook has 32 texts. Among them, intensive reading 14 articles, skimming 12 articles and selecting 6 articles.
The arrangement of the text in this book pays attention to the integration of content and the gradual training. The text of this book is divided into six groups, and each group of textbooks generally consists of four parts.
1, reading guide. Arranged before each group of text. The purpose is to stimulate students' interest in learning, and at the same time briefly explain the composition of this group of teaching materials, the methods of prompting learning and the problems that need attention in learning, so that teachers and students can have a general understanding of the whole group of teaching materials before teaching.
2. lesson examples. Including text, preview or reading tips and thinking exercises.
Each group has 4-5 texts, which are related in content or form.
There is a hint before the intensive reading of the text that the preview requirements of this book are slightly improved on the basis of the fifth grade. Let the students read the text by themselves, get a general understanding of the content of the text, ask questions they don't understand and consult relevant materials. There is "thinking and practice" after the text. Generally, 3-4 questions are arranged in each class, and some texts are followed by multiple-choice questions and marked with "△" for students who have spare capacity to choose. The addition of multiple-choice questions reflects the flexible combination of teaching materials in and out of class.
There are reading tips before reading the text. The reporter suggested that starting with stimulating reading interest, one or two thinking questions should be put forward, focusing on guiding students to understand the main content, trying to figure out the author's ideas or guiding students to start from the articles they read.
3. Read and write examples. After the second and fourth groups of texts, we arranged "reading and writing examples", which are "Pay attention to collecting relevant information" and "Think away from reading content" respectively. These two examples reflect the focus of reading and writing training in this book. The two groups that arrange training programs should train the basic skills of reading and writing around the training programs. The group that has not arranged key training should pay attention to the comprehensive application of the previous basic skills of reading and writing, so that the teaching is connected and connected.
4. Accumulate and use. Pay attention to improving students' comprehensive quality of understanding, accumulating and using language in comprehensive training. Accumulation and application generally include reading attentively, reading, oral communication, practice and practical activities. "Reading attentively" focuses on guiding students to accumulate language while understanding Chinese excellent culture, mainly excellent poems, idioms, couplets, proverbs, famous sayings and epigrams; "Reading" enriches knowledge, broadens horizons, increases cultural background and cultivates independent reading ability by reading idiom stories or other short articles; "Oral communication" improves oral communication ability in communication and interaction; "Practice", arrange the practice of recording, imagining and applying writing. The first issue of "accumulation and application" arranged "writing my own essays", and the fourth issue of "accumulation and application" arranged "we and the surrounding environment" investigation. These two "practical activities" have broadened the channels of Chinese education and closely integrated Chinese teaching with real life.
From "reading guidance" to "accumulation and application", it embodies the process from practice to cognition and then to practice; From the last set of teaching materials to the next set of teaching materials, it embodies the cyclic and gradual training process.
This textbook needs to learn 100 new words. The new words to be learned are arranged in the intensive reading text, and marked in the square after class and in the list of new words at the end of the book. New words and polyphonic words are phonetic symbols with the text. Parentheses are used for new words and for polyphonic words. The new words appearing in Reading Guide, Preview, Accumulation and Application and selected reading texts are all phonetic-free, so students can look them up in the dictionary to cultivate their ability and habit of looking them up.
In order to help students understand the text, cultivate their observation ability and cultivate their interest in beauty, the textbook has compiled many illustrations. These illustrations are an important part of teaching materials, and both teachers and students should pay attention to them in teaching.